阅读理解经典文章详解
为了能够让考生在阅读实践中巩固单词句型等基础知识，同时练习本书提到的解题技巧，我们特地选编了若干难度适中、符合考点、有启发性的文章。这些文章都是医学专业的文章，且从考试角度讲，却是攻克考点的经典例文和例题。我们把这些文章按照文体分类，点明文章的主题句。同时罗列出文章的逻辑关系，配备了长句、难句的分析和讲解。请考生先按照本书所讲的流程和技巧做题，争取10分钟完成一篇文章，在核查答案后，再阅读讲解部分。这样，考生既锻炼了解题技巧，又掌握了语言知识，两全其美。
Passage 1
Breast cancer patients who take a multivitamin or extra vitamin E experience a smaller decrease in important immune cells，a common side effect of chemotherapy，new research suggests.
Women who took a nutritional supplement，a multivitamin or extra vitamin E had a smaller drop in neutrophils（嗜中性粒细胞），white blood bold cells that help fight bacterial infections.However，women with relatively high levels of B-vitamin folate（叶酸）had a larger drop in neutrophils.
Study author D.Richard F.Branda cautioned that chemotherapy patients should first discuss taking supplements with their doctors，because some supplements may interfere with treatment.For instance，cod liver oil and St.John’s Wort may interfere with bold thinning drugs，hormone treatment or chemotherapy.
Previous research has also shown that an herbal dietary supplement that some men use to treat prostate cancer，called PC-SPES，may interfere with the anti-cancer activity of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel，making it less effective.However，studies have also shown that vitamin E many enhance the benefits and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy，and many doctors now recommend vitamin therapy during treatment.
To investigate whether supplements help reduce side effects from chemotherapy， Branda and his colleague asked 49 women with breast cancer to complete questionnaires detailing their use of supplements during chemotherapy.The authors found that more than 70 percent of women were taking at least one of 165 different types of supplements.On average，patients took three supplements.However，some women said they took up to 20 daily supplements during treatment.The most common supplements were multivitamins， vitamin E and calcium.Woman who took multivitamins or vitamin E alone experienced a smaller decrease in their neutrophils during chemotherapy.
However，women with relatively high levels of the B-vitamin folate in their blood had a larger-than-average decrease in neutrophils，the authors report in the journal Cancer.
Branda，who is based at the University of Vermont in Burlington，explained that many cancer patients—and people without cancer—take supplements because they believe they are“natural”，and could therefore only help them.
However，Branda noted that supplements typically consist of complex chemicals，which can have many possible effects on the metabolism of drugs and the functioning of cells. “These effects may be beneficial or detrimental and need to be studied further，”he said. For instance，based on the results with folate，Branda recommends that cancer patients avoid taking extra folate if they eat a balanced diet，because many foods are already fortified with folate，or folic acid.
1.Taking a multivitamin has been proven to be____for breast cancer patients.
A.useless B.helpful
C.detrimental D.effective
2.The study author suggested that chemotherapy patients____.
A.should take supplements every day
B.should take multivitamins every two days
C.should ask for their doctor’s advice before taking supplements
D.shouldn’t discuss with their doctor
3.The most common supplements that breast cancer patients took during treatment were____.
A.multivitamins and vitamin B
B.multivitamins，calcium and vitamin E
C.vitamin B and calcium
D.multivitamins，calcium and vitamin B
4.For breast cancer patients，taking multivitamins may lead to a____in neutrophils and white blood cells during chemotherapy.
A.smaller decrease B.smaller increase
C.larger decrease D.larger increase
5.Branda pointed out that____.
A.supplements have good effects on the functioning of cells
B.supplements have negative effects on the functioning of cells
C.supplements don’t have any effect on the metabolism of drugs
D.whether supplements have positive or negative effects on the metabolism of drugs needs to be confirmed
Words&Expressions
supplement n. 补充物
chemotherapy n. 化学疗法
herbal adj. 草药的
on average 平均起来
metabolism n. 新陈代谢
detrimental adj. 有害的
fortify v. 加强，强化
文章大意
新研究显示，服用复合维生素或者补充维生素E的乳腺癌患者较不服用者重要免疫细胞减少的程度小。而重要免疫细胞的减少是化疗的一种常见副作用。
服用营养补剂、复合维生素E或者单独的维生素E的女性，其机体用来抵御细菌感染的中性粒细胞和白细胞减少的程度较小，然而体内含有较高水平叶酸的女性则中性粒细胞减少的程度较大。
该研究报道的作者理查德F·布兰达博士告诫说，接受化学治疗的患者应该在与医生讨论后再服用补剂，因为有些补剂可能干扰治疗。例如，鲟鱼鱼肝油和金丝桃可能会干扰血液稀释药、激素治疗或化疗。
过去的研究也显示，一些人用来治疗前列腺癌的草药补剂——PC-SPES——可能会干扰化疗药紫杉醇的抗癌作用，使其疗效降低。但是，一些研究也显示，维生素E能够增强化疗的疗效并降低副作用。现在很多医生推荐在化疗期间服用维生素。
为了研究补剂是否有助于降低化疗的副作用，布兰达和他的同事以问卷的形式让49名乳腺癌患者详细列出了化疗期间服用过的补剂。作者们发现，超过70%的女性至少服用165种不同补剂中的1种，平均每人3种。一些女性说自己在治疗期间每天服用多达20种补剂。
最常服用的补剂是复合维生素、维生素E和钙。服用复合维生素或者单独的维生素E的女性，化疗期间中性粒细胞减少的程度较小。
但是，血液中含有较高水平的叶酸的女性，中性粒细胞减少的程度大于平均水平，作者们在《癌症》杂志中如此报道。
在柏林顿市佛蒙特大学工作的布兰达解释说，很多癌症患者（也有健康人），服用补剂是由于他们相信这些补剂是“天然的”，因此只会有好处。
但是，布兰达指出，补剂通常含有复杂的化合物，这些化学物质可能会对药物代谢和细胞功能产生很多影响。“这些影响可能有益，也可能有害，需要进一步研究，”他说。例如，根据对叶酸的研究结果，布兰达建议那些膳食平衡的癌症患者不要再额外摄入叶酸，因为很多食物都已用叶酸强化。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】B
【考点】细节理解题
【解析】根据taking multivitamin和breast cancer定位到第一段，可知服用复合维生素的乳腺癌患者较不服用者重要免疫细胞减少的程度小（smaller decrease in important immune cells），由此可知，这对乳腺癌患者来讲是有帮助的。effective是一个不太好区分的混淆项。服用复合维生素只能是减少化疗的side effect，并非对治疗癌症本身有效，所以helpful最合适。
2.【答案】C
【考点】细节定位题
【解析】由study author回到原文定位到第三段第一句，作者认为化疗病人应该在服用复合维生素之前先与医生交流，C选项中ask for their doctor’s advice与discuss是同义改写。
3.【答案】B
【考点】细节定位题
【解析】由most common回到原文定位到倒数第四段，可知本题正确答案为B。
4.【答案】A
【考点】细节定位题
【解析】本题从第一段和倒数第四段都有回现，很容易确定答案为smaller decrease。
5.【答案】D
【考点】细节定位题
【解析】从选项得知，本题是在讨论补剂的药效。通过命题顺序和Branda回到原文定位到最后一段“These effects may be beneficial or detrimental and need to be studied further”，可知D选项中分别用positive和negative对原文进行了改写，因此最佳答案为D。
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.s.Some have placed the dropouts’loss as high as 50 percent.The extent of the loss was，however，largely a matter of expert guessing.Last week a well-rounded study was published.It was based on 22，000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph.D.requirement，went on to productive work.They are not only doing well financially，but，according to the report，are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week，Dr.Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph.D.programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree.Attrition at the Ph.D.level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity.Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.
“The results of our research”Dr.Tucker concluded，“did not support these opinions.”
1.Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
2.Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
3.Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision，but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination，uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams.Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph.D. program，lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing，a chart showed 2%in humanities were receiving$20，000 and more annually while none of the Ph.D.’s with that background reached this figure.The Ph.D.’s income in the$7，500 to$15，000 bracket with 78%at that level against 50% for the dropouts.This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields，where Ph.D.s tend to rise to the highest salaries，are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus，the outlook was glum.The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
1.The author states that many educators feel that____.
A.steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus
B.the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study
C.the Ph.D.holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout
D.the high dropouts’rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members
2.Research has shown that____.
A.dropouts are substantially below Ph.D.s in financial attainment
B.the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph.D.studies
C.the Ph.D.candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out
D.about one-third of those who start Ph.D.work do not complete the work to earn the degree
3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph.D.____.
A.is the most frequent reason for dropping out
B.is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate
C.is an essential part of many Ph.D.programs
D.does not vary in difficulty among universities
4.After reading the article，one would refrain from concluding that____.
A.optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph.D.dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree
B.a Ph.D.dropout，by and large，does not have what it takes to learn the degree
C.colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph.D.dropouts
D.Ph.D.s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions
5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in____.
A.salary for Ph.D.too low
B.academic requirement too high
C.salary for dropouts too high
D.1，000 positions
Words&Expressions
dropout n. 辍学者，中途退学
well-rounded adj. 全面的
attrition n. 缩/减员；磨损
drain n. 枯竭
bracket n. 一类人，（尤指按收入分类的）阶层
lag behind other fields 落后于其他领域
glum adj. 阴郁的
文章大意
教育工作者非常关注博士生辍学的高比率；这对需要博士生的国家是一个人才方面的严重损失。一些国家的博士辍学率高达50%。然而，如此高的辍学率很大程度上只是专家的推测。上周发表了一项全面的调查报告，这份全面调查报告是以22000份调查问卷分送给以前在24所大学就读的博士生为基础的。这份全面调查报告似乎说明过去的许多担心害怕是没有根据的。
辍学率为31%，大多数情况下，辍学者尚未完成博士学位学业，就去从事生产性工作。根据一项报告，他们不仅赚到了钱，而且收入水平并不比那些完成博士学位的人低多少。
经过对上周这次调查研究讨论之后，图赫尔博士说道，发起这项调查是因为高校的教师和管理者经常关注的一个问题是有些未完成博士课程的辍学者有能力完成博士学位。博士水平人员的缩减被认为是宝贵的教授时间的浪费和已经被使用到极限的大学资源的枯竭。有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。
图赫尔博士得出结论，此项研究结果并不支持以上观点：
1.缺乏动力是辍学的主要原因。
2.大多数辍学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。
3.大多数辍学者现在从事的工作和他们所受的教育和动机相一致。
约75%的辍学者说，他们决定辍学并不是出于学术原因，而出于学术原因的辍学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试。19%的辍学者一致认为不能完成博士生课程的最主要的个人原因是缺乏经济来源。
作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2%的人文学科辍学者年收入为20000多美元，没有一个有同样背景的博士生达到这个数目。7000至15000美元年收入者中，博士生为78%，辍学者仅为50%。这也可能表明这样一个事实：在博士能挣到最高工资的学术领域中，高工资仍然落后于其他领域的工资。
至于让辍学者返回校园的可能性，前景不乐观。至少有25%的辍学者可能考虑返回研究生院就读，条件是保证他们保持现有的收入水平，有些还要求保留他们目前的工作。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】A
【考点】细节题
【解析】A项“许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习。”与第三段最后一句话内容相符：“Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.”B项“辍学者应回到稍低级的学校去完成学业。”C项“有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。”D项“高辍学率的主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。”这三项在文章中均没有提到。
2.【答案】D
【考点】细节题
【解析】选项D“约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。”与第二段第一句内容相符：“The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph.D.requirement，went on to productive work.”A项“辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。”是错误的说法，这可以根据倒数第二段得知：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2%人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多美元，没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数目。”B项“在博士学习中刺激因素较小。”C项“博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。”这三项在文中均没有提到。
3.【答案】C
【考点】细节题
【解析】选项C“博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。”可以在第五段中有所体现：“约75%的辍学者说，他们决定辍学并不是出于学术的原因，而出于学术原因的辍学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试。”由此看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。其他选项均不符合原文意思。A项“它是辍学最频繁的原因。”B项“它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。”D项“它在大学中的难度并没有不同。”
4.【答案】A
【考点】推理题
【解析】题干问的是：读完这篇文章，人们不会有哪种结论。可在第五段和最后一段找到答案。第五段提到：（1）缺乏动力是辍学的主要原因。（2）大多数辍学者在博士生课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。（3）大多数辍学者现在从事的工作和他们所受的教育和动机相一致。最后一段提到：“The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.”B项“博士生辍学者，大体而论，并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。”C项“学院和大学雇用了许多辍学者。”D项“博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。”B、C两项在文章中没有提到；D项说法错误。
5.【答案】A
【考点】推理题
【解析】由倒数第二段“This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields，where Ph.D.s tend to rise to the highest salaries，are still lagging behind other fields.”可知A项“博士生的工资太低”是对的。B项“学术要求太高”只是某些因学术原因辍学者的强调点。C项“辍学者工资太高”说法错误，工资不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。D项“1000个职位”在文内没有提到。
Passage 3
Obesity is a complex disease for which no single cause of cure exists.You gain weight when you take in more calories than you burn off.But obesity is influenced by many other factors as well：family history，the type of work you do，race，and environment.
Overeating is easy in our culture today.Portions at fast-food and other restaurants are “supersized”to the point that one meal can provide an entire day’s worth of calories.Food is also a focal point of social activity.Gathering of family and friends，work events，and holidays are usually centered around food.And eating can be a comfort when you are depressed or stressed.
Next，people are less active than ever.Some people hate to exercise and others may not have the time.Also，many of the conveniences we use，such as the remote control for the television，elevators，and cars，cut activity out of our lives.
Even making small changes like walking your dog make a difference.Letting the dog out the door burns 2 calories.Walking the dog for 30 minutes burns 123 calories.Taking the car to a car wash uses 18 calories.Washing and waxing it yourself burn 300.
Other things can affect our weight，such as family history or genetics.If one of your parents is obese，you are 3 times as likely to be obese as someone with parents of healthy weight.
Your family’s and friends’lifestyles can also affect your weight.If your family or friends eat a lot of high-fat or snack foods，eat at irregular times，and skip meals，you probably will too.And if they are not physically active，you may not be either.
Other things influence your weight and whether you are physically active，including：
Low self-esteem.Being overweight or obese may lower your self-esteem and lead to eating as a way to comfort yourself.Repeated failure at dieting also can affect your self-esteem and make it even more difficult to lose weight.
Emotional concerns.Emotional stress，anxiety，or illnesses such as depression or chronic pain can lead to overeating.Some people eat to calm themselves，to avoid dealing with unpleasant tasks or situations，or to dampen negative emotions.
Trauma.Distressing events，such as childhood sexual，physical，or emotional abuse；loss of a parent during childhood；or marital of family problems，can contribute to overeating.
Alcohol.Alcohol（beer and mixed drinks）is very high in calories.Drinking alcohol may cause you to gain more weight around your stomach.
Medicines or medical conditions.Some medical conditions and medicines may also cause weight gain.Examples include having Cushing’s syndrome or hypothyroidism or taking antidepressants or corticosteroids.
How obesity affects your health depends on many things，including your age，gender， where you carry your body fat，and how physically active you are.For example，if you are an older woman who is physically active and you will be less likely to have the problems related to obesity than a younger man who is not physically active.
Risk for disease.If you are obese，you are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes，high blood pressure，coronary artery disease，stroke，and sleep apnea，among other conditions.If you lose weight，your risk for these conditions is reduced.
Where you carry body fat is important.If fat accumulates mostly around your stomach （sometimes called apple-shaped），you are at greater risk for type 2 diabetes，high blood pressure，high cholesterol，and coronary artery disease than people who are lean or people with fat around the hips（sometimes called pear-shaped）.
Words&Expressions
focal point 焦点
convenience n. 便利
remote control 遥控器
wax v. （给车）打蜡
self-esteem n. 自尊
dampen v. 减压，缓冲
hypothyroidism n. 甲状腺功能减退
antidepressant n. 抗抑郁病药
1.____is not an affecting factor of obesity.
A.Family history and the race you belong to
B.Environment and your job
C.Reading habit
D.Your lifestyle
2.According to the author，why modern men are less active？
A.Some people hate to exercise.
B.Some may not have the time.
C.The extensive use of some conveniences such as remote controls.
D.All of the above.
3.Which of the following statement is not true？
A.Weight loss can decrease the risk of many diseases.
B.Beer as well as some medications can cause weight gain.
C.The fat which accumulated around your hip is not so harmful.
D.Snack food is not a healthy food in general.
4.According to the text，____doesn’t belong to trauma contributing to overeating.
A.traffic accident injury
B.the death of a parent during childhood
C.awful spouse relationship
D.sexual abuse when young
5.What can be inferred from the article？
A.A weight-loss plan should combine different measures altogether.
B.Obesity is a complex disease which is curable.
C.Only the fat put around your stomach is harmful.
D.A physically inactive young man may be at greater risks for obesity problems than an active over-weighted older woman.
文章大意
肥胖症是一种复杂的疾病，没有单一的病因或疗法。当你摄入的热量超过你消耗的，你的体重就会增加。但是肥胖症也受其他很多因素的影响：家族史、工作类型、种族和环境。
吃得过饱在我们当今的文化中很普遍。快餐店和其他餐馆提供的饮食分量均为“特大号”，以至一顿就提供了一整天所需要的热量。食物也是社会活动的一个重点。家人和朋友的聚会、工作场合和假日往往以食物为中心。而且当你感到沮丧或是处于重压之下时，吃东西可能是一种安慰。
其次，人们的活动比以前减少了。一些人讨厌锻炼，而其他人可能没有时间。而且，我们使用的一些便利设备，如电视遥控器、电梯和轿车，把体力活动从我们的生活里删减了。
即使做一些小的改变（像遛遛你的狗）都能起些作用。例如，把狗带出门消耗2卡路里，遛狗30分钟消耗123卡路里，把车送去洗需要18卡路里，自己洗车并上蜡消耗300卡路里。
其他的东西也能影响我们的体重，比如家族史或遗传因素。如果你的父母中有一人肥胖，那么与那些父母都是健康体重的人相比你发胖的概率几乎是他们的3倍。
你的家人和朋友的生活方式也能影响你的体重。如果你的家人或朋友吃高脂肪或快餐，进食不规律，并误餐，你有可能也这样。而且如果他们不爱体力劳动，你可能也一样。
其他一些影响你体重及是否保持体力活动的因素包括：
缺乏自尊。由于超重或肥胖会减低你的自尊并导致你把进食当作安慰自己的一种手段。反复的节食失败也能影响你的自尊并让减肥变得更加困难。
情绪问题。情绪上的压力、焦虑，或是疾病（如抑郁症或慢性疼痛）能导致过度饮食。一些人通过进食来使自己平静下来，避免处理不愉快的工作或处境，或缓解消极情绪。
创伤。令人困苦的事件，如儿童时期受到性的、身体的或情绪上的虐待，童年时失去父亲或母亲，或是婚姻、家庭问题，会导致过度饮食。
酒类。酒类（啤酒或混合饮料）的热量很高。饮酒会使你的胃部重量增加。
药物或疾病状态。一些疾病状态和药物也可能引起体重增加。例子包括库欣综合征或甲状腺功能减退，或者是服用抗抑郁药或皮质激素。
肥胖症如何影响你的健康取决于很多因素，包括你的年龄、性别、你体内的脂肪储存的部位，以及你爱不爱活动。比方说，如果你是一位经常进行体力活动的老妇人，你患有与体重相关的健康问题的风险就比一个年轻而不爱活动的男性要低。
疾病的风险。如果你身体肥胖，在某些条件下，你有较大可能得2型糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、中风及睡眠呼吸暂停。如果你减肥，你限于这些状况的风险就会降低。
你的脂肪储存在哪里很重要。如果你的脂肪主要堆积在你的胃周围（有时被称为苹果型），你得2型糖尿病、高血压、高胆固醇、冠心病的风险要比那些瘦子或脂肪在臀部（有时被称为梨型）的人大得多。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】C
【考点】细节定位题（排除题）
【解析】根据affecting factors回到原文定位到第一段，可知“family history，the type of work you do，race，and environment”都是影响因素，而reading habit没有提及。
2.【答案】D
【考点】细节定位题
【解析】根据less active定位到文章第三段，可知“有些人讨厌锻炼”“有的人没有时间”和“广泛使用便利装置”都是人们变得不太爱动的原因。
3.【答案】C
【考点】细节理解题（排除题）
【解析】这样的题只能通过选项定位后再一一进行对比排除。从倒数第二段可知，缩减体重可以减少患病风险，A选项是正确的；从Alcohol和Medicine两段可知，饮酒和药物都有可能导致体重增加，B选项是正确的。从文中最后一句可知，苹果型身材比起脂肪聚集在臀部周围的人患2型糖尿病、高血压、高胆固醇、冠心病的风险大，但并未说后者就无害，因此C选项属于过度推理；从第六段中可知，如果你的朋友爱吃高脂肪含量的食物或者小吃，你变胖的概率就很高，可知通常来讲snack是不健康的食物。
4.【答案】A
【考点】细节定位题
【解析】通过trauma定位到倒数第五段，可知“交通事故的伤害”不属于此类。
5.【答案】A
【考点】推理判断题。
【解析】从文中可知，肥胖可能导致疾病，但肥胖本身并非一定是病。因此B选项有误；从最后一段可知，并非只有脂肪聚集在胃部才有害；文中倒数第三段中讲到，一个保持规律运动的年长女性会比不太运动的年轻人患与肥胖相关的病的概率小，可知D选项错误。肥胖对健康的影响程度与很多因素相关，因此减重计划需要结合多种手段和方式，A是正确推理的结果。
Passage 4
If you smoke and you still don’t believe that there’s a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles，heart disease and lung cancer，then you are certainly deceiving yourself.No one will accuse you of hypocrisy.Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking.This needn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised，the governments of most countries hear no evil，see no evil and smell no evil.Admittedly，a few governments have taken timid measures.In Britain for instance，cigarette advertising has been banned on television.The conscience of the nation is appeased，while the population continues to puff its way to smoky，cancerous death.
You don’t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm.The answer is simply money.Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax.It’s almost like a tax on our daily bread.In tax revenue alone，the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities.So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may，conceivable，be harmful，it doesn’t do to shout too loudly about it.
This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine.While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand，it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease.Countless valuable lives are lost.In the long run，there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether.
Of course，we are not ready for such a drastic action.But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples，you’d think they’d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.Far from it！The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising.Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest.We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning.That would never do.The advertisement always depicts virile，clean-shaven young men.They suggest it is manly to smoke，even positively healthy！Smoking is associated with the great open-air life，with beautiful girls，true love and togetherness.What utter nonsense！
For a start，governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own.Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres，cinemas and restaurants.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit.A horrific warning— say，a picture of a death’s head—should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold.As individuals，we are certainly weak，but if governments acted honestly and courageously，they could protect us from ourselves.
1.Why do a few governments take timid measures toward smoking？
A.Because they are afraid of people.
B.Because diseases cost a lot.
C.Because they are afraid of the cutting down of their revenue.
D.Because they are afraid of manufacturers.
2.The tone of this passage is____.
A.critical B.ironical
C.distaste D.amusing
3.What does the sentence“because you are in good company”mean？
A.You are backed by the government.
B.You are not alone.
C.You have good colleagues.
D.Governments are blind to evils of smoking too.
4.What is the main idea of this passage？
A.World governments should conduct serious campaigns against smoking.
B.World governments take timid measures against smoking.
C.Smoking is the most important source of income to many countries.
D.Tobacco industry spends a large sum of money on medical research.
5.All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT____.
A.governments collect a great amount of money from the tobacco industry
B.most governments hold ambiguous attitudes toward new findings about the harm of smoking
C.some governments have taken radical measures against smoking
D.advertisements by tobacco industry are quite dishonest
Words&Expressions
bronchial adj. 支气管的
hypocrisy n. 虚伪
lukewarm adj. 冷淡的，漠然的
conceivable adj. 可以想象的
a wishful thinking 根据愿望的想法，不顾事实的想法
puff v. 喷
puff its way to 一路吞云吐雾地走向（指抽烟抽到死）
insidious adj. 阴险的，狡猾的
virile adj. 年富力强的
dire adj.可怕的，悲惨的
文章大意
假如你吸烟，依然认为吸烟和支气管炎、心脏病、肺癌等毫无关系，那你是自欺欺人。可没有人会说你虚伪。我们可以说你是患上了一厢情愿病。你无须太难受，因为你有好伙伴。每当提出吸烟和健康相关的问题时，大多数国家的政府对其恶果视而不见、听而不闻、嗅而不觉。不得不承认，一些政府采取了软弱无力的政策。比如，在英国，香烟广告只是禁止在电视上播放。政府的良心得到了告慰，然而，人们还是一路吞云吐雾直到致癌死亡。
你不用看得很远就能发现为什么官方对医学成果的反应如此冷淡，答案就是钱。烟草是征税的最奇妙的商品，几乎就像日用面包的税收。光烟草税收一项，英国政府就从抽烟者身上征收到足以支付所有教育设施的费用。所以在当局那么谨慎地指出吸烟有害时，可以想象，喊叫得太响是不行的。
这无疑是你能想象到的最缺乏远见的政策。一方面急切地收敛大笔金钱，另一方面还要不断地花费更大一笔钱。很大一笔钱花在了癌症研究和治愈癌症患者身上。不计其数的宝贵生命终止了。从长远来看，毫无疑问，如果抽烟能够完全禁止的话，每个人的生活都将会更加富裕。
当然，我们还没做好准备迎接如此巨大的行动，但是，如果世界各国政府都能够诚心诚意地关心其国民福利的话，你能想到各国政府会发起有力的禁烟运动。事实并非如此！烟草工业是允许在广告上花费惊人巨款的。其广告的阴险正如其欺骗性一样。我们从来都不会在广告上看到抽烟者在清晨咳肺的真实画面，从来都不会。广告上描绘的从来都是胡子刮得干干净净的年轻男子。这些广告暗示吸烟展现了男子气概，甚至是有益健康的，吸烟是和美好的户外生活、美女、真爱及聚会联系在一起的。纯属一派胡言！
作为起步，政府可以从禁止烟草广告开始，然后开展抵制吸烟的广告运动。一切公共场合，如戏院、电影院、餐馆等应禁止吸烟。应竭尽全力告诫青年，尤其是告诫他们染上恶习的严重后果。在零售的每包烟盒上应有令人胆战心惊的警告：例如，一幅骷髅头画像。作为个人，我们力量薄弱，可是如果政府真诚地鼓舞人心地行动起来，他们可以保护我们。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】C
【考点】细节理解题
【解析】本题应选C项“因为他们害怕收入减少。”答案见第二段“You don’t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm.The answer is simply money.”A项“他们害怕人民。”和D项“他们害怕厂商。”在文中没有提到。B项错在说因为疾病花费很大，所以一些政府采取软弱无力的禁烟措施，而是因为采取了软弱政策，所以疾病花费很大。
2.【答案】B
【考点】作者态度题
【解析】这篇文章的语气应是讽刺语气，特别表现在第一段、第四段。A项“批评语气”不适合，虽然整篇文章都在批评，但这不是什么语气问题。而这里应是以讽刺的口吻批评政府软弱的禁烟政策。C项“厌恶”和D项“有趣”都不是正确答案。
3.【答案】D
【考点】细节理解题
【解析】本题应选D项“政府对吸烟的恶果也是视而不见。”A项“政府支持。”太明朗化。B项“你不是单独一人。”和C项“你有好同事。”都是似是而非的答案。答案可以通过上下文理解得出来，第一段提到“This needn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company”；下文进行了解释“每当提出吸烟和健康有关的问题时，大多数国家的政府对其恶果视而不见、听而不闻、嗅而不觉。”由此可见，A、B、C三项不正确。
4.【答案】A
【考点】文章主旨大意题
【解析】本题应选A项“世界各国政府应该开展严厉的禁烟运动”。前面四段都是讲的现象：（1）政策软弱；（2）烟草的税收高，所以未被禁止；（3）这项政策的后果是疾病花费大于烟草税收；（4）烟草广告泛滥毒害人，唯一的解救办法就是禁烟。最后一段是结论，也是画龙点睛的主题和标题。B项“世界各国政府采取的禁烟政策软弱无力。”C项“吸烟是许多国家的重要收入。”D项“烟草工厂在医疗研究上花了大笔费用。”这三项都不是本文的主题。
5.【答案】C
【考点】多项细节排除题
【解析】A选项在文中的第二段“the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities”及第四段都有体现。B选项见第二段“You don’t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm”。C选项在文章中没有提到。D项从第四段“Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest”可以推断出。
Passage 5
Until about five years ago，the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.Peptide hormones，scientists thought，were made by endocrine glands and the hypothalamus was thought to be the brains’only endocrine gland.What is more，because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brain barrier，researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brain other than the hypothalamus，where they were simply produced and then released into the bloodstream.
But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones，when injected into the brain，bind in places other than the hypothalamus，indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums，however，is imprecise.Cross-reactions are possible and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones，or merely close relatives.Furthermore，this method cannot be used to determine the location in the body where the detected substances are actually produced.
New techniques of molecular biology，however，provide a way to answer these questions.It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s（cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes seek out the messenger RNA’s（mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones.If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these mRNA’s.If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.The cells containing these mRNA’s can then be isolated and their mRNA’s decoded to determine just what their protein products are and how closely the products resemble the true peptide hormones.
The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.Roberts，expressing the sentiment of many researchers，states：“I was trained as an endocrinologist.But it became clear to me that the field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input.The process of grinding out protein purifications is just too slow.”
If，as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest，peptide hormones really are made in brain in areas other than the hypothalamus，a theory must be developed that explains their function in the brain.Some have suggested that the hormones are all growth regulators，but Rosen’s work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true.A number of other researchers propose that they might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.(https://www.daowen.com)
1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the text？
A.Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communication in the Brain？
B.Molecular Biology：Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to Synthesize Peptide Hormones？
C.The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to Detecting Peptide Hormones.
D.Peptide Hormones：How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of Their Detection and to Understand Their Function？
2.The text suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserums to peptide hormones may____.
A.have been stored in the brain for a long period of time
B.play no role in the functioning of the brain
C.have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain
D.have escaped detection by molecular methods
3.According to the text，confirmation of the belief that peptide hormones are created in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus would force scientists to____.
A.reject the theory that peptide hormones are made by endocrine glands
B.revise their beliefs about the ability of antiserums to detect peptide hormones
C.invent techniques that would allow them to locate accurately brain cells that produce peptide hormones
D.develop a theory that accounts for the role played by peptide hormones in the brain
4.Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a drawback of the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones？
A.It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain.
B.It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that are very similar to them.
C.It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
D.It involves a purification process that requires extensive training in endocrinology.
5.The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain from developments in molecular biology is regarded by Roberts with____.
A.incredulity B.derision
C.indifference D.enthusiasm
Words&Expressions
peptide hormones 肽激素
hypothalamus n. 下丘脑
astounding adj. 令人惊讶的
endocrine gland 内分泌腺
antiserums n. 抗血清
specific adj. 特定的，特别的
complementary adj. 互补的
resemble v. 类似
identical adj. 相同的
tedious adj. 冗长的
endocrinologist n. 内分泌学家
文章大意
肽激素除了下丘脑能制造，在大脑中任何其他的地方都能够制造。大约五年前仅这一想法本身就是令人惊诧的。科学家认为，肽激素是由内分泌腺制造的，而下丘脑被认为是大脑中唯一的内分泌腺。而且，由于肽激素无法穿过血脑障碍，研究人员认为它们从不曾到过除下丘脑以外的大脑任何其他部位，肽激素仅在下丘脑制造出来，然后被释放到血管中。
但是关于肽激素的这种观点已经遭到质疑。一次又一次的实验发现，肽激素的抗血清一旦被注射到大脑中，它就会在下丘脑以外的地方黏接起来。这就说明这些地方或是有肽激素存在，或是有与抗血清发生交叉反应的其他物质存在。但是，通过抗血清来检验肽激素的免疫学方法是不精确的。交叉反应可能会发生，而且以这种手段无法确认用抗血清检测的特质确实是肽激素还是仅是与其近似的亲缘物质。另外，这种方法不能用来确定被测物质在人体内产生的部位。
然而，分子生物学的新技术为解决这些问题提供了一个新途径。科学家可以制造出一种特别的互补DNA’S（cDNA’s），作为分子探子查找出肽激素的信使RNA’S（mRNA’s）。如果脑细胞正在制造肽激素，那么它应该包含这些信使RNA’S。如果脑细胞制造的产品与肽激素相似但并不完全相同，那么这些互补cDAN’S仍然会和这些信使mRNA’黏结，但不会像和真正肽激素的信使mRNA’S结合得那么紧密，这些包含信使mRNA’S的细胞能被分开。研究者可以将信使mRNA’S解码，以确定其蛋白质产品究竟是什么及这些产品在多大程度上类似于真正的肽激素。
采用cDAN探子这一分子生物学方法检测肽激素同时也比免疫学方法快得多，因为如果用免疫学方法，分离肽激素需要几年枯燥乏味的提纯过程，然后还需培养出它们的抗血清。罗伯茨的一番话表达了许多研究人员的心声，他说：“我是作为一名内分泌学家接受训练的，但情况对我来说很清楚，内分泌学领域需要分子生物学的输入，靠碾磨来制造蛋白质纯化物的过程实在是太慢了。”
如果正如用cDNA探子所做的最初测试表明的那样，肽激素确实是由大脑中下丘脑以外的部位制造出来的，则有必要建立一套理论来解释它们在大脑中的作用。某些学者指出肽激素是生长调节剂，但罗森对老鼠大脑所做的实验表明事实并非如此。很多其他的研究人员指出肽激素或许被用于大脑内细胞与细胞间的信息传输。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】D
【考点】中心主旨题
【解析】全文从头至尾讨论的是peptide hormones在人体内产生的部位，所以有关全文中心主旨内容的答案应该包含peptide hormones。从各段的主题句进行分析，第一至四段主要讲如何detect（探测）肽激素（peptide hormones）所产生的位置，第五段主要讲有关肽激素的function。可见本题的正确选项应该是D。在解题时一定要搞清楚原文所涉及的对象并且抓住每段的主题句以及它们之间的相互关系。
2.【答案】C
【考点】细节理解题
【解析】根据题干中的a substance detected可定位在第二段的尾句。该句所涉及的核心问题是where，所以本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要迅速而准确地进行审题定位。
3.【答案】D
【考点】细节推导题
【解析】通过本题题干中的peptide hormones are created in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第一句。尾段第一句主要就肽激素的function进行论述，可见本题的正确选项应该是D，选项D中的role就等于原文中的function。考生在解题时一定要善于抓住主句中的重要信息。
4.【答案】B
【考点】细节理解题
【解析】根据本题题干中的the immunological method可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的第二句，而本题的确切答题点在第二段的第三句的后半部分。从第二段第三句的后半部分可以推导出本题的正确答案是B。在解题时一定要注意一般概括句和具体陈述句之间的相互关系。
5.【答案】D
【考点】细节推导题
【解析】根据本题题干中的人名Roberts可将本题的答案迅速确定在倒数第二段引号部分的第二句话，即But一词引导的句子。从该句中的needed一词可以看出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时一定要学会深入理解原文的字面含义。
Passage 6
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that there are an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S.flights every day.Most of them are not grave；fainting，dizziness and hyper ventilation are the most frequent complaints.But 13% of them—roughly four a day—are serious enough to require a pilot to change course.The most common of the serious emergencies include heart trouble（46%），strokes and other neurological problems（18%），and difficult breathing（6%）.
Let’s face it：plane riders are stressful.For starters，cabin pressures at high altitudes are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5，000 to 8，000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily，but passengers with heart disease may experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood.Low pressure can also cause the air in body cavities to expand—as much as 30%.Again，most people won’t notice anything beyond mild stomach cramping.But if you’ve recently had an operation，your wound could open.And if a medical device has been implanted in your body—a splint，a tracheotomy tube or a catheter—it could expand and cause injury.
Another common in-flight problem is venous thrombosis—the so-called economy-class syndrome.When you sit too long in a cramped position，the blood in our legs tends to clot. Most people just get sore calves.But blood clots，left untreated，could travel to the lungs， causing breathing difficulties and even death.Such clots are readily prevented by keeping blood flowing；walk and stretch your legs when possible.
Whatever you do，don’t panic.Things are looking up on the in-flight-emergency front.Doctors who come to passengers’aid used to worry about getting sued；their fears have lifted somewhat since the 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them“good Samaritan”protection.And thanks to more recent legislation，flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits with automated defibrillator to treat heart attacks.
Are you still wondering if you are healthy enough to fly？If you can walk 150 ft.or climb a flight of stairs without getting winded，you’ll probably do just fine.Having a doctor close by doesn’t hurt，either.
1.Heat disease takes up about____of the in-flight medical emergencies on US flights.
A.13% B.46% C.18% D.6%
2.According to Paragraph 2，the expansion of air in body cavities can result in____.
A.heart attack B.chest pain
C.stomach cramping D.difficult breathing
3.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that deep venous thrombosis usually happens because____.
A.the economy class is not spacious enough
B.there are too many economy-class passengers
C.passengers are not allowed to walk during the flight
D.the low pressure in the cabin prevents blood flowing smoothly
4.According to 1998 Aviation Medical Association Act，doctors who came to passengers’aid____.
A.do not have to be worried even if they give the patients improper treatment
B.will not be submitted to legal responsibility even if the patients didn’t recover
C.are assisted by advanced emergency medical kits
D.will be greatly respected by the patient and the crew
5.The phrase“getting winded”（Para.5）is closest in meaning to____.
A.falling over B.being out of breath
C.spraining the ankle D.moving in a curving line
Words&Expressions
estimate v. 估计
emergency n. 紧急情况
grave adj. 严重的
hyperventilation n. 过度换气
neurological adj. 神经的
altitude n. 高度
cramp n. 痉挛
splint n. 夹板
tracheotomy n. 气管切开术
catheter n. 导管
venous adj. 静脉的
thrombosis n. 血栓形成
syndrome n. 综合征
clot v./n. （形成）血栓
sore adj. 酸疼的
aviation n. 航空
good Samaritan 乐善好施者
legislation n. 立法
defibrillator n. 除颤器
文章大意
一项刊登在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的研究估计，美国的航班平均每天发生30起飞行中的医疗急症。大多数情况并不严重，最常见的症状包括晕厥、头晕目眩及换气过度。但是其中13%——每天约4起——症状非常严重，因而迫使飞行员改变航向。最常见的严重突发状况包括心脏病（46%）、中风和其他神经系统疾病（18%）以及呼吸困难（6%）。
让我们面对现实吧：飞机乘客很紧张。对初次乘坐飞机的人而言，高空机舱内设置的压力大约相当于海拔5000-8000英尺的气压水平。大多数人能轻松地承受这样的压力，但是有心脏病的乘客可能会因为流经血液的氧气减少而感觉胸痛。低气压也可能导致体腔内的空气膨胀——最大时可膨胀30%。此外，大多数人除了轻微的胃部痉挛外不会有其他感觉。但如果你刚动过手术，伤口可能会裂开。如果你体内植入了医疗器材——如夹板、气管切开套管或导管——这些东西可能会膨胀，并导致受伤。
飞行中常见的另一种毛病是深静脉血栓的形成——即所谓的经济舱综合征。长时间坐在狭窄的位置上，腿部的血液容易结块。大部分人只会感觉小腿酸痛。但血栓不经治疗，可能转移至肺部，引起呼吸困难，甚至死亡。保持血液通畅，尽可能多走动并伸展腿部，就可以轻松预防血栓。
无论做什么都不要惊慌。飞行中急症的状况正在好转。过去抢救乘客的医生曾担心会被起诉，自从1998年颁布的《航空医疗救助法案》为医生们提供了“乐善好施”称号的保护，大致消除了医生们的担心。最近的立法规定，至少有一名以上服务员的航班开始配备急救医疗包，内有对付心脏病突发的自动电击除颤器。
你还在怀疑自己身体是否足够健康来乘坐飞机吗？如果你走150英尺的路，或爬上一段楼梯而不会气喘吁吁，那你可能没问题。当然，身边有个医生也不是什么坏事。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】D
【考点】计算题
【解析】根据各选项中的百分比数值，可以定位到文章第一段，根据第一段最后一句，心脏病占飞行中医疗重症的46%；而根据倒数第二句，重症在美国所有飞行中的医疗急症中占13%。结合这两句可知，心脏病应占所有急症中约6%，因此D项为本题答案。
2.【答案】C
【考点】细节题
【解析】第二段第四句提到“体腔内空气膨胀”，接下来的三句分别列出了这种现象可能导致的三种病症，其中C项在第五句中提到，为本题答案。A项引起的原因没有提到；根据第二段第三句，B项是由血液中含氧量低导致的；D项在第三段提及，由血栓引起。
3.【答案】A
【考点】细节题
【解析】第三段最后一句建议乘客有机会就多运动或伸展腿部，由此可以推断该段第二句中的cramped表明经济舱空间狭窄，因此A项为本题答案。B项虽然为客观情况，但无法从原文推断得出，故可排除；第三段最后一句表明乘客可以离开座位走动，C项与此矛盾；D项与题干提到的病症没有直接联系。
4.【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【解析】根据专有名词定位到第四段。该段第三句提到，医生担心他们给予病人的医疗援助一旦出现意外就会遭到起诉，而这种害怕从1998年法案颁布后，在某种程度上就消失了。由此可推断，在出现意外时，该法案让医生避免承担法律责任，B为正确答案。
5.【答案】B
【考点】语义理解题
【解析】最后一段第二句指出了测试身体是否足够健康去乘坐飞机的方法，结合全文中提到的飞机中气压低、含氧量低的特点，可以推断getting winded应指“气喘吁吁”。正确答案为B。
Passage 7
That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano，to recitation of a poem，and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behavior demands memory，remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically，the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice（or review）tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten；and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.Yet，dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive.In this sense，the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Indeed，when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety，forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless，an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects，it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time，since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out，providing clues for inferring duration.Without forgetting，adaptive ability would suffer，for example， learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who（by ordinary standards）forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.This forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view，continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage（input）and forgetting（output）.Indeed，there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
1.From the evolutionary point of view，____.
A.forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously maladaptive
B.if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
C.the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability
D.sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
2.According to the passage，if a person never forgot____.
A.he would survive best
B.he would have a lot of trouble
C.his ability to learn would be enhanced
D.the evolution of memory would stop
3.From the last paragraph we know that____.
A.forgetfulness is a response to learning
B.the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system
C.memory is a compensation for forgetting
D.the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
4.In this article，the author tries to interpret the function of____.
A.remembering B.forgetting C.adapting D.experiencing
5.What will the passage talk about next？
A.The importance of learning. B.How forgetfulness functions.
C.How adaptive ability develops. D.Other schools about thinking.
文章大意
过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显然而却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。若没有这种被广泛称之为“记忆”的作用，学习就不可能发生。不断的练习实践对记忆产生了影响，从而成就了钢琴上的熟练弹奏、背诵诗歌，甚至阅读和理解这些文字。所谓的智力行为需要记忆能力，因为它是推理的基本要求。用于解决问题或者甚至是辨别出有问题存在的能力有赖于记忆。举例来说，一个穿过街道的决定是根据对许多以往经历的回忆而做出的。
练习（或者复习）有助于建立和保持对一项任务或任何学习过的材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习，已学习到的知识往往会被遗忘；其适应性的结果可能表现得不明显。但是，戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子可以被看作为极具适应性。从这点看，遗忘的能力可以被理解为动物通过自然选择进程赢得了生存。的确，当一个人对一件情感上很痛苦的经历的记忆导致严重的焦虑时，遗忘可以带来解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人很难理解通常逐渐的遗忘过程是如何经自然选择生存下来的。
在思考记忆的进化过程及其他相关方面时，考虑下面这个问题是很有益处的，即，如果记忆不能渐渐消失将会出现什么情形。遗忘明显有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡化了，使新的记忆清晰醒目，为推断某事的持续时间提供了线索。没有遗忘，适应性能力就会受损；例如，十年前所学的正确行为现在也许不再被认为正确。案例记载了这样一些人，他们（按一般人的标准）忘记的事情太少以至于日常生活充满了困惑。因此，遗忘似乎有助于个人以及人类的生存。
另一条思路假设人的记忆存储系统储量有限，它专门通过遗忘来提供适应之灵活性。依此观点，学习或记忆储存（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间始终在不断地调节。的确，有证据显示个人遗忘的比率与他们学得的知识量的多少直接相关。这样的数据为认为输入—输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了总体上的支持。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【解析】从第二段中Yet后的句子可得知，突然忘记的戏剧效果可以被看成是适应性的，只有B选项是符合文章原义的。
2.【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【解析】从第三段可知，没有遗忘，适应性就会受到影响。忘记的事情太少，日常生活充满困惑。遗忘对人类生存很有帮助。只有B选项是正确的。
3.【答案】A
【考点】细节题
【解析】最后一段提到，“持续的适应发生在记忆储存学习（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间。事实上，有证据显示每个人遗忘的速度与他们学的多少直接相关。”只有选项A符合文意。
4.【答案】B
【考点】主旨题
【解析】本题答案容易在remembering和forgetting之间迷失。文章第一段讲到记忆对学习的重要性，第二段前几句承接第一段，到了yet之后话锋一转，开始谈forgetting对人类适应性的重要意义，最后得出遗忘是人类生存的重要现象。综合起来看，remembering为导入，文章重点实则为forgetting，故正确答案为B。
5.【答案】D
【考点】语篇关系题
【解析】根据最后一段的逻辑标志词Another line of thought assumes
可知该段在讨论另一个关于思维流派的观点，因此接下来文章极有可能阐述其他不同的观点。故D为最佳答案。
Passage 8
Valeta Young，81，a retiree from Lodi，Calif.，suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring.But she doesn't have to drive anywhere to get it.Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale，answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse's station in San Antonio，Texas.“It’s almost a direct link to my doctor，”says Young，who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment.
Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance.Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology，with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely—and transmit by phone，Internet or through the airwaves_ —everything from patients' heart rates to how often they cough.
Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment，doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases.In March，St.Francis University in Pittsburgh，Pa.，partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease.And last fall，Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online，using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors.
Such home monitoring，says Dr.George Dailey，a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego，“could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate，blood sugar，lipid levels，kidney functions and even vision.”
Dr.Timothy Moore，executive vice president of Alere Medical，which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10，000 other patients are using，says that almost any vital sign could，in theory，be monitored from home.But，he warns，that might not always make good medical sense.He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely， for example，and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value，he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma.
Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value.But on one thing they all agree：you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor.
1.How does Young monitor her health conditions？
A.By stepping on an electronic scale.
B.By answering a few yes or no questions.
C.By using remote monitoring service.
D.By establishing a direct link to her doctor.
2.Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring？
A.Car. B.Telephone. C.Internet. D.The airwaves.
3.The word“prompted”（Line 1，Paragraph 3）most probably means____.
A.made B.reminded C.aroused D.driven
4.Why is Dr.Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely？
A.Because it is a less productive way of monitoring.
B.Because it doesn’t make good medical sense.
C.Because it’s value has not been proved by scientific study.
D.Because it is not allowed by doctors.
5.Which of the following is true according to the text？
A.Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring.
B.The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish.
C.Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases.
D.Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring.
Words&Expressions
retiree n. 退休者
congestive adj. 拥挤的，充满的
illiterate n./adj. 文盲；不识字的
prompt v./adj 促使；迅速的
文章大意
81岁高龄的瓦勒塔·扬是来自加利福尼亚劳地的退休老人，她身患充血性心力衰竭，需要长时间的监护。但她不必外出求医。每天她到一台电子秤上秤两回，通过电子秤上的一台小型监视器上的按钮回答一些答案为“是”或“否”的问题，然后再按一个按钮把信息送到德克萨斯州圣·安东尼奥的一个护士台。“这跟直接同我的医生联系差不多，”扬说道。她说自己是个电脑盲，但用这台设备并没有问题。
扬并不是远程就医的唯一病人。远程监护是目前医学技术快速发展的一个领域，有超过25家公司正在竞争远程测量业务——并且通过电话、互联网或者电视广播来发送——包括病人心律，咳嗽频率在内的各种测量信息。
由于医疗保健成本的增加和医疗保健设备的不断计算机化，医生们目前正在运用远程监护来监测各种慢性疾病，而且监测范围也在不断扩大。三月，宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的圣弗朗西斯大学和一家名为BodyMedia的公司联合进行了一项研究，让居住在农村的糖尿病患者使用无线血糖仪和绑在胳膊上的传感器来监测他们的病情。此外，雅虎在去年秋季也开始为用户提供了解他们哮喘情况的在线绘图服务，用户使用的是一个大小和掌上电脑差不多的呼吸监视器，它可以实时测量他们的肺部功能并且直接将数据通过电子邮件发送给医生。
圣迭戈斯克里普斯诊所的医生乔治·戴利说，这种家庭监测“将会取代那些效果略差的方法，让病人记录自己的心律、血糖、血脂水平、肾功能，甚至视力方面的变化”。
阿勒尔医疗公司是生产扬和其他一万多位病人所使用的那种小型秤的企业。该公司的执行副总裁蒂莫西·莫尔医生认为，从理论上讲，任何重大病兆都可以在家里监测到。但是，他警告说，那种做法并不总是可行的。比如，他反对做远程心电图，虽然他承认远程监控血糖水平和糖尿病性皮肤溃疡也许会有实际价值，但他指出并没有真正独立的研究证实家庭测试糖尿病或者哮喘的价值。
由于该技术尚处于初期，医学专家对其价值存在分歧，因而有必要进行这类研究。但医学专家都一致同意：在没有得到医生的许可时，决不能依赖任何远程测试系统。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】C
【考点】细节题
【解析】文中第一段讲Young在家中每天上两回电子秤，通过电子秤上的一台小型监视器上的按钮回答一些答案为“是”或“否”的问题，然后再按一个按钮把信息送到德克萨斯州圣·安东尼奥的一个护士台。第二段开头说，Young并不是远程就医的唯一病人，可见她是通过远程监护服务来监测自己的健康情况的。
2.【答案】A
【考点】细节题
【解析】第一段提到Young的身体监护时说“she doesn’t have to drive anywhere to get it”。第二段提到各种测量数据是通过“phone，Internet or through the airwaves”传送的，可见汽车是不用于远程监护的。
3.【答案】D
【考点】猜词题
【解析】根据上下文，“医疗保健成本的增加和医疗保健设备的不断计算机化”显然和医生们开始利用远程监护有着因果联系，所以prompted表示“促使”的意思，D项意义最为接近。arouse通常都表示“引起或者唤起某种情感”。
4.【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【解析】文中第五段提到Dr.Timothy Moore时说，“他警告说，那种做法并不总是make good medical sense。”接下来就举他反对performing electrocardiograms remotely为例，说没有truly independent studies证明其价值。故答案为B。
5.【答案】C
【考点】细节题
【解析】文章第二段第二行提到医生们正在利用远程监护监测a widening variety of chronic diseases。可见远程监护主要是用于监测慢性疾病。这个答案也可以从文中提到的应用远程监测的充血性心力衰竭、糖尿病、哮喘等疾病推断出来。
Passage 9
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory，which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner-drive state such as fear or anxiety.Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance，this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones.In the latter case，alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an“approach -avoidance“situation.Conger trained one group rats to approach a food goal and，using aversive conditioning，trained another group to avoid electric shock.After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker，while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism.The discomfort，pain，and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking.The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord，loss of employment，illness，and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol；that is，alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later.The learning paradigm，therefore，favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact，the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse.The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization：Conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli.When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear，the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus，thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory.While punishment may serve to suppress a response，experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior.Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment，either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned.By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water， psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed.Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement；that is，by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it.In this manner，animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
1.The main purpose of the text is to____.
A.introduce some existing theories about alcoholism
B.show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism
C.explain the application of an approach to alcoholism
D.help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism
2.The description of Conger’s experiment with two groups of rats was intended to____.
A.show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite
B.confirm the findings of other academic researchers
C.show people that alcohol can minimize fear
D.disprove the learning and reinforcement theory
3.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that____.
A.the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields
B.drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord
C.tension reduction usually appears first after drinking alcohol
D.alcoholics can’t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism
4.The author provides enough information to answer the question of____.
A.why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences
B.how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy
C.under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks
D.which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now
5.It can be inferred from the text that____.
A.the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory
B.the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory
C.punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking
D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment
Words&Expressions
alcoholism n. 酗酒
reinforcement n. 加强，增援
discord n./v. 分歧，纠纷
abuse n./v. 滥用，职责
文章大意
关于酗酒的众多理论中，有一个是学习和强化理论，它认为饮酒是对某些刺激的反射反应，以此作为减少如恐惧或焦虑之类的内部驱动状态的方法。这个理论基于趋近与回避的策略来定义生活环境，它认为，人们倾向于被吸引到愉快的状况，或远离令人不快的状况。在后一种情况中，酒精摄入据说可以减轻不适感和紧张感，取而代之以兴奋感，这种现象在大多数饮酒后的人身上都有所体现。
一些实验证据表明，酒精可以在“趋近-回避”情境中减少恐惧。康格训练了一组大鼠接近食物目标，用条件反射原理来训练另一组大鼠，使之对电击产生厌恶，从而远离之。注射酒精后，白鼠躲避电击的动力有了很大的减弱，但趋近食物的动力没有改变。
酗酒者经历的显而易见的麻烦，似乎与学习理论对酗酒的解释相矛盾。他们所经历的不适、痛苦和惩罚，想必对饮酒应该有威慑作用。事实上，面对家庭不和谐、失业、生病以及其他一连串容易复发的后果，饮酒者仍然继续酗酒，是因为他们想用酒精来一醉解千愁。也就是说，酒精具有减轻紧张感的直接效果，而醉酒行为的不愉快后果仅在后来才出现。因此，根据学习和强化理论，借酒浇愁与酗酒的习惯便很容易养成。
事实上，过量酒精摄入的后果所带来的焦虑和内疚感本身就可能成为下次酗酒的动因。焦虑本身居然都可以成为下次酗酒的导火索，可以用刺激泛化的过程来解释：发生在强化时的条件和事件会获得这种刺激的特征。当饮酒同时伴随着焦虑或恐惧时，情绪状态本身就具备刺激的性质，从而引发再次饮酒。
根据学习理论阐述的原则，惩罚在酗酒成因中的作用越来越重要。虽然惩罚可能有助于抑制一种反应，但实验表明，在某些情况下，它也可以作为一种奖励来强化一种行为。因此，要是人学会了在奖励和惩罚两种情况下喝酒，那么不管哪种情况都会引发他们再次喝酒。
充足的实验证据支持了过量饮酒可以被习得的假设。通过逐步增加饮用水的酒精浓度，心理学家能够诱导动物摄取比正常需要的更多的酒精。其他研究人员也可以通过改变强化方案来获得类似的结果；也就是说，让动物消耗越来越多的酒精溶液，然后对其给予奖励。以这种方式，动物习得了大量饮酒，从而形成对酒精的依赖（即表现出了断瘾症状）。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】D
【考点】主旨题
【解析】文章首先提到了有关酗酒的诸多理论，随后具体介绍了学习和强化理论对酗酒的解释，指出，该理论认为，人们往往被吸引到令人愉快的情境，或者厌恶不愉快的情境；事实上，过度饮酒所导致的忧虑与负疚感可能本身就成为另一次酗酒的导火线。这说明，本文主要是在解释酗酒的原因。D项“帮助酗酒者和其他人了解酗酒的原因”是对本文的概括，为正确答案。
2.【答案】C
【考点】细节题
【解析】题干中的Conger出自文章第二段第二句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段首先提到，一些实验证据表明，酒精减轻了恐惧，接着列举了康格所做的实验，指出，给老鼠注射酒精后，它们远离电击的动力明显减弱，而接近食物的动力却保持不变。这说明，描述康格用老鼠所做的实验是想表明，酒精可以降低恐惧。C项“证实酒精将恐惧降到最点”是对该段中alcohol reduces fear in an approach -avoidance situation这句话的改写，为正确答案。
3.【答案】C
【考点】归纳题
【解析】第三段提到，酒精对减缓压力有立竿见影的效果，而酗酒行为导致的不愉快后果只是随后才发生。C项“压力减缓在饮酒后首先出现”是对文中这句话的改写，为正确答案。
4.【答案】A
【考点】细节题
【解析】文章前两段介绍了有关酗酒的学习理论，随后的段落解释了酗酒者继续饮酒的原因，指出饮酒者在面临家庭不和、失业以及疾病时继续饮酒，过度饮酒所导致的忧虑与负罪感可能本身就成为另一次酗酒的导火线，如果饮酒者学会了在奖赏和惩罚这两种情况下饮酒，那么任何一种情况都可能引发反复饮酒。这说明，作者在本文回答了“酗酒者为什么继续饮酒”这个问题。A项“虽然有令人不愉快的后果，但酗酒者为什么继续饮酒”是对作者观点的概括，为正确答案。
5.【答案】C
【考点】推理题
【解析】文章前面的段落解释了酗酒者继续饮酒的原因，最后一段提到，虽然惩罚可以用来抑制反应，但是，惩罚可以当作一种奖赏，并且强化饮酒这种行为。由此可知，奖赏和惩罚都可能引发反复饮酒。C项“惩罚可能成为另一次饮酒的刺激因素”是对文中either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking这句话的改写，为正确答案。