Section 2
PROOFREADING&ERROR CORRECTION
The passages contain TEN errors，respectively.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case，only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word，underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For a missing word，mark the position of the missing word with a“∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For an unnecessary word，cross the unnecessary word with a slash“/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.
Passage 1
Identical twins possess exactly the same set of genes.
Yet as they grow older，they may begin to display subtle differences.
They may start to look different，
develop different diseases or slide into different persons.
Women who are identical twins may differ with their fertility or the age at which they reach menopause.These discrepancies usually attributed to ill-defined differences in environment.1.____2.____3.____
But a whole new level of explanation has been opened up by a generic survey showing that identical twins，because they grow older，differ increasingly in what is known as their epigenome.The term refers to natural chemical modifications that occur in a person’s genome shortly before conception and that act on a gene as a gas pedal or a brake，marking it for higher or lower activity.4.____5.____6.____7.____
Identical twins have the same set of epigenetic mark on the genome 8.____when they are born.But differences in the epigenome disappear 9.____as the twins grow older and become greater the longer they live together，say a team of researchers led by Dr.Manel Esteller of theSpanish National Cancer Center in Madrid.10.____
Passage 2
It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory.It is easier to think of as a person.This is why we sometimes call Great Britain 1____“Britannia”and the United States“Columbia”，and think of it as stately women.We also use masculine symbols in our 2____personification of nations.In 1712 John Arbuthont，a Scot，wrote a political satire in that the characters were supposed 3____to be typical members of different nationalities.1.____2.____3____
The Englishman was John Bull.This name，which was sufficient flattering to be 4____adopted generally，combined the most common English first name with a last name indicated strength.John Bull is usually 5____pictured as a partly businessman with a Union Jack on his hatband.After the American War of Independence began in 1783，the United 6____States was known for“Brother Jonathan”.Jonathan was a biblical 7____name associated with simple people from rural areas，and it seemed fitting since the United States is rural and unsophisticated，and since Americans considered their type of simplicity a virtue compared to 9____the wickedness of European cities.It is possible，however，that the name was originated with President George Washington，who would 10____often say，when faced with a hard problem，“Let us consult Brother Jonathan”，referring to his secretary，Jonathan Trumbull.
For many of us，pets have come to occupy critical roles in our lives.The loneliness and isolation in some lifestyles can be softened with a pet as a companion，because they are so faithful and loving.
People living alone say that，although before they dreaded 1____returning home after work to a lonely house or apartment，with a dog，it’s now a welcome respite.Always faithful，the dog is awaiting by the door，ready to give that welcome 2____lick and a greeting with a wagged tail at the end of the 3____day.And in a world of complex human relationships resulting in divorce，the blending of families，and pressures to the 4____working family，the demanding simplicity of the love offered 5____or required by a pet can be a welcome contrast.According toVeterinarian Carol Osborne，she runs Vet Smart Care Clinics，Inc.in Cleveland，Ohio，the“pet craze”that’s going on with 6____these days is a reaction in our stressful lives.“The world is 7____going so fast，and everything’s changing，”she says.“But when you come home，no matter what problems you have or what you look like，no matter you got the job or lost the job，one constant in our lives that aren’t changing is that simple 8____conditional love that is given to us by our pets，”she points 9____out.Pet owners agree that animals do so many things for us and ask for nothing in turn but love.
Passage 4
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread farther westward.For a long time the railroad companies met with troubled mechanical problems.The most 1____serious were the construction of rails able to bear the load，and the development of the safe，effective stopping system.Once these were solved， 2____and the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. 3____
By 1860 they had built thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward in the Mississippi.
The high point in the railroad building came by the construction of the 4____first transcontinental railroad.In 1862 Congress bad authorized two 5____railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point so as to complete a transcontinental system.The Central Pacific Company，starting from California，used Chinese labor，the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. 6____
The two groups worked at remarkable speed，each tried to cover a 7____greater distance than the other.In 1869，they met at a place called Promontory.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country，with parades and the ringing of church bells honor the great achievement. 8____
The railroad was very important in discouraging westward movement.9____It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapid to distant markets. 10____
Passage 5
The word conservation has a thrifty meaning.To conserve is to save and protect，to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition as others may also share the enjoyment.Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of crude materials.Most of them，even 2____until very recently，have the foolish idea that the treasures were“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.Most of the citizens of early generations knew little or 3____nothing about the complicated and the delicate system that runs all through the nature，which means that，as in a life body，an unhealthy condition of one part 4____will sooner or later be harmful to all others. 5____
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work.Scientific 6____forestry was a new idea；timber was still cheap at that time because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands；soil destruction and river floods were not national problems；nobody had already studied long-term climate cycles
7____
in relation with proper land use；even the word conservation had nothing of the
8____
meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who come after us，we must now set about 9____
repairing the mistakes of our forefathers.Conservation should，however，be made 10____a part of everyone’s daily life.To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas.
Passage 6
Ancient man attempted to change the weather by using magic.While experience taught him this was impossible，he tried to forecast weather conditions.Even earlier in 1000 B.C.there were weather seers in Babylon—and priests clever enough to denounce as frauds those predicted the weather a year in the advance.Some forecasters used methods that seemed to take no connection with the actual factors controlled the weather.Chickens and other animals were sacrificed and their intestines poked to find signs indicating rain and drought.Somewhat more scientific were predictions based on vegetation “Onion’s skin very thin，mild weather coming in.Onion’s skin thick and tough，coming weather is cold and rough.”Insects and animals were also favorite weather clues “Before the glowworm lights his lamp，then the air is always damp.”“If spiders their cobwebs forsake，the weather will for certain break.”“If frogs remained in pools，the weather will be fine.If they were seen on rocks， 10____rain and cold were due.”It’s difficult to say whether this rhyme should be taken seriously “Hark，I hear the asses bray.Me thinks we’ll have some rain today.”
答案
Section 1
1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B
8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.B
15.C 16.D 17.B 18.D 19.C 20.B 21.B
22.B 23.C 24.A 25.D 26.C 27.B 28.C(https://www.daowen.com)
29.A 30.A
Section 2
Passage 1
1.persons→personalities/characters 6.before→after
2.with→in 7.as→like
3.∧usually attributed to→are 8.mark→marks
4.generic→genetic 9.disappear→appear/emerge
5.because→as 10.together→apart
Passage 2
1.∧as→it 6.began→ended
2.it→both 7.for→as
3.that→which 8.is→was
4.sufficient→sufficiently 9.to→with
5.indicated→indicating 10.was→去掉was
Passage 3
1.although→while 6.with→去掉with
2.awaiting→waiting 7.in→to
3.wagged→wagging 8.aren’t→isn’t
4.to→on 9.conditional→unconditional
5.demanding→undemanding 10.turn→return
Passage 4
1.troubled→troublesome 6.∧the Union→while
2.the→a 7.tried→trying
3.and→去掉and 8.∧honor→to
4.by→with 9.discouraging→encouraging
5.bad→had 10.rapid→rapidly
Passage 5
1.as→that 6.not→no
2.crude→raw 7.already→yet
3.early→earlier 8.with→to
4.life→living 9.∧come→will
5.all∧others→the 10.however→therefore
Passage 6
1.While→When或After 7.and→or
2.in→than 8.is cold→cold
3.∧predicted→who 9.Before→When/If
4.the advance→advance 10.will→would
5.take→have
6.controlled→controlling或在controlled前加that/which