Model Test 4

测试篇

Model Test 1

Passage 1

“In every known human society，the male’s need for achievement can be recognized.In a great number of human societies men’s sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right，or ability，to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.”

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.

If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete.There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages，taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings，and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women’s pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men，it is supposed，bring to the business of running the world.

There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men’s status.In the first place，there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister，in India，Sri Lanka and Israel.

Secondly，there is the very large increase in the number of women who are working，especially married women and mothers of children.More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviors：the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure，the sharing of domestic tasks，and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.

Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life.It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology，but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people’s sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes.In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man，who sets about courtship with a club.

1.The phrase“men’s sureness of their sex role”in the first paragraph suggests that they____.

A.are confident in their ability to charm women

B.take the initiative in courtship

C.have a clear idea of what is considered“manly”

D.tend to be more immoral than women are

2.The third paragraph does NOT claim that men____.

A.prevent women from taking up certain professions

B.secretly admire women’s intellect and resolution

C.doubt whether women really mean to succeed in business

D.forbid women to join certain clubs and societies

3.The third paragraph____.

A.generally agrees with the first paragraph

B.has no connection with the first paragraph

C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph

D.contradicts the last paragraph

4.At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order to____.

A.show that men are stronger than women

B.carry further the ideas of the earliest paragraphs

C.support the first sentence of the same paragraph

D.disown the ideas he is expressing

5.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph____.

A.is based on the study of archaeology

B.illustrates how people expect men to behave

C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke

D.proves that the man，not woman，should be the wooer

Passage 2

Men may excel at building empires，but we’re not much for taking care of courselves.True，those of us born in rich countries have never had it better.A male born in America can now expect to live about 75 years—a gain of some three decades since the early 20^th century.But for all the healthy progress we’ve made in recent decades—more gym memberships，more medical tests，less smoking，safer workplaces—we remain very much the second sex.As one expert puts it，“You’ve come a short way，buddy.”

Why such faint praise？Because we could be doing so much better.Men have never lived as long as women，but the male-female longevity gap has expanded from just one year in the 1920s to five years today.With the exception of Alzheimer’s disease，all 15 pf America’s leading killers now take a greater toll on men than on women.We’re tweice as likely to die in accidents or homidides，three times more likely to be diagnosed with AIDS and four times more likely to take our own lives.At the same time，men are less likely than women to receive medical care when it’s needed and less apt to seek social and emotional support.Our lives are as stressful as women’s，if not more so.But as David Williams of the University of Michigan’s Institute of Social Research observed recently，“Women seek more support，receive more and are more satisfied with the support that they receive.”

This sad state of affairs is not entirely our fault.Males are fragile from the moment of conception.We die off faster than females during gestation and early childhood，long before we take charge of our own health.Chances are we should perish earlier even with optimal care and feeding.But our ill health is not just a matter of destiny.Some 26 percent of American men still smoke，and we’re twice as likely as women to abuse alcohol.In fact，one percent analysis found that U.S.men were more likely than women to engage in 30 different high-risk behaviors.It’s surely no coincidence that we make up 94 percent of the U.S.prison inmate population.

The articles in this Special Report illuminate both the challenges we face and the progress that is possible.Medical science is producing powerful new weapons against heart disease，prostate cancer and other common killers，but experts are still debating important questions.Is male smoking really a bad idea？And what about“a little wine everyday”therapy？New research is clarifying the issues，even if it hasn’t yet resolved them.Meanwhile，behavioral scientists are shedding new light on the male mind and its sometimes dangerous quirks.And ordinary men are discovering that yoga-like routine health care is too good to pass up.So check it out，men.You have nothing to lose but you pain.

6.The author said men remained the second sex in that____.

A.most males are only better than women in building empires

B.the number of males going to health clubs is smaller than that of women

C.the amount of money men make is dropping compared with that made by women

D.the average life span of males is shorter than that of females

7.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as leading killers of men？

A.Alzheimer’s disease.

B.Accidents.

C.Murder.

D.AIDS.

8.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that.

A.Alzheimer’s disease is more fatal to men than women

B.most men in American are killed by accidents and homicides

C.women are more willing to get help with their problems

D.women’s lives are less stressful than those of men

9.Men take up a bigger number of prison population than women in that____.

A.more men smoke than women

B.more men drink than women

C.men are more likely to try out risky things than women

D.men have more free time to commit crimes than women

10.The author wrote the passage to____.

A.show that man is now the second sex in the US

B.point out the social cause to men’s health problems

C.illustrate that men can avoid getting into prison

D.call on men to lay more emphasis on their health care

Passage 3

For its supporters，the idea of growing single-celled algae on exhaust gas piped from power stations is the ultimate in recycling.For its detractors，it is a mere pipe dream.Whoever turns out to be right，though，it is an intriguing idea：instead of releasing the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere，why not recapture it by photosynthesis？The result could then be turned into biodiesel（since many species of algae store their food reserves as oil），or even simply dried and fed back into the power station.Of course，if it were really that easy，someone would have done it already.But although no one has yet commercialized the technology，several groups are trying.

One of them is GS CleanTech，which has developed a bioreactor based on a patent held by a group of scientists at the Ohio Coal Research Centre，at the University of Ohio.The GS CleanTech bioreactor uses a parabolic mirror to funnel sunlight into fibre-optic cables that carry the light to acrylic“glow plates”inside the reactor.These diffuse the light over vertical sheets of polyester that form the platform on which the algae grow.Eventually the polyester is unable to support the weight of the algae，and they fall off into a collection duct positioned underneath.

GreenFuel Technologies，based in Cambridge，Massachusetts，has a different approach.Its reactor is composed of a series of clear tubes，each with a second，opaque tube nested inside.This arrangement makes it possible to bubble the exhaust gas down through the outer compartment and then bubble it back up through the opaque middle.The bubbling gas causes turbulence and circulates the algae around the reactor.The constant shift between light and darkness as the algal cells circulate increases the amount of carbon that they fix，probably by promoting chemical reactions that occur naturally only at night.

A preliminary test of GreenFuel’s reactor design，which was performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s campus power plant，suggested that it can remove 75%of the carbon dioxide from a power station’s exhaust.A more serious test is now being carried out by Arizona Public Service，that state’s power utility，at its Redhawk plant.Another test is planned in Louisiana.

GreenFuel claims that over the course of a year，a hectare（2.5 acres）of its reactors should be able to produce 30，000 litres（8，000 American gallons）of oil，which could be used as biodiesel，and enough carbohydrates to be fermented into 9，000 litres of ethanol，which can be used as a substitute for petrol.

There is，of course，no free lunch.As Rob Carlson of the University of Washington points out，if money is to be made selling products made from exhaust gas，then that gas goes from being waste matter to being a valuable resource.Far from giving it away，power companies might even start charging for it.That would，indeed，be a reversal of fortune.

11.The word“intriguing”（Paragraph 1）most probably means____.

A.challenging B.promising

C.complicated D.alluring

12.Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the bioreactor developed by GS CleanTech？

A.No exhaust gas is used in this bioreactor.

B.The“glow plates”are used to conduct the sunlight.

C.Sunlight comes into the fibre-optic cables through holes in the parabolic mirror.

D.Photosynthesis is carried out by the algae in the collection duct.

13.The collection duct positioned underneath is used to____.

A.hold the vertical sheets of polyester that fall off

B.substitute the platform on which the algae grows

C.obtain the overweight algae

D.take the place of polyester after light is diffused on it

14.The approach developed by the GreenFuel Technologies is different from that by GS CleanTech in that____.

A.there is no photosynthesis in the reactor of GreenFuel Technologies

B.the light used for photosynthesis is produced by the reactor itself

C.the algal cells fix carbon in the process

D.the exhaust gas acts as the motive force

15.The reactors of GreenFuel could produce the following fuels EXCEPT____.

A.biodiesel B.ethanol

C.carbohydrate D.petrol

Passage 4

Kids heading back to enlightened schools this fall may find nutrition and exercise on the agenda even in math class.In an effort to reverse the alarming increase of obesity in children，some schools have found ways to encourage healthful lifestyle changes without emphasizing the negative—too much body weight.Planet Health，developed by Harvard University researchers and now used in hundreds of schools throughout the country，integrates obesity prevention lessons into the science，math，and social studies curricula，for example.Students come to appreciate the importance of reducing TV time by calculating during math class the amount of their lifetime they’ve spent in front of the set.In gym，they decide on goals for subbing in physical activity instead.

The program costs only about$15 per student annually，a bargain，considering the payoffs：A 2005 study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine found that middle-school girls who had Planet Health in their schools were half as likely to purge or use diet pills as those in schools without it.“It really focuses on the positive，and that’s why we think it’s protective against these dangerous behaviors，”says study author Bryn Austin，an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School.

A second program adopted by 7，000 elementary schools nationwide，the Coordinated Approach to Child Health（CATCH），similarly puts the focus on good health habits instead of weight.In class，students use a traffic-light system to identify“go”，“slow”，and“whoa”foods and take breaks to do jumping jacks.In the cafeteria，fruits，vegetables，low-fat milk，and whole-grain starches are labeled with green-light tags，and pizza gets a yellow light.Gym activities are designed to keep students constantly moving.“Every kid gets a ball to dribble or a hula hoop；there’s no lining up and waiting to take a turn，”says Phil Nader，professor of pediatrics emeritus at the University of California—San Diego，who helped develop CATCH.

A three-year study comparing CATCH schools with others without the program found that CATCH increased the proportion of gym class spent in motion，from 40 percent to 50 percent，and reduced the consumption of fat in schools from 39 percent of total calories to 32 percent.A second study found that the program prevented the growth in the number of overweight students that normally occurs from Grade 3 to Grade 5.CATCH students in El Paso，Texas（with one of the highest obesity rates in the nation），held the line between those grades，but in schools without the program，the share of overweight girls increased from 26 percent to 40 percent and of overweight boys from 29 percent to 39 percent.

Glen Cove Elementary School，near El Paso in Ysleta，was one of the first schools to adopt CATCH，and parents there have learned to eat better and exercise more along with their kids.“We have a day when everyone comes to fly kites and Wellness Wednesdays when family members run around for 20 minutes with their kids，”says physical education teacher Ben Avalos，who brought the program to Glen Cove in 1998.“Parents also tell me their kids have gotten them to throw out the‘whoa’foods in the house.”Avalos uses walking sticks，pogo sticks，and Chinese yo-yos in gym class—and nobody relaxes on the sidelines.

16.The study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine shows____.

A.that girls who had Planet Health were less obese than those who didn’t have

B.that girls who had Planet Health led a healthier lifestyle than those who didn’t have

C.that girls who had Planet Health were more confident than those who didn’t have

D.that girls who had Planet Health were more used to controlling weight in positive means than those who didn’t have

17.The word“whoa”（Paragraph 3）most probably means____.

A.fast B.stop C.pause D.no

18.In the CATCH，pizza is a kind of____food.

A.dangerous B.yellow-light

C.highly-nutritious D.less healthy

19.According to the second study of comparing CATCH schools with others without the program，CATCH students in EL Pasco____.

A.were not growing weight from Grade 3 to Grade 5

B.were prevented from normal weight growth from Grade 3 to Grade 5

C.were not growing overweight from Grade 3 to Grade 5

D.were growing overweight from Grade 3 to Grade 5

20.Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Glen Cove Elmentary School？

A.The school adopts CATCH in order to change the lifestyle of the school children’s family.

B.The school applied CATCH to the school children’s parents.

C.The school wanted to help children to form good health habits with the help of their parents.

D.The CATCH school children also teach their family how to live healthily.

Passage 5

Two real-world studies from Europe demonstrate the health damage done by automotive air pollution，especially the kind emitted by diesel engines.An 11-year period of improving air quality in Switzerland，which started with some of the cleanest air in Europe，produced measurable benefits in lung function for adults as they aged，according to a report in the Dec.6 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.“Even with small improvements in air quality，you get measurable health benefits，”said Dr.Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich，a professor of public health at the University of Basel.“That is true at levels even which are quite low.”

And an unusual collaborative study by American and British researchers，reported in the same issue of the journal，showed that people with asthma who walked along a street used by diesel-powered traffic experienced loss of breathing much greater than those who strolled through a traffic-free park.“The unique feature of this study in real-world conditions was that we have demonstrated that typical urban levels of air pollution with diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects，”said Dr.Junfeng Zhang，chairman of environmental and occupational health at the New Jersey School of Public Health and an American member of the research team.“There have been theories or hypotheses of diesel exhaust or particle matter and also laboratory studies with animals，but this was a study in the real world with real people.”

The study had 60 adults with mild or moderate asthma walk for two hours along two London locales—busy，exhaust-filled Oxford Street or the more bucolic Hyde Park.The Oxford Street walk produced a 5 percent to 6 percent reduction in lung function，“and asthmatics already have compromised lung function，”Zhang said.The reduction in lung function was“significantly larger”than what was measured after the Hyde Park walk and was accompanied by an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation.The negative effect on the lung was greater than has been seen in animal studies using breathing chambers，Zhang said.

The Swiss study found a decrease in the amount of airborne fine particulate pollutants，a major feature of diesel emissions.That improvement in Swiss air quality was accompanied by a slowing in the rate of the loss of breathing function that occurs as people age，Ackerman-Liebrich said.The journal report attributed the healthful effect to“decreasing exposure to airborne particulates.”“There seems to be something more potent than other forms of air pollution in diesel exhausts，”said Dr.Morton Lippman，a professor of environmental medicine at New York University.“It is something many other studies have pointed to.”

The issue of diesel pollution is of growing interest because“new diesel technologies are increasingly coming on the market，”Lippmann said.Diesel automobiles are much more common in Europe than in the United States but are gaining attention because of their greater fuel efficiency，he noted.

The two studies are welcome because they assess the effect of diesel emissions at relatively low levels，Lippmann said.“That remains a complex issue，”he said.“Getting statistically significant information on a small average effect on a large population is not easy.There are a lot of unknowns.Most effects are associated with particles rather than gases in the mixture，but there is no data on which part of the components is particularly nasty.”

21.By saying“That is true at levels even which are quite low.”，Dr.Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich meant____.

A.people could really get health benefits even though the benefits were at low levels

B.people could get measurable health benefits with air quality improved slightly even at the region in low latitude

C.people could get measurable health benefits even in the region with low levels of air pollution

D.people could get health benefits with air quality improved slightly even in the region with low levels of air pollution

22.The collaborative study by American and British researchers was unusual in that____.

A.it was a study in the real world with real people living in urban levels of air pollution

B.it proved that air pollution by diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects

C.it verified that people in the city are generally affected by air pollution with diesel-engined automobiles

D.it demonstrated the real negative effect was greater than that of laboratory studies

23.According to the collaborative study by American and British researchers，people strolling in Hyde Park____.

A.had an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation

B.had a greater reduction in lung function than animals under the same condition

C.had a larger reduction in lung function than walking in a busy street

D.were，as a matter of fact，affected by the air pollution

24.According to Dr.Morton Lippman，the more potent form of air pollution many other studies have pointed to was____.

A.airborne particulates in diesel exhausts

B.airborne fine particulate pollutants

C.particular mixture from diesel emissions

D.some other forms of air pollution

25.Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Swiss study？

A.The study is aimed to produce a pleasant air quality for people as they age.

B.The study proves that people could enjoy healthful effect as they seldom expose themselves to the airborne particulates.

C.The study is conducted in the least polluted region in Europe.

D.The study is aimed to make people own the clearest air in Europe.

Passage 6

Scientists have developed a slimming drug that successfully suppresses appetite and results in a dramatic loss of weight without any apparent ill effects.The drug interferes with appetite control and prevents the build-up of fatty tissue.More importantly，the drug appears to prevent a serious decline metabolic rate—causing tiredness and lethargy—which is typically associated with living on a starvation diet.As a result，mice taking the drug lost 45 percent more weight than mice fed the same amount of food，which compensate for the lack of food by becoming more sluggish.

The scientists，from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore，said that C75 is likely to produce a similar effect on humans because appetite control in the brain is thought to be based largely on the same chemical pathways as those in mice.“We are not claiming to have found the fabled weight-loss drug.What we have found，using C75，is a major path- way in the brain that the body uses naturally in regulating appetite at least in mice，”said Francis Kuhajda，a pathologist and senior team member.“We badly need effective drugs for weight loss.Obesity is a huge problem.We’re hoping to explore the possibilities of this new pathway，”he said.

Discovering a biochemical pathway in the brain that controls appetite raises new prospects for eloping slimming aids.Research on leptin，a hormone produced in fatty tissue for controlling fat deposits，has so far failed to produce the expected slimming drug break-through.The latest study，published in the journal Science，showed that even moderate doses of C75 produced a significant loss of appetite，which returned to normal after a few months.

The scientists believe that C75，which they produced synthetically in the laboratory，binds to an enzyme called fatty acid synthase，which is involved in storing excess food intake as fat.Inhibiting enzyme causes a build-up of a chemical in the liver which acts as a precursor to fat deposition.This precursor is thought to have an indirect effect on the brain，causing appetite suppression.

Normally，when animals fast，a hormone called neuropeptide Y increases sharply in the appetite control centers of the brain，stimulating the desire for food.However，when animals are given C75，levels of this hormone fall，leading to a loss of interest in food.Dr.Kuhajda said discovering that C75 has no effect on metabolic rate is one of the most significant findings of the study.“If you try to lose weight by starving，your metabolism slows down after a few days，”he said.“It’s a survival mechanism that sabotages many diets.We see this in fasting mice.Yet metabolic rate in the C75-treated mice doesn’t slow down at all.”Further animals studies will be needed before C75 could be tested on humans.

26.Living on a starvation diet may result in____.

A.a dramatic loss of weight without any ill effects

B.a long-term loss of interest in eating

C.a slowdown of fat deposition

D.fatigue and inactivity

27.The scientists from the Johns Hopkins University said that C75，the slimming drug proved effective in mice，is likely to work on humans because____.

A.the chemical pathway responsible for appetite control in humans is believed to be the same as that in mice

B.it is a major pathway in the brain which is activated to regulate appetite

C.it is especially effective in the battle against obesity

D.its effect has also been proved by human studies

28.Leptin____.

A.refers to a new biochemical pathway in the brain that controls appetite

B.raises new prospects for developing slimming drugs

C.is a hormone produced in fatty tissue for controlling fat build-up

D.has turned to a breakthrough in the search for effective slimming drugs

29.The newly-found slimming drug can successfully suppress appetite because____.

A.C75 made synthetically in the laboratory works effectively on human body

B.fatty acid sythase is involved in storing excess food intake as fat

C.C75 inhibits the activity of an enzyme called fatty acid synthase

D.it increases a hormone called neuropeptide Y in the appetite-control centers of the brain

30.What is the most remarkable about the new slimming drug C75？

A.It successfully suppresses appetite.

B.It encourages the scientists to study slimming drugs from new perspectives.

C.It generates a new hormone that may prove to be the key to overweight.

D.It doesn’t affect the metabolic rate，a survival mechanism in living beings.

Model Test 2

Passage 1

Stephanie Smith，a children’s dance instructor，thought she had a stomach virus.The aches and cramping were tolerable that first day，and she finished her classes.Then her diarrhea turned bloody.Her kidneys shut down.Seizures knocked her unconscious.The convulsions grew so relentless that doctors had to put her in a coma for nine weeks.When she emerged，she could no longer walk.The affliction had ravaged her nervous system and left her paralyzed from the waist down.

Ms.Smith，22，was found to have a severe form of food-borne illness caused by E.coli，which Minnesota officials traced to the hamburger that her mother had grilled for their Sunday family party.In the simplest terms，she ran out of luck in a food-safety game of chance whose rules and risks are not widely known.

Meat companies and grocers have been barred from selling ground beef tainted by the virulent strain of E.coli known as o157：H7 since 1994.Yet tens of thousands of people are still sickened annually by this pathogen with hamburger being the biggest culprit.Ground beef has been blamed for 16 outbreaks in the last three years alone.This summer，contamination led to the recall of beef from nearly 3，000 grocers in 41 states.

Ms.Smith’s reaction to the virulent strain of E.coli was extreme，but tracing the story of her burger shows that neither the system meant to make the meat safe，nor the meat itself，is what consumers have been led to believe.

Ground beef is usually not simply a chunk of meat run through a grinder.Instead，a single portion of hamburger meat is often an amalgam of various grades of meat from different parts of cows and even from different slaughterhouses.This makes the costs 25%less than it would have for cuts of whole meat.These cuts of meat are particularly vulnerable to E.coli contamination，food experts and officials say.Despite this，there is no federal requirement for grinders to test their ingredients for the pathogen.

Those ingredients include cuts from areas of the cow that are more likely to have had contact with feces，which carries E.coli，industry research shows.Yet most meat companies rely on their suppliers to check for the bacteria and do their own testing only after the ingredients are ground together.

Unwritten agreements between some companies appear to stand in the way of ingredient testing.Many big slaughterhouses will sell only to grinders who agree not to test their shipments for E.coli for fear of a recall of ingredients they sold to others.

“Ground beef is not a completely safe product，”said Dr.Jeffrey Bender，a food safety expert at the University of Minnesota who helped develop systems for tracing E.coli contamination.He said that while outbreaks had been on the decline，“unfortunately it looks like we are going a bit in the opposite direction.”

1.What is the main idea of this passage？

A.An outbreak of o157：H7.

B.Food contamination on a rise.

C.A case report on food poisoning.

D.The flaws in the system of beef inspection.

2.We can learn from the passage that____.

A.most people get sickened every year for eating hamburgers tainted by E.coli

B.so far there have been 16 outbreaks of E.coli contamination of beef

C.beef contamination is so serious that it can be found in 41 states

D.Ms.Smith’s reaction to o157：H7 is uncommon

3.The reason behind the way ground beef is produced is____.

A.the making of more profits

B.the satisfaction of the customer’s needs

C.the vulnerability to E.coli contamination

D.the requirement of the federal government

4.We can infer that many big slaughterhouses____.

A.conducted a recall of ground beef this summer

B.cannot be too careful about the safety of their beef products

C.actually know the possibility of their ground beef contamination

D.are completely ignorant of E.coli contamination of their beef supplies

5.As Bender implies at the end of the passage，____.

A.it is wise for consumers to stay away from beef products

B.the outbreaks of E.coli contamination are on the decline

C.things are not completely satisfying

D.it is unhealthy to live on hamburgers

Passage 2

The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms.Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land；birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere；burrowing invertebrates such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate father unless it has been recently disturbed by men.Fish cover a wider range，from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures.Fungi and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile，blown there by winds from the lower air.Balloon exploration of the stratosphere as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles，recently the USA’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them，in decreasing numbers，at heights up to eighteen feet，compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles（the usual altitude of jet aircraft），and they are almost certainly in an inactive state.Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench，sometimes as deep as seven miles；they are certainly not inactive.Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled（while prospecting for oil）at depths of as much as l，200 feet.Thus we can say，disregarding the exploits of astronauts，that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles.Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles，in the sea，on land and in the lower atmosphere，but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so.If this planet were scaled down to the size of an orange，the biosphere，at its extreme width，would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin，excluding the pith.

In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life.The way in which living creatures interact with each other，depend on each other or compete with each other，has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history.Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted—for，from a practical point of view，things could not be otherwise.Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy.The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed，yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance.The science of ecology—the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment—has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature.

6.According to the passage，the“biosphere”is the layer on the earth’s surface____.

A.where the atmosphere meets the sea

B.in which birds，fish and animals would die

C.in which plant and animal life can exist

D.in which earthworms and other invertebrates can live

7.The writer states that fungi and bacteria____.

A.are only found below the normal altitude of jet planes

B.have been found well at the normal altitude of jet planes

C.are not found below the surface of the earth

D.are mainly found below the surface of the earth

8.The passage says that the biosphere____.

A.extends only l，200 feet below the earth’s surface

B.is about seven miles in width

C.is as much as twenty-five miles in thickness

D.is a zone only about one hundred feet wide

9.According to the passage，the balance of nature is____.

A.something which we should not take for granted

B.most frequently apparent when it is upset

C.only now becoming of interest to scientists

D.very difficult to preserve

10.The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the____.

A.finer details of the balance of nature

B.role of organisms in the environment

C.way living creatures compete with each other

D.way nature readjusts to a new balance

Passage 3

Genetically modified crops and foods having been launched by big companies bent on taking over agriculture，this new breakthrough in science poses a new problem—whether it’s safe for people to eat them.Experts say that much of the current angst over genetically modified foods is unnecessary.If research and development are allowed to continue，the products will be there for all to appreciate.

New varieties of rice and other crops，resistant to insects and diseases，will have replaced those cultivated today.Farmers will no longer lose substantial proportions of their harvests.The impact of these advances will be felt in the less developed countries.Health benefits will also come from plants genetically engineered to be more balanced nutritionally than those that have evolved through natural selection or been bred by traditional methods.

The potential medical spin-offs from plant biotechnology are considerable.A new generation of more potent vaccines，many against illness for which no vaccines have been available，will be grown in plants such as maize and bananas.

Malnutrition could be banished.Biotechnology can improve efficiency of food production and generate more nourishing crops.

Throughout the world，gardeners，vegetarians，and consumers will benefit from plant varieties resistant to spoilage，foods which reduce our dependence on animals，and cheaper and/or tastier products.

We should not，however，overlook potential hazards in altering our diets by genetic engineering.As with all other applications of science to human welfare，biotechnology is likely to have risks.Mistakes will probably be made.

Nevertheless，any analysis of the new techniques for ferrying genes between plants must surely conclude that they are being applied and controlled more stringently than any technology ever before.

Nearly 25 years ago，when scientists first learned to combine DNA from different sources，commentators warned of the iniquity of“opening Pandora’s box”.Among their horrific forecast were unstoppable epidemics and worldwide pestilence.None of these has come to pass，partly because genetic manipulation has not proved inherently dangerous.

In addition，regulatory committees have been set up to ensure that experiments are conducted in appropriately safe conditions.

The regulators’task is not simply to allow research to go ahead unless potential hazards are obvious.It is to consider risks that could come to light later.Will a gene，introduced into rape to protect it against virus attack，also make the pollen grains more likely to cause hay fever？All proposals have to survive positive vetting of this sort before they are sanctioned.

Genetic engineering is far more precise—and thus predictable—than the gene movements which occur in nature.When plants fertilize and cross-fertilize in the wild，large numbers of genes are transferred in a haphazard fashion.

Biotechnology allows individual genes to be moved with precision from one plant to another.It is much easier to know how one gene will work in its new setting.The likelihood of unexpected consequences and the margin of error are correspondingly reduced.

There is a chance，however remote，that a gene introduced into a particular plant at one time and location might have adverse consequences if it eventually gets into another plant distant in space and time.

Given the astronomical amount of random gene transfer which occurs through the biosphere such extreme caution is unwarranted.I believe most food producers—and eaters—would agree.

11.The expression“spin-offs”in Para.3 refers to____.

A.by-products B.by-work

C.side effects D.consequences

12.In his defense of genetic technology，the author shows us the benefits produced by genetic technology EXCEPT in____.

A.high-tech B.health

C.medicine D.agrarian production

13.Despite the possibility of introduction of a gene into a particular plant at one time and location，the author contends that such extreme caution about genetic technology is unwarranted because____.

A.there are regulatory committees

B.in labs gene ferrying is being applied and controlled stringently

C.genetic engineering is far more precise than the natural gene movements

D.the possibility of such an event is too small

14.According to your common sense，which of the following techniques does not belong to the field of genetic engineering？

A.Cloning. B.Artificial insemination.

C.Invitro fertilization. D.Heart bypasses.

15.What is your understanding of the quotation of the Creek myth“opening Pandora’s box”？

A.Something appears valuable，but is actually a curse.

B.A box contains all the evils and miseries.

C.Some media argue that the combination DNA from different sources would cause a lot of problems and plagues that did not exist or were not known before.

D.Pandora possessed a gift that was never to be opened.When it was，all the evils of the world were released.

Passage 4

People from around the world flock to the United States expecting to find a better life.But to scientists’surprise，a growing body of evidence indicates that increasing familiarity with U.S.culture and society renders immigrants and their children far more susceptible to many mental and physical ailments，even if they attain financial success.

The latest study of this phenomenon，directed by epidemiologist William A.Vega of the University of Texas，San Antonio，finds much higher rates of major depression，substance abuse，and other mental disorders in U.S.-born Mexican-Americans compared with both recent and long-standing Mexican-American immigrants.This pattern held regardless of education or income levels.

Vega’s results appear at the same time as the release of a national report on declining physical and mental health in children of immigrant families.A panel convened by the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine，both in Washington，D.C.，reviewed previous studies and concluded that assimilation into a U.S.lifestyle may undermine the overall health of immigrant children much more than being poor does.

In contrast，studies of nonimmigrant U.S.residents usually link poverty to poor physical and mental health.

“The material on immigrant health shocked me when we first reviewed it，”says panel member Arthus M.Kleinman，a psychiatrist and anthropologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston.“Vega’s study is consistent with the panel’s conclusion that immigrants’health deteriorates with assimilation to U.S.society，declining toward general U.S.norms，”says Kleinman.Other studies have indicated that citizens of many countries，including Mexico，are healthier overall than U.S.citizens.

Vega’s team interviewed 3，012 adults of Mexican origin，ages 18-59，living Fresno County，Calif.Of that number，1，810 people identified themselves as immigrants.Interviews were in English or Spanish.Interviewers expressed an interest in health issues only and tried to minimize any tendency of participants to lie—due to U.S.residency concerns—about having immigrated.

Nearly one-half of U.S.-born Mexican-Americans had suffered from at least one of 12 psychiatric disorders at some time in their lives，compared with only one-quarter of the immigrants.Common mental conditions in U.S.-born individuals included major depression，phobias and other anxiety disorders，and substance abuse and dependence.

Prevalence rates for mental disorders were lowest for those who had immigrated within the past 13 years.The higher rates found among immigrants of 13 or more years still fell considerably below those for the native-born group.

16.Vega’s group was surprised to find worse physical and mental health in____.

A.both recent and long-standing Mexican-American immigrants

B.the immigrants who received fewer years of education

C.the financially disadvantaged immigrants

D.U.S.-born Mexican-Americans

17.The scientists found that the immigrants’declining physical and mental health is linked to____.

A.being reluctant to be assimilated into the U.S.lifestyle

B.blending with U.S.culture and society

C.working hard for a better life

D.being poor

18.Vega and Kleinman____.

A.are divided over the phenomenon

B.ascribe the phenomenon to racial discrimination

C.puzzle over the phenomenon

D.seem to see eye to eye on the phenomenon

19.Vega’s team interviewed the immigrants____.

A.for their U.S.residency concerns B.for their identifications

C.for their health issues D.all of the above

20.Which of the following groups is least susceptible to mental disorders？

A.The U.S.-born Mexican-Americans.

B.The immigrants of 13 or more years.

C.The immigrants of financial success.

D.The immigrants of less than 13 years.

Passage 5

Although speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans，the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings，thoughts，and reactions through body positioning，body contact，body odors，eye contact，responsive actions，habits，attitudes，interests，state of health，dress and grooming，choice of life-style，and use of talents—in fact，through everything the individual says or does.

In turn，every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system.An individual screens，selects，regulates，and controls specific aspects of this information through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic；some are subconscious because of habit，block，or lack of development；and some are made by a conscious process.The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness，priority of need，and control of this process.

The person with a behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused，and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts，needs，and emotions，and unable to make himself or herself understood.Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems，he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others，so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay，the messages received are threatening ones.

The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person’s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical，as in deafness，mental retardation，brain tumor，or hardening of the cerebral arteries.However，the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person’s emotional system.

Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occur in childhood before good communicative skills are learned，and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening，it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways，he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.

21.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication____.

A.is characterized by two features，form and meaning

B.is mainly conducted through speech and writing

C.is of two functions，stimulation and response

D.takes two forms，verbal and nonverbal

22.In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with____.

A.communicative ability

B.external and internal messages

C.information and mental processing

D.conscious and subconscious awareness

23.Shut off from the communicative flow，the person with a behavior disorder____.

A.is unable to focus attention on internal problems

B.is isolated in internal problems

C.relays threatening messages

D.all of the above

24.Which of the following is universal according to the passage？

A.Neural blocks. B.Physical blocks.

C.Cerebral blocks. D.Emotional blocks.

25.The passage ends with____.

A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorders

B.the importance of acquiring good communicative skills

C.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocks

D.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhood

Passage 6

Depression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.

Although everyone experiences“the blues”or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well，when everything seems to be an effort，and when efforts lead to frustration，these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired，hungry，lonely，or sick.Rest，good food，talking with friends，some fun，or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist，or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation，when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person，when relatives or friends cannot cheer the person and he or she continues to withdraw，then the person is depressed.

Even such depression is normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb，is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death（such as occurs in wartime），has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany），has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks，or has experienced the death of several family members within a short time is expected to be depressed.

However，there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such an image is usually the result of the psychosocial conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security，love，care，and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.

Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems，acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.

The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts.Yet，in depression，the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.

26.Unlike others，according to the passage，a depressed person____.

A.is likely to recover in a short period of time

B.does not reveal any underlying cause

C.is characteristic of self-hatred

D.tends to stay with“the blues”

27.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members，the author is trying to tell us that____.

A.depression can potentially be detrimental to mental health

B.the severity of depression varies with individuals

C.depression is overwhelmingly prevailing

D.depression is sometimes inescapable

28.Those who present no reason to be depressed，according to the passage，____.

A.need to protect their self-images

B.need a parental role model at home

C.can be helped psychologically to be useful and needed persons

D.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents

29.The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is____.

A.sincerity B.acceptance

C.reassurance D.all of the above

30.Under psychotherapy，the depressed person is encouraged____.

A.to free his or her mind of any thought

B.to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughts

C.to reassure himself or herself of early recovery

D.to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possible

Model Test 3

Passage 1

Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when，in retrospect，we see how truly strange they are.

When I was a psychiatric resident，we had a faculty member who was famous for his messy office：stacks of papers and old journals covered every chair and table as well as much of the floor.One day，as I walked past the open office door with one of my supervisors，he murmured mildly，“Odd duck.”And that was as far as anyone seemed to reflect on this peculiar state of affairs within an institution staffed by psychiatrists.Eventually，the faculty member had to be given another office in which to see patients.

Not surprisingly，the psychiatric diagnostic manual does not list“messy room”in the index.But it does mention a tantalizing symptom：inability“to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value”.It comes under the diagnosis obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，an obscure cousin of the more famous obsessive-compulsive disorder.

I was barely aware of the diagnosis.Every era has mental disorders that for cultural or scientific reasons become popular.In Freud’s day it was hysteria.Currently，depression has moved to center stage.But other ailments go relatively ignored，and this disorder was one.

It came with a list of additional symptoms that appeared to be peculiar：anxiety about spending money，excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities，rigidity about following rules，perfectionism in doing tasks—at times to the point of interfering with finishing them.

In moderation，the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis.Relentless work orientation and perfectionism may even be assets in rule-and detail-oriented professions like accounting or law.

But when the symptoms are too intense or pervasive，they become crippling.Beneath the seemingly adaptive behaviors lies a central disability.People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions.They lack the internal sense of completion that most of us experience at the end of a choice or a task，even one as simple as throwing something out or making a purchase.In obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，this feeling occurs only after endless deliberation and revision，if at all.

The need to come up with the“correct”answer，the best purchase or the perfect proposal leads to excess rumination over each decision.It can even lead to complete paralysis.For such people，rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent premade decisions.Open-ended assignments，like writing papers，are nightmares.

For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation.The picture leaps out from the previously disorganized background.But undoubtedly，at times we can become too reductionistic，seeing patterns where none exist：sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.

1.Which of the following best describes people’s attitude towards the faculty member？

A.They disliked him，and that’s why he got his separate room to see patients.

B.They thought he was a little strange，but didn’t pay much attention to his behavior.

C.They were interested in his behavior，as they were all psychiatrists.

D.They thought he had some mental retardedness.

2.The popular mental disorder of current time，according to the author，is____.

A.hysteria B.depression

C.messiness D.obsessive compulsive disorder

3.The reason why symptoms of the“obsessive-compulsive disorder”go unnoticed is that____.

A.they are highly thought of according to law

B.some of the mild symptoms fit in with a workaholic culture

C.they have a low profile

D.they take a long time to become intense or pervasive

4.Rules are godsend to persons with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder because____.

A.they do not involve decision-making

B.they are open-ended assignments

C.they lead to complete paralysis

D.they are made by others

5.From the last paragraph we can see that the author’s view is that____.

A.a messy room is just a messy room

B.a messy room is an indication of the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

C.psychiatrists should pay attention to a messy room

D.psychiatrists should see patterns of seemingly disorganized behaviors，but shouldn’t be too reductionistic

Passage 2

Cancer has always been with us，but not always in the same way.Its care and management have differed over time，of course，but so，too，have its identity，visibility，and meanings.Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw.Premodern cancer is a lump，a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges.The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome，and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors（oncos）and malignant ones（carcinos）.In the second century A.D.，Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic，an excess of melancholy or black bile，one of the body’s four“humors”，brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances.Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out，but the prognosis was known to be grim.Describing tumors of the breast，an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C.concluded：“There is no treatment.”

The experience of cancer has always been terrible，but，until modern times，its mark on the culture has been light.In the past，fear coagulated around other ways of dying：infectious and epidemic diseases（plague，smallpox，cholera，typhus，typhoid fever）；“apoplexies”（what we now call strokes and heart attacks）；and，most notably in the nineteenth century，“consumption”（tuberculosis）.The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded，but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is.This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is“the modern disease par excellence”，and that Mukherjee calls it“the quintessential product of modernity”.

At one time，it was thought that cancer was a“disease of civilization”，belonging to much the same causal domain as“neurasthenia”and diabetes，the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence.In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries，some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes.William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text“Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by“excessive fear，grief，religious melancholy”.In the nineteenth century，reference was repeatedly made to a“cancer personality，”and，in some versions，specifically to sexual repression.As Susan Sontag observed，cancer was considered shameful，not to be mentioned，even obscene.Among the Romantics and the Victorians，suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement；cancer death was nothing of the sort.“It seems unimaginable，”Sontag wrote，“to aestheticize”cancer.

6.According to the passage，the ancient Egyptians____.

A.called cancer the crab

B.were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant ones

C.found out the cause of cancer

D.knew about a lot of malignant tumors

7.Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage？

A.Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer.

B.In the past，people did not fear cancer.

C.Cancer death might be considered as a badge of refinement.

D.Some physicians believed that one’s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer.

8.Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called“the modern disease”？

A.Modern cancer care is very effective.

B.There is a lot more cancer now.

C.People understand cancer in radically new ways now.

D.There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world.

9.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because____.

A.they are as fatal as cancer(https://www.daowen.com)

B.they were considered to be“disease of civilization”

C.people dread them very much

D.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life

10.As suggested by the passage，with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree？

A.The care and management of cancer have development over time.

B.The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different times.

C.Cancer’s identity has never changed.

D.Cancer is the price paid for modern life.

Passage 3

Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought，but many observers had pondered evolution before him.It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great，according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.

William Friedman，the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director on Jan.1，has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries.While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution，Friedman said the“historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.

The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing，Friedman told an audience Monday（Jan.10），until，by the 6th edition，34 authors were mentioned in it.Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution.Included was Darwin’s grandfather，Erasmus Darwin，a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms，specifically mollusks.

Friedman’s talk，“A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors”，took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.

Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin，he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few，most prominently Alfred Wallace，whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of On the Origin of Species.Although the book runs more than 400 pages，Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended.In 1856，three years before the book was published，he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.

The seminal event in creating On the Origin of Species occurred in 1858，when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection.The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing On the Origin of Species as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.

This was a lucky break for Darwin，because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language，which led to a book that was not only revolutionary，despite those who’d tread similar ground before，but that was also very readable.

Though others thought about evolution before Darwin，scientific discovery requires more than just an idea.In addition to the concept，discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea，something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber.Lastly，scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin，through On the Origin of Species，was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits，Friedman said.

“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea，”Friedman said，adding that even Wallace，whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others，paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject，“Darwinism”.

11.According to William Friedman，Darwin’s On the Origin of Species is great in that____.

A.it was the most studied by later scientists

B.it had significant ideas about evolution

C.it was the first to talk about evolution

D.it was well received by the public

12.Friedman believes that Darwin attached a“historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to____.

A.credit the ideas about evolution before his book

B.claim himself as the father of evolution

C.introduce his grandfather to the readers

D.summarize his predecessors’work

13.In Friedman’s view，Darwin’s originality lies in____.

A.his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

B.his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporaries

C.the way he wrote On the Origin of Species

D.the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution

14.We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his ideas in____.

A.a much larger book B.a 400 page book

C.scientific terms D.plain language

15.Scientific discovery requires all the following EXCEPT____.

A.coming up with a new idea

B.understanding the significance of the idea

C.making claims to the idea by writing books

D.convincing others of the correctness of the idea

Passage 4

Many adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye，but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest.So，what exactly is the right amount of sleep？Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality.Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.

By getting less than six hours of sleep a night，you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure.When you sleep，your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time.But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break.In constantly doing so，your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure.And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleep.The less sleep you get，the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones，and over time，sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones，leading to elevated blood pressure.

We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness.But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick？Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions，but researchers have also found a direct correlation between“modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response.So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night，and maintaining a healthy diet.You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that a bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.

During deep REM sleep，your muscles（except those in the eyes）are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams.Unfortunately，this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire，resulting in sleep paralysis.Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle，but the body remains in its immobilizing state.This can be quite a frightening sensation because，while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness，it has no control over your body，leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness，fear and panic.Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives，but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations，as well.

For a second，imagine all of your memories are erased；every birthday，summer vacation，even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost，because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought，but that is what a life without sleep would be like.Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain，and without it，our ability to consolidate memories，learn daily tasks，and make decisions is impaired by a large degree.Research has revealed that REM sleep，or dream-sleep，helps solidify the“fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.

16.According to the passage，what is the meaning of“sleep deprivation”？

A.To sleep for an average period of time.

B.To sleep deeply without dreaming.

C.To sleep less than needed.

D.To sleep modestly.

17.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3？

A.When everyone else gets a fever，those with sleep deprivation will be able to sleep longer.

B.When everyone else gets a fever，those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.

C.Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.

D.Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.

18.Why is there the so-called“sleep paralysis”？

A.It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.

B.It occurs when your brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.

C.Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.

D.Because your body，immobilized when dreaming，may still be unable to move even when your brain is woken up.

19.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph？

A.Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.

B.Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.

C.You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.

D.Long-term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.

20.What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage？

A.High blood pressure，a toughened immune system，sleep paralysis，and memory loss.

B.Blood pressure，immune system，sleep paralysis，and long term memory.

C.Blood pressure，immune system，the brain and the body，and memory.

D.High blood pressure，a weakened immune system，sleep paralysis，and memory loss.

Passage 5

Cultural norms so completely surround people，so permeate thought and action，that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest.As one observer put it，if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things，but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject；if fish were to become curious about the world，it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water.For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted，unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact.Human beings，in a similarly way，occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed.So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.

As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings，they are imprisoned within them.These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched.Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors，or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures，both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.

It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds.Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism.But，in fact，few attain this broader vision.Some，of course，have little opportunity for wider cultural experience，though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates.Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar，seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values.Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious.Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are；such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events.And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.

Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit，but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome.One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood，long before he is capable of comprehending either of them.To survive，each person masters the perceptual orientations，cognitive biases，and communicative habits of his own culture.But once mastered，objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.

21.The examples of birds and fish are used to____.

A.show that they，too，have their respective cultures

B.explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the sea

C.illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing them

D.demonstrate the similarity between man，birds，and fish in their ways of thinking

22.The term“parochialism”（Line 3，Para.3）most possibly means____.

A.open-mindedness B.provincialism

C.superiority D.discrimination

23.It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that____.

A.everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they can

B.the obstacles to overcoming cultural parochialism lie mainly in people’s habit of thinking

C.provided one’s brought up in a culture，he may be with bias in making cultural evaluations

D.childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture

24.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？

A.Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.

B.People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.

C.People’s visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural differences exist.

D.If cultural norms are something tangible，they won’t be so confining.

25.The passage might be entitled“____”.

A.How to Overcome Cultural Myopia

B.Behavioral Patterns and Cultural Background

C.Harms of Cultural Myopia

D.Cultural Myopia—a Deep-rooted Collective Neurosis

Passage 6

When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace，scientists immediately get to work，trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes，success is achieved，as medical science is able to isolate the parasite，germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it.In the most serious of cases，in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk，it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination，so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.

The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that，if it is encountered，one can fight it off naturally.To accomplish this，a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment，so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly.Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally，in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.This makes sure that，should the patient later come into contact with the real problem，his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it，having already done so before.

There are dangers inherent in the process，however.On occasion，even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle，resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine，designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers.Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it.Thus，if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today，3000 Americans would be left dead.

Fortunately，the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s，ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America.In the event of a reintroduction of the disease，however，mandatory vaccinations may resume，resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination.The process，which is truly a blessing，may indeed hide some hidden cures.

26.How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to Paragraph Two？

A.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.

B.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.

C.By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.

D.By introducing the disease to the body.

27.What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate？

A.The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.

B.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.

C.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.

D.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.

28.The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because____.

A.saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few

B.some vaccines，such as the smallpox vaccine，have negative side effects

C.they don’t always work

D.while many lives are saved，some are actually killed by the vaccine

29.The best title for the passage would be____.

A.The Smallpox Vaccine：An Analysis

B.How Vaccines Work

C.Vaccines：Methods and Implications

D.A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines

30.The main purpose of the passage is to____.

A.convince the readers that vaccines are not as safe as many think

B.educate the readers on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers

C.educate the readers on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinations

D.present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine

Model Test 4

Passage 1

When most people think about changing their body shape，they usually focus on just losing weight.Books and magazines about dieting are among the most popular in the world.Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy，but losing weight by means of dieting takes time；losing weight too fast can cause great health problems.Dieting means change one’s eating habits to a healthier pattern，but many women mistake the concept of dieting and think that the less one eats，the better.As a result，they lose health as well as weight.

Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that，over a certain period of time，will improve the body’s use of oxygen.Nowadays，aerobic exercise has become a very trendy workout among youths.Not only is performing aerobic exercise interesting，but it is also very beneficial for health.There are different types of aerobics like jogging，swimming，kickboxing，fitness walking，inline skating，bicycling，etc.Aerobics strengthens the heart and lungs.It is also especially popular with women.

But neither of these two methods，dieting and aerobics can help shape the body.To do this，you need to build muscles.So，if a firmer and shapelier body is your goal，60 percent of your exercise routine should involve strengthening moves，and only 30 percent should be aerobic exercises.

For a proper body-shaping routine，you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights.Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise.Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups—for example，chest and biceps，or back，shoulders and triceps.

You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities，like swimming，cycling，walking，running，or inline skating.Plan three to four workouts a week，15 to 20 minutes each，increasing the pace each week.

As you build muscle，you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise.Don’t worry.It’s probably muscle，which is denser than fat.And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue.With more muscle，you can burn more calories，even when you are not exercising.

When you are trying to build muscle，you need two to three servings of protein a day，but the main part of your diet should be carbohydrates.And in order to get the energy you need for a high-intensity workout，you should eat something，especially carbohydrates，an hour or so before your workout.

While weight training will firm and shape your body，it has other benefits too.It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories，leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.

1.Which of the following is NOT true about dieting？

A.Dieting is about changing one’s eating habits.

B.Dieting does not necessarily mean eating less than one used to.

C.Dieting does not necessarily mean losing weight.

D.Losing weight is bound to cause great health problems.

2.“Workouts”include all the following EXCEPT____.

A.bicycling B.dieting

C.weight training D.aerobic exercise

3.Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions given in the passage？

A.Exercise should be done for each major group of muscles.

B.When you do weigh-training，the weights you have should be as heavy as possible.

C.Go on a proper diet for muscle-building.

D.Muscle-building exercise should be combined with aerobic activities.

4.Which of the following is NOT true？

A.Muscle-building exercise results in weight gain，but that is not a problem to worry about.

B.Muscle helps one keep fit.

C.Improved muscle strength can lead to a higher quality of life.

D.Weight training helps shape your body.

5.What’s the ultimate purpose of strength-training with weights？

A.To increase the pace of your aerobic exercise.

B.To burn more calories and lose weight.

C.To build muscle and lose weight.

D.To shape your body and make your life more enjoyable.

Passage 2

Got milk？Be very afraid.Or preferably，a bit skeptical.Some folks are about to try to convince you that milk is toxic.But the real question is，what’s more dangerous to your health：milk，or celebrities and activists embarked on the latest trendy crusade（改革）？This month marks the publicity-pumped debut of the Anti Dairy Coalition，a band of physicians，self-described“Holly wood personalities”and others who decry what they call“the health and nutritional risks of consuming dairy products”.

The coalition，including its spokes—Jeremiah，writer George Plimpton，would have you believe that milk causes heart disease，cancer，infections，asthma，allergies and tuberculosis.Robert Cohen，founder of the ADC（and author of milk：The Deadly Poison），writes：“The Fountain of Youth and cure to illness can be obtained by giving up milk.”

Hyperbole aside，the ADC is spotlighting a question hotly debated by everyone from nutritionists to parents.Many patients ask doctors whether they should give up milk，like that supermodel they saw interviewed on TV.And to be sure，the ADC’s overwrought claims do have some scientific basis.

Take heart disease.Foods like butter，cheese，ice cream and whole milk are packed with saturated fat（饱和脂肪），which blocks arteries（动脉）and can lead to heart attacks.That’s why most nutritionists advise switching to low-fat or skim milk and eating more yogurt and cottage cheese than Haagen-Dazs and Bric.Even skim milk，though，can trigger allergies in some people，including infants，who in any case will get more iron and other key nutrients from breast milk or formula.

So must you flee from milk entirely？Yes，says Cohen，who holds that skim milk is the devil’s brew.It’s full of—are you sitting down—protein.And here’s where the ADC starts twisting the facts to reach wild conclusions.Allergies are frequently triggered by proteins （true）；asthma is an allergic condition（true）；it’s been increasing dramatically（true）；doctors don’t know the cause（true）；therefore，the protein in milk must be the culprit（罪魁祸首）？

A similar leap of illogic assumes that because women in the Netherlands，Denmark，Norway and Sweden consume lots of milk and also suffer high rates of breast cancer；the former must cause the latter.Another clunker is Cohen’s claim that widespread lactose intolerance（乳糖不耐症）—the inability to digest dairy products—means milk is of little use as a source of calcium.In fact，many cases of lactose intolerance are mild and interfere only slightly with calcium uptake.Many people intolerant of milk can easily digest yogurt.And lactase tablets（乳糖分解酵素片）can make dairy products digestible even in severe cases.

If milk isn’t the perfect food，it’s still got some big things going for it.It’s an inexpensive source of calcium，protein，potassium and other vitamins and minerals.And unlike other sources of calcium，such as，say，steamed kale，milk is a food kids will eat.The ADC feels that milk is the root of most human maladies（疾病），but I can point to other single-issue obsessive who insist the villain is meat or wheat or sugar or some other substance that our species has long and happily consumed.I often learn something by examining their claims.But I keep coming back to the mainstream nutritionists，who emphasize a balanced diet and advise moderation in all things.

6.The ADC holds that drinking milk will cause the following diseases EXCEPT____.

A.breast cancer B.diabetes C.heart disease D.lung disease

7.The writer thinks that milk____.

A.is toxic and we should give it up

B.is very nutritious and we should consume it as much as possible

C.is the most ideal food

D.has its pluses and minuses and we should consume it sensibly

8.It is clear from the passage that____.

A.the writer is of the same opinion about milk with the ADC

B.the writer regards milk as the root of most human diseases

C.the writer advises people to stay out of trouble with milk

D.the writer’s opinion about milk differs greatly from the ADC’s

9.According to the passage，if you suffer from lactose intolerance____.

A.you had better give up milk entirely

B.you should have less milk every day

C.you can take lactase tablets which catalyze（催化）lactose into glucose（葡萄糖）and galactose（半乳糖）

D.you must see a doctor at once

10.We can conclude from the passage that the writer is____.

A.an unprejudiced person B.an opinionated person

C.a worldly person D.a wise but peculiar person

Passage 3

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world，but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent？It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal.Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.Baring the teeth in a hostile way，as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century，may be a universal sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution，Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value.For example，facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies（or friends）in the absence of language.

Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people.Moreover，people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger，disgust，fear，happiness，and sadness.He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore，a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.All groups，including the Fore，who had almost no contact with Western culture，agreed on the portrayed emotions.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions.The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states.In fact，various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain.The facial-feedback hypothesis argues，however，that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also—work in the opposite direction.According to this hypothesis，signals from the facial muscles（“feedback”）are sent back to emotion centers of the brain，and so a person’s facial expression influences that person’s emotional state.Consider Darwin’s words：“The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it.On the other hand，the repression，as far as possible，of all outward signs softens our emotions.Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will，for example，and frowning to anger？

Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis.Causing participants in experiments to smile，for example，leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons（humorous drawings of people or situations）as being more humorous.When they are caused to frown，they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.

Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression“keep a stiff upper lip”as a recommendation for handling stress.It might be that a“stiff”lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense，and involves strong muscle tension，facial feedback may heighten emotional response.

11.According to the passage，which of the following effects may stiffening the upper lip have？

A.It first suppresses stress，then intensifies it.

B.It may cause fear and tension in those who see it.

C.It can damage the lip muscles.

D.It may either heighten or reduce emotional response.

12.The author mentions“Baring the teeth in a hostile way”in order to____.

A.differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it

B.support Darwin’s theory of evolution

C.contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions

D.provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood

13.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the second paragraph？

A.The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.

B.The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories.

C.The Fore’s facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be the characters in stories.

D.The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of the characters in stories.

14.According to the passage，what offect did Darwin believe repression of all outward signs would have on humans’emotions？

A.They would become less intense.

B.They would last longer than usual.

C.They would become more negative.

D.They would cause problems later.

15.According to the passage，research involving which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis？

A.The long-term effects of repressing emotions.

B.The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments.

C.The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons.

D.The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate.

Passage 4

Chlorine is a mainstay in most swimming pools in the United States，and is used to eradicate bacteria.A bacteria-free pool will usually ensure that swimmers won’t contract a serious illness if they spend time in，and possibly ingest，the water.When chlorine is added to pool water，a chemical reaction occurs whereby the chlorine breaks down into a legion of chemicals that combine to kill bacteria that may be in water.These chemicals，specifically hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion，eliminate bacteria by annihilating and then oxidizing the abhorrent cells.When this chemical reaction occurs，the bacteria are rendered essentially harmless.This chemical reaction doesn’t occur immediately—individual components within chlorine take varying amounts of time to interact with the bacteria，creating an almost time-release-type of kill in the pool water.

Chlorine must be regularly replenished.As they react，the hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion combine to create a particular acceptable pH level in the pool water.A pH is a measure of the alkalinity and acidity present；a pH value of 7 represents a neutral value，and 7.4 is the pH value of the human tear.The pH ratio must be regularly monitored to ensure a consistent optimum ram—one usually kept within the spectrum of 7 to 8 as measured by a reliable pH measuring kit.As the chemicals in chlorine complete their reactions，they break down and are no longer effective in keeping the pool water neutralized.Additional chlorine must be added to water at specific times.Outdoor pools that are in direct sunlight need to have water added more often because the chemical reaction time for chlorine is increased and its effectiveness is reduced in these conditions.Since the hypochlorite ion is an especially potent chemical capable of fading fabrics and paint，most people are meticulous about rinsing chlorine from potentially affected areas.Although chlorine is inexpensive and widely available，some people find the bleach smell to be repugnant and the distinct aroma present at many swimming pools to be overwhelming.These people may not be able to enjoy aquatic pursuits in those pools that employ chlorine as a cleansing agent.Other people may find that inhaling chlorine at the high levels present around some pools is difficult to tolerate.Still others may experience skin irritation after swimming in a pool containing chlorine.Although there are other chemicals and compounds available to clean swimming pools，they may be prohibitively expensive or incapable of killing all types of bacteria present in the water.

16.According to the passage，a stable pH value in pool water is dependent upon.

A.monitoring and adding chlorine when warranted

B.ensuring that there is only a minimum amount of bacteria in the water

C.paying close attention to the reactions of chemicals in the pool water

D.ensuring that water is protected from direct sunlight

17.The author’s primary purpose is to____.

A.offer an unbiased opinion of chlorine’s efficacy

B.provide an argument for using chlorine

C.discuss the chemical reaction taking place within a pool

D.show how chlorine can keep pool water safe

18.Based on the passage，which statement is probably NOT true of chlorine？

A.It can be harmful if swallowed.

B.Occasional high levels in pool water are probably not harmful.

C.It can kill most common types of pool water bacteria.

D.A pool’s size will dictate the amount needed.

19.The author includes the information about the pH of human tears mainly to____.

A.give the readers a base of reference

B.personalize the passage to enhance interest

C.provide a visual image for the readers

D.answer the readers’anticipated question

20.All of the following statements are true about chlorine EXCEPT that____.

A.chlorine’s efficacy is affected by sunlight

B.chlorine is made up of two chemicals：hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion

C.chlorine is usually said to be malodorous

D.chlorine levels must be routinely assessed in pool water

Passage 5

Fifty is the gateway to the most liberating passage in a woman’s life.Children are making test flights out of the nest.Parents are expected to be roaming in their recreational vehicles or sending postcards of themselves riding camels.Free at last！Women can graduate from the precarious balancing act between parenting and pursuit of a career.That has been the message of my books since I wrote new passages 15 years ago.What I didn’t see coming was the boomerang.

With parents living routinely into their 90s，a second round of care giving has become a predictable crisis for women in midlife.Nearly 50 million Americans are taking care of an adult who used to be independent.Yes，men represent about one third of family caregivers，but their participation is often at a distance and administrative.Women do most of the hands-on care.

It starts with the call.It’s a call about a fall.Your mom has a stroke.Or it’s a call about your dad—he’s run a red light and hit someone，again，but how are you ever going to persuade him to stop driving？Or your husband’s doctor calls with news that your partner is reluctant to tell you：it’s cancer.

When that call came to me，I froze.The shock plunges you into a whirlpool of fear，denial，and feverish action.You search out doctors.They don’t agree on the diagnosis.You scavenge the Internet.The side effects make you worry.You call your brother or sister，hoping for help.Old rivalries flare up.

We’d like to think that siblings would be natural allies when parents falter.But the facts are quite different.Brothers bury their heads in the sand.The farther away a sister lives，the more certain she will call the primary caregiver and Louisiana State universities concluded that siblings are not just inherent rivals，but the greatest source of stress between human beings.

There are many rewards in giving back to a loved one.And the short-term stress of mobilizing against the initial crisis jump-starts the body’s positive response.But this role is not a short race.It usually turns into a marathon，averaging almost five years.But most solitary caregivers will wait until the third or fourth year before sending out the desperate cry，“I can’t do this anymore！”

21.As a writer，the author has for years focused on women’s liberation from____.

A.looking after their children B.taking care of their parents

C.earning a living for their families D.doing housework all day long

22.The word“boomerang”（Paragraph 1）refers to____.

A.husbands and wives giving different care to their weak parents

B.women in their fifties taking all responsibilities for their families

C.the elderly becoming dependent on their middle-aged children

D.family care giving having been shifted onto women’s shoulders

23.To many women，the calls as described would most likely be very____.

A.invigorating B.distressing

C.refreshing D.confusing

24.Your brother or sister would be angry with your request for helping to____.

A.stop the quarrel between your parents

B.find your husband a better doctor

C.deal with your family problems

D.take care of your Mom or Dad

25.According to the author，siblings tend to____.

A.live in different places after they form their own families

B.stand to the same side when arguing with their parents

C.compete with each other for being the primary caregiver

D.shift onto each other the responsibilities for their parents

Passage 6

After years of defensiveness，a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism，a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.

What has triggered this change of heart？It’s partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism，in the UK at least.

Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from antivivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency.Now criticism is coming from researchers too，with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to change.

That is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers.These have been met with support，notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals.This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.

Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with skepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.

The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies，which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research.One by my own organization，the UK’s NC3Rs，found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analyzed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US.

The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximized and that every animal used counts.Better reporting will allow greater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not.One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of information published.

Animal research has been a thorn in the side of researchers for many years.We can’t afford to get this wrong，scientifically，ethically or financially.Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something，either about the quality or value of what is being done.When animal research is funded from the public purse a public mandate is essential.There is much scope for improvement.It is time for scientists—funders，researchers and editors—to use the new guidelines to put our house in order.

26.According to the passage，those who had long blamed animal research are____.

A.those ignorant of science

B.government officials

C.some of the researchers’colleagues

D.antivivisection groups

27.The passage suggests that the change of heart among animal researchers refers to____.

A.their reconsideration of their research

B.their resistance to their greater enemies

C.their giving in to animal right groups

D.their confession to their failures in work

28.The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal research needs to be____.

A.directive B.comprehensive

C.affirmative D.authoritative

29.The UK’s NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animal research____.

A.needs government funding

B.needs publishing guidelines

C.involves some serious problems

D.involves analyses and variations

30.For animal researchers，to put their work under the systematic reviews would be something____.

A.new B.hard

C.pleasant D.unthinkable

答案与解析

Model Test 1

Passage 1

1.C。细节题。下文的maleness是对men’s sex role的一个诠释，即有刚勇气质的男性的社会角色。

2.B。排除题。A、C、D都是文章提到的原句。至于女性的智慧和决心，男性并未表示崇拜，而是怀疑。所以只有B是第三段没有提到的。

3.A。细节题。两段都提到女性受到束缚，不能参加到很多职业和社会团体当中，所以两段的论述是一致的。

4.C。细节题。文章最后提到的由男性主动求爱的例子印证了第一句话的观点，即人们依然有一种原始的性别分工的观念。

5.B。细节题。最后一段提到原始人是男性出去打猎，女性看家，这正是社会对男性角色期待的根源。

Passage 2

6.D。细节题。第一段提出男性尽管在近几十年健康状况有所改善，但仍然是“第二性”，证明“第二性”与健康状况不好有关。第二段开头说男性与女性的寿命差从20年代的1年增加到现在的5年，说明男性是“第二性”的原因是其寿命不如女性长。

7.A。细节判断题。通过with the exception of Alzheimer’s disease可知，除了老年痴呆症，其他顶级杀手在男性身上出现的概率更大。

8.C。推断题。第二段后半部分都在说男性寿命比女性短的另一个原因是：男性接受的治疗较少，并且不太容易接受社会和情感支持，可是女性就不同，她们寻求支持。故本题选C。

9.C。细节题。第三段倒数第二句给出了原因，即“男性更容易从事30余种不同的高危险行为”，也就是男性比女性更可能尝试危险行为。

10.D。主旨题。本文的末尾说道：“男人们，要注意了，多重视健康才能除去病痛。”由此可知，本文在号召男性多重视自己的健康问题。故本题答案为D。

Passage 3

11.D。细节题。根据上下文“Whoever turns out to be right，though，it is an intriguing idea：instead of releasing the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere，why not recapture it by photosynthesis”可知，尽管有支持者和反对者，但是这个主意还是非常吸引人的，令人向往的，因此选项中D最为符合。

12.B。推理题。根据第二段可知，没有废气就不能进行光合作用，所以A选项错误；白炽盘是用来漫射光的，因此也是用来传导光的，所以B选项正确；阳光是通过柱面镜的反射进入到纤维光缆中，而不是通过抛物柱面镜的洞，所以C选项错误；光合作用是在聚酯片上进行的，而不是在收容器里进行的，所以D选项错误。因此，答案为B选项。

13.C。细节题。根据第二段可知，这个收容器是用来接住那些经过光合作用后掉下来的藻类的，其中“unable to support the weight of the algae”说明藻类开始变得过重，因此C选项为正确答案。

14.D。细节题。根据第三段可知，绿色燃料公司使用废气作为让藻类活动的动力，而与清洁技术相同的是在这个过程中也有光合作用，光也来自外部，也有碳固定下来。因此，不同之处就是D选项。

15.D。细节题。反应器只可以制造乙醇作为汽油的替代品，而不能制造汽油。因此，D是正确答案。

Passage 4

16.D。推理题。第二段中提到，该研究发现实施“行星健康”项目的中学女孩服用泻药或减肥药的概率是没有实施该项目的学校的女孩的一半，她们之所以不服用泻药就是因为她们不胖，再结合上面提到的“行星健康”是防止肥胖的，可以推断，接受了这种锻炼的女孩子们控制体重的方式更加健康和积极，因此D选项是正确答案。

17.B。细节题。第三段提到用红绿灯系统来标示食物，前面的两种食物为“通行”“减速”，分别是绿灯、黄灯表示的意思，那么剩下的就应该是红灯了，红灯意思为“停止”，因此，选项B为正确答案。

18.D。推理题。第三段提到，比萨饼是用黄灯来标示的，黄灯意思是“减速”，就说明该食物没有健康食物那么有利于人的身体，但也不至于是不健康的食品，选项中D最为符合。B是干扰选项，考生不能看到就立刻选择该选项，而是要加以分析。

19.C。推理题。第四段提到，一般从三年级到五年级学生超重的数量会上升，但该项目却制止了这种上升，而“hold the line”意思为“保持不变”，可以推断，实施了该项目的学校从3年级到5年级超重学生的数量没有增加，也就是说他们的体重在增长，但是却没有向着超重的方向发展，而是正常的增长。因此选项C最为符合这个意思，其余三个选项都与这个意思不符合。

20.D。细节题。最后一段提到在该小学实施了CATCH后，家长们也在孩子的带动下健康饮食和多做运动了，学校还另外举行了带动家长的活动。但是该学校采取CATCH面向的还是学生，因此选项中D是正确的陈述。

Passage 5

21.D。推理题。根据全文提到的这两个实验都在空气污染不是很严重的情况下测到了污染对人身体的影响，可见这里的low levels是指污染程度小，Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich博士整句话是说即使空气质量只改善一点，即使在污染很轻微的地方人们的健康也得到了提高。因此，D选项最为符合题意。

22.C。细节题。从第二段可知，柴油发动汽车的典型城市空气污染水平对人体有一定的影响，因此，C选项最为符合这点。

23.D。细节题。第三段提到，在牛津街肺功能减弱的程度要比那些在海德公园散步回来的人检测的情况“大得多”，而且牛津街的人还伴有炎症生物指标增加的状况。故答案为D。

24.A。推理题。从第四段可知，他认为柴油排放的气体污染好像要比其他形式的气体污染更为有影响力，而他前面提到了这种污染是空气颗粒，结合来看就是本段开头提到的柴油排放物中的微粒。因此只有选项A符合题意。

25.C。细节题。根据文章内容可知，两项研究都是为了测量柴油排放气体对人体健康的危害，因此A、D选项不正确；对于B选项，虽然第四段提到了这一点，但是说空气微粒减少，不是人主动暴露在空气中，所以该陈述不对；C选项的内容在第一段有所提及，因此是正确答案。

Passage 6

26.D。细节题。文章第一段在介绍这种新型减肥药C75的特点时，将新药的特点与传统上通过节食减肥（a starvation diet）对代谢率的影响进行了比较，“Scientistsresults in a dramatic loss of weight without any apparent ill effects”指出由于后者使代谢速度减慢而引起疲劳、无力（causing tiredness and lethargy）等症状。故正确答案为D项。

27.A。细节题。文章第二段开头便表明了人们可使用C75来减肥的原因，即“because appetite control in the brainas those in mice”，这正是选项A所表达的意思。

28.C。细节题。文章第三段中第二句话“Research on leptin，a hormone produced in fatty tissue for controlling fat deposits，has so far failed to produce the expected slimming drug break-through”对leptin的解释是：它是脂肪组织中分泌的一种可以控制脂肪的激素（a hormone produced in fatty tissue for controlling fat deposits）。故正确答案为C项。

29.C。细节题。根据文章第四段，可知这种新型减肥药之所以可以有效地控制食欲是因为人体中被称为“脂肪酸和酶”的一种酶参与将过量摄取的食物转化成脂肪的过程。而C75可与这种酶结合，并且抑制其作用于大脑，从而抑制食欲。因此，C项符合题意。

30.D。细节题。文章在第一段“More importantly，the drug appears to prevent a serious decline in metabolic rate”和最后一段中“that C75 has no effect on metabolic rate is one of the most significant findings of the study”都提到这种新型减肥药对新陈代谢不产生影响。故正确答案为D项。

Model Test 2

Passage 1

1.D。主旨题。本文从一个病例入手，最后落脚到为什么碎牛肉（ground beef）在经过检测后还能携带大肠杆菌，从而对人体造成伤害。本文从第五段开始讲述碎牛肉的检测过程，点出了检测过程中的潜规则，最后一段得出结论：碎牛肉并不安全。因此能总结本文大意的最佳答案为D（牛肉检测系统的漏洞）。A选项过于强调细节，B选项与原文不符，C选项（食物中毒的案例）停留在文章的引子上，而并非实质。

2.D。推理题。A选项偷换了概念：原文第三段中讲到tens of thousands of people会因为大肠杆菌致病，但该选项中用的是most，即全体中的大多数，故该选项不对；B选项中的16对应的范围与原文不符合，原文中的16次爆发对应的是碎牛肉导致的大肠杆菌中毒事件；C选项中的41个州在原文中对应的细节为：向41个州销售了碎牛肉，故C选项错误。只有D选项是正确的，可由第四段的首句was extreme推理得知答案。

3.A。细节题。碎牛肉如此制作，原因在于成本问题。该题在第五段“This makes the costs 25%less than it would have”中可得到答案：是为了减少成本，获取更多的利润。

4.C。推理题。通过big slaughterhouse定位到第七段第二句，句子大意是：很多大型屠宰场担心会召回已经出售的货物，因此只会将原料销售给同意不对其货物进行测试的商家。由此可推理得知，这些大型屠宰场的担心证明他们其实很清楚自己的产品感染大肠杆菌的可能性。因此本题答案为C。B选项中cannot be too careful是一个特殊结构，意思是“十分小心”，与原文含义相反。

5.C。推理题。最后一段的大意是：尽管爆发病例在减少，但不凑巧的是，我们似乎悖行得更远。转折后的语义暗示了整体情况是不尽人意的。因此正确答案为C。A选项混淆性最大，该选项的意思是Bender建议人们远离牛肉制品，最后一段的首句讲到的却是“碎牛肉不是完全安全的”，这里偷换了概念。

Passage 2

6.C。细节题。第一段第一句对生物圈进行了释义，指出生物圈是生物学家们对一个表层的命名，这个表层is inhabitable by living organisms“能够被活着的有机体居住”，选项C的plant和animal life全面涵盖了living organisms，因此选项C正确。选项D概括过于片面；选项B明显错误；选项A在文中并未叙述。

7.B。细节题。第一段，作者谈到，美国研究发现fungi和bacteria在18英尺的高空含量明显减少，而且那里的细菌大多处于不活跃状态（inactive state），而在2至6英里高度，也就是与the usual altitude of jet aircraft相当的高度，每立方英尺则有50到100个细菌。四个选项中，只有B项“细菌在与喷气式飞机相当的高度能够被找到”符合文意。

8.C。细节题。第一段，作者明确指出disregarding the exploits of astronauts“不考虑外太空的探索”，the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles“生物圈最厚的地方可达25英里”，所以选项C正确。

9.B。细节题。第二段结尾部分，作者谈到The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed“自然界的平衡在被打乱时表现得最为明显”，选项B符合此意，该选项中的apparent对应原文的obvious，表示“明显”；upset对应原文的disturb，都表示“打乱”。

10.A。细节题。文章结尾部分，作者阐明了生态学ecology的研究对象是the minutiae of the balance，句中minutiae指的是“微小的细节”，选项A“finer details”与minutiae相对应。

Passage 3

11.A。细节题。第三段提到“The potential medical spin-offs from plant biotechnology are considerable.”后面则举例说明：一种新的更有效的疫苗will be grown in plants such as maize and bananas，因此可推测出A项正确。by product副产品，by-work副业，side effect（药物等的）副作用，consequence结果。

12.A。细节题。文章第二段提到New varieties of rice and other crops可以抵御昆虫和疾病以及基因作物营养更加均衡，体现了health benefits，排除B项。第三段提到medical spin-offs，通过植入一种更有效的疫苗，玉米、香蕉等可以against illness for which no vaccines have been available，体现了C、D项。A项“高科技”文章并未提及。

13.C。细节题。从第十一段的Genetic engineering is far more precise than the gene movements which occur in nature可直接找出答案。

14.D。细节题。A项“克隆”，B项“人工授精”，C项“体外授精”都与遗传工程有关，只有D项“心脏搭桥术”与遗传工程无关。

15.C。推理题。第八段媒体引用“opening Pandora’s box”来形容the combination DNA from different sources。后面又提到Among their horrific forecast were unstoppable epidemics and world-wide pestilence，由此根据上下文可推断出C项符合文意。

Passage 4

16.D。细节题。答案在第二段。该段讲到Vega的研究发现一些精神性疾病在美国出生的墨西哥裔美国人中的发生率比较高。

17.A。细节题。第五段讲到专家小组讲到这些移民不愿采纳美国的生活方式。

18.D。推理题。第五段讲到Vega的研究与专家小组结论一致，由于Kleinman是专家小组的一员，可以推断他们两人的看法是相同的。

19.C。细节题。答案在第六段最后一句。由该句中的“health issues”可知这个采访是针对健康问题的。

20.D。细节题。文章最后一段讲到在那些13年内进行移民的人群中，精神病的患病率最低。

Passage 5

21.D。推理题。本题答案参见第一段，说和写是人类交际的特别手段，即语言手段。人类交际还有其他手段，例如身体位置、行为、气味、目光交流等非言语手段。故选D。

22.C。细节题。第二段讲了人类通过感官和个人生物节奏体系来接受外部和内部信息，这一过程有些是有意识的，有些是无意识的，但都是心理处理过程。故选C。

23.B。细节题。本题答案参见第三段第四句，行为紊乱的人头脑混乱，不能表达个人感情和需要，不为人所理解。所以这些人受内部问题困扰，故选B。

24.D。细节题。本题答案参见第五段第一句，情感困扰在某种程度上发生在所有人身上。故选D。

25.C。细节题。本题答案参见最后一段，本文结束时讲到了消除早期情感困扰的意义。故选C。

Passage 6

26.D。细节题。本题答案参见第二段，尽管人人都会有悲伤的时刻，但是通过休息、饮食、交谈等都会恢复。但是长期处于悲伤状态就会得抑郁症。故选D。

27.D。细节题。本题答案参见第三段第一、二句，本段告诉我们在某些情况下，即使是抑郁也是很正常的。故选D。

28.C。细节题。本题答案参见第四段倒数第一、二句，抑郁的人需要重塑自我形象成为有用的人，心理治疗在恢复自信和能力方面通常很有帮助。故选C。

29.D。推理题。第五段提到了A、B、C三个方面。故选D。

30.B。细节题。本题答案参见第六段第一句，抑郁症患者只有找到替代想法才会忘记令人不安的想法。故选B。

Model Test 3

Passage 1

1.B。细节题。根据第一段内容“Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when，in retrospect，we see how truly strange they are”可知，我们常常忽视这些我们不能理解的行为——甚至当我们回想时会发现那些行为有多奇怪，作者接着举例子来说明此观点。由此可知，B项符合题意。

2.B。细节题。根据第四段第四句话“Currently，depression has moved to center stage”可知，现如今抑郁症已经来到了中央舞台。由此可知，B项“depression抑郁、沮丧”符合题意，而A项“hysteria歇斯底里”、C项“messiness脏乱”、D项“obsessive compulsive disorder强迫症”均不正确。

3.B。细节题。根据第六段第一句话“In moderation，the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis”可知，如果能适度控制，症状似乎恰好符合我们工作狂的文化精神——可能这样就解释了诊断结果的另一面。由此可知，B项符合题意。

4.A。推理题。根据第八段第三句“For such people，rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent premade decisions”可知，对于这样的人来说，所有规则都是天赐之物——它们代表预先作好的决定。由此可知，A项符合题意。

5.D。归纳总结题。根据最后一段内容“For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation”可知，对于这样的病人或者精神病医生来说，理解一组诊断性的症状是一种启示；根据“But undoubtedly，at times we can become too reductionistic”可知有时我们可以变得简单些。根据这几句话可知，作者认为医生既要有给病人看病的本领，熟悉各种病症，以便诊断，也不能过于多虑，把所有行为都看成一种病症。由此可知，D项符合题意。

Passage 2

6.D。细节题。根据文章第一段中的“The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome，and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors（oncos）and malignant ones（carcinos）”可知，古埃及人知道许多种带来恶果的肿瘤，而希腊人已经区分出良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤了，所以答案为D。

7.D。推理题。文章中共有三处提及恐惧，但和癌症并提则在最后一段，威廉·巴契南认为过度恐惧会导致癌症，但这并不等于说人们惧怕癌症，故不选B。根据最后一段中的“Among the Romantics and the Victorians，suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement；cancer death was nothing of the sort”可知，在浪漫主义时期和维多利亚时期，受肺结核折磨甚至死于肺结核被当成是文雅的标志；患癌死亡那就完全不同了，排除C；通读全文，A项文中没有提到；根据最后一段中的“In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries，some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes”可知，在18和19世纪，一些医生将癌症——尤其是乳腺癌和子宫癌——的产生归咎为心理或行为方面的原因，所以D项正确。

8.C。推理题。根据文章第二段最后两句话可知，癌症致死的痛苦令人畏惧，但是恐惧并没有成为公众意识中的关注焦点，而现在不同了。医学史家罗伊·波特将其说成是“最卓越的现代病”，慕克吉称其为“现代性最典型的产物”，这就是其中一方面的原因。所以C项“现在，人们以全新的方式理解癌症”正确。

9.D。推理题。根据文章最后一段第一、二句话可知，人们曾经认为癌症是一种“文明病”，病因与神经衰弱症和糖尿病类似；前者是因现代生活的压力而产生，后者是因饮食不良和懒惰而产生。在18和19世纪，一些医生将癌症——尤其是乳腺癌和子宫癌——的产生归咎到心理或行为方面。这里提到神经衰弱症和糖尿病是为了说明癌症和它们类似，和心理及行为有关，故选D。

10.A。推理题。根据文章第一段第一、二句可知，癌症始终如影随形，但是纠缠的方式却有变化。诊治处理方法当然也随着时代进步有变化，而其存在性质、表现和意义也发生了改变。作者在这两句话中隐藏了自己的观点，所以选A。

Passage 3

11.D。细节题。根据文章第一段最后一句“It was understanding the ideas significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great，according to the Arnold Arboretums new director”可知，根据哈佛大学阿诺德植物园新主管的观点，了解进化论观点的重要性并让公众广泛接受才使达尔文变得伟大，所以D项正确。

12.A。细节题。根据第二段中的“Friedman said the‘historical sketch that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas”可知，弗里德曼说达尔文在后来杰作印刷品中附上的“历史梗概”是为了缓和那些为自己早期观点要求声望的人的情绪，所以A项正确。

13.B。细节题。根据文中第五段中的“Friedman said that Darwins thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few，most prominently Alfred Wallace，whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwins writing of On the Origin of Species”可知，弗里德曼说，达尔文关于自然选择作为进化机理的思想很少被人分享，最突出的是阿尔弗雷德·华莱士，多年以后，他关于这个主题的著作在这个领域刺激了达尔文写作《物种起源》，所以B项符合题意。

14.A。推理题。根据文章第五段中的“Although the book runs more than 400 pages，Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended.In 1856，three years before the book was published，he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975”可知，虽然该书长达400多页，弗里德曼说，但是达尔文从未打算把它写成进化和自然选择的书。1856年，此书出版三年前，达尔文开始从事关于自然选择的大部头工作，这个大部头直到1975年才出版。所以A项符合题意。

15.C。归纳总结题。根据文章倒数第二段内容可知，除了观念，科学发现还要求对观念重要性的认识以及有能力说服别人相信观点正确。所以C项符合题意。

Passage 4

16.C。推理题。根据文章第三段中的“Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions，but researchers have also found a direct correlation between‘modest’sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response”可知，“modest”sleep deprivation指少于六个小时的睡眠，文中说成人每天需要七到九个小时的睡眠，sleep deprivation应该指睡眠少于需要的量，故选C。

17.B。推理题。根据第三段“You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that a bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days”可知，下次你会庆幸多睡了一个小时，因为别人一旦感冒，就要发烧睡上三天。所以当其他所有人发烧时，那些睡眠充足的人通常没事，故选B。

18.D。细节题。根据文章第四段中的“Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle，but the body remains in its immobilizing state”可知，当大脑从快速眼动周期被唤醒时，但身体仍然保持不动状态，这样大脑睡眠瘫痪就发生了，故选D。

19.B。推理题。根据文章最后一段最后一句话可知，研究显示，快速眼动睡眠或睡眠梦期有助于巩固大脑一天产生的脆弱记忆，这些记忆便于在大脑中长期组织和储存。所以B项“白天产生的记忆是脆弱易受损的”正确。

20.D。归纳总结题。第二段最后一句提到睡眠不足会导致血压升高；第三段中间提到睡眠不足与免疫功能下降有关；第四段主要讨论睡眠瘫痪；最后一段主要介绍睡眠不足导致记忆丧失。概括全文，D项符合题意。

Passage 5

21.C。细节题。根据文章第一段首句“Cultural norms so completely surround people，so permeate thought and action，that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest.”可知，文化规范完全包围在人们的周围，因此渗透到思想和行动中，我们从没有意识到人们生活和理智所基于的种种假设。接着以birds和fish例子来说明这个观点。所以答案为C。

22.B。词汇题。根据题干定位到文章第三段第二句“Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism.”上一句提到“break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds（要打破他们经验的限制）”，所以就要“overcoming of such cultural parochialism（克服文化的狭隘性）”。所以答案为B。“provincialism”一词意为“地方偏狭观念”。

23.C。推理题。根据文章第三段可知，要打破人们经验的限制需要克服文化的狭隘性，后面又转折说“But，in fact，few attain this broader vision.（但是很少有人能打破这种局限）”。根据第四段可知，文化短视的现象不仅是因为惯性和习惯，主要的原因是它如此难以克服。为了生存，每个人需要掌握自己的文化感知取向、认知偏见和交际习惯。但一旦掌握，对这些就很难客观评估了，这是因为被评估的机制同时需要做出评估。所以答案为C。

24.A。细节题。根据文章第二段“Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors，or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures，both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.”可知，individual neurosis和collective neurosis可能防止与别人交流，与A选项说法一致。所以答案为A。

25.D。主旨题。文章主要讲的是文化短视，这主要是由于一种根深蒂固的集体神经症导致的，所以答案为D。

Passage 6

26.B。细节题。根据文章第二段第三句“Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally，in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.”可知，关于如何抵抗疾病的信息被传递到免疫系统的各个部位，这个过程由基因信息在细胞间传递而自然实现。所以答案为B。

27.D。推理题。此题可定位于第三段，且第三、四段的主题就是使用疫苗可能会带来负面效果，因此选项D“使用疫苗可能会带来负面结果”为正确选项。而选项A“疫苗对付疾病所使用的方法”，选项B“疫苗在于消除某些疾病的有效性”和选项C“疫苗的实际使用以控制传染病”都不是这个举证所谈论的观点。

28.D。推理题。此题可定位于第二、三段，第二段最后一句说“可以肯定，万一该病人以后再碰上这类病毒，他的身体已全副武装并且训练有素，足以对付这一现实问题，因为已经有经验了。”第三段前两句说“但是整个过程还有隐患。有时，即使疫苗中含有的病菌是弱化了的菌种，人体也接受不了，导致免疫系统失效，以致病人死亡。”由此可见，疫苗具有两面性，所以D项“许多生命被挽救的同时，也有生命因此而死亡”正确。

29.B。归纳总结题。根据全文可知，只有B选项能概括说明文章的中心。而选项A“天花疫苗”，漏掉了关于接种疫苗的过程，是对中心的部分概括。选项C“接种所用的原理”，这是第二段的话题。选项D“需要警惕的、有负面影响的疫苗”只涉及最后两段。

30.B。归纳总结题。综观全文可知，本文的中心讲的是免疫系统可以得到特殊的训练以应对疾病的较弱形式，以及疫苗有时会存在一些危险，因此选项B为正确选项。而选项A“疫苗使用不安全”，选项C“这将需要广泛的疫苗接种情况”和选项D“以天花疫苗为例说明目前疫苗被使用的方式”都不能说明原文的主题。所以选B。

Model Test 4

Passage 1

1.D。细节题。由关键词dieting可定位到原文第一段，此段提到节食的作用，由此段中的“Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthylosing weight too fast can cause great health problemsAs a result，they lose health as well as weight.”可知，节食不当可引起健康问题。选项D认为节食必定会引发严重的健康问题，这种说法过于绝对，因而不正确。

2.B。细节题。由关键词workout可定位到第二段中的“Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that”，第五段中的“You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities，like swimming，cycling，walking，running，or in line skating.”，文章最后一段的“While weight training will firm and shape your body”，由此可确定B是正确答案。

3.A。细节题。通读四个选项可知，本题考查考生对muscle-building的理解，第四段提到“Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups—for example，chest and biceps，or back，shoulders and triceps.”，由此可确定A正确。

4.C。细节题。倒数第三段讲到“As you build muscle，you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise.Don’t worry.It’s probably muscle，which is denser than fat.And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue.”，由此可确定A和B正确。文章的最后一段讲到“While weight training will firm and shape your body，it has other benefits too.”，由此可知D正确。用排除法可确定答案为C。

5.D。推理题。文章的第四段提到“For a proper body-shaping routine，you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights.”，最后一段提到“While weight training will firm and shape your body，it has other benefits too.It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories，leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.”，这两处分别讲述力量训练的好处，由此可判断出D正确。

Passage 2

6.B。细节题。第二段提到“would have you believe that milk causes heart disease，cancer，infections，asthma，allergies and tuberculosis”，喝牛奶可引起心脏病、癌症、传染病、哮喘、过敏以及肺结核。倒数第二段指出“Denmark，Norway and Sweden consume lots of milk and also suffer high rates of breast cancer”，喝牛奶也可能患乳腺癌。综上可知B项正确。

7.D。推理题。通读全文可知，作者对牛奶有毒这一论点持质疑的态度，本文的最后一句提到“But I keep coming back to the mainstream nutritionists，who emphasize a balanced diet and advise moderation in all things.”作者引用主流营养学家的观点：平衡饮食并适度调节饮食结构，由此可推断出作者建议理智地饮用牛奶，故D项正确。

8.D。推理题。由最后一段的“The ADC feels that milk is the root of most human maladies（疾病），but I can point to other single-issue obsessiveI often learn something by examining their claims.”可知，作者与ADC的观点截然相反，故D项正确。

9.C。细节题。根据关键词lactose intolerance可找到倒数第二段的对应原句“And lactase tablets（乳糖分解酵素片）can make dairy products digestible even in severe cases.”，由此可知C项正确。

10.A。推理题。本题考查考生对作者的评价，通读全文以及根据作者对ADC观点的反驳，可判断出作者是耿直的人，选项A“无偏见的人”符合题意。B项“固执己见的人”；C项“世俗的人”；D项“聪明但奇怪的人”。

Passage 3

11.A。细节题。文章最后两句提到：只要嘴唇不因为恐惧和紧张而颤抖，那么保持嘴唇不动可能会压抑情感反应。然而，当保持嘴唇不动的情感更强烈并涉及强烈的肌肉紧绷时，面部反馈或许会强化情感反应。由此可知A选项（首先压制紧张，然后强化压力）最符合文意。

12.D。推理题。文章第一段的主旨在于说明某些表情具有普适的意义，例如微笑被普遍视为友好和赞同的意思，相反，“带着敌意咬牙”则被普遍视为愤怒的表达，文章接下来的两段也正是在说明某些表情的普适意义。由此可知D选项（提供一个面部表情具有普适意义的例子）正确。

13.B。细节题。联系上下文意可知画线处的意思是指：当佛尔人处于这些会引发最基本情感反应的相同境况时，他们也会做出相似的面部表情。由此可知，文章是想说明某些面部表情具有普适意义。故B选项符合文意。

14.A。细节题。文章第三段结尾处引用达尔文的话说：“通过外在形式对情感的自由表达会加强这种情感。相反，对外在表达的压抑会尽可能地缓解我们的情感。”文章后半部分正是在介绍面部表情反应对情感的反作用。由此可知，A选项（它们会变得不太强烈）符合文意。

15.C。细节题。文章第四段介绍了用来证实“面部反馈假说”的实验，实验表明微笑的人会把卡通画面看作更积极的反应，而相反，皱眉的人会把卡通画面看得更具有侵犯性。因此C选项符合文意。

Passage 4

16.A。细节题。从第二段第一句话“Chlorine must be regularly replenished”以及“The pH ratio must be regularly monitored to ensure a consistent optimum”可知正确答案是A。

17.D。目的题。纵观全文，第一段介绍了氯气杀毒的工作原理，第二段介绍了氯气能让泳池的pH值保持在理想的状态，最后介绍了同其他杀毒剂相比，氯气的消毒效果最好。作者的目的是向人们展示氯气能保持泳池的清洁。因此D为正确答案。

18.A。排除题。文章说人们在游泳的时候很有可能呛水，因而可能会感染严重的疾病，氯气的消毒作用使人们不必担心这个问题，它对人体是无害的，所以选项A的表述错误，答案选A。

19.A。推理题。这里首先提到人类眼泪的pH值，然后说到要让泳池的pH值保持在7～8这个范围内，说明人类眼泪的pH值是一种参考，故答案选A。

20.B。排除题。A选项可以在第二段中第8～10行找到依据；C选项“氯气通常被认为有臭味”能在第二段找到依据；D选项“泳池的氯气含量必须定期检测”的依据也在第二段。B选项“氯气是由次氯酸和次氯酸离子构成的”，从第一段的“These chemicals，especially hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite”可以看出，这两种成分只是氯气的组成部分，氯气不只包含这两种成分，所以B选项错误，故本题答案为B。

Passage 5

21.A。指代题。根据第一段的“Women can graduate from the precarious balancing act between parenting and pursuit of a career.”可知，妇女不断在追求事业和养育孩子之间权衡挣扎，由此判断A正确。

22.C。词汇题。根据关键词找到第一段的对应原句“What I didn’t see coming was the boomerang.”，boomerang原意是指“飞去来器，回力棒”，在这里是比喻意义，由此可知C正确。

23.B。主旨题。“When that call came to me，I froze.The shock plunges you into a whirlpool of fear，denial，and feverish actionYou call your brother or sister，hoping for help.”，由此可知，这种呼吁让人感到痛苦，故B正确。A项invigorating“爽快的”；B项 distressing“使痛苦的”；C项refreshing“提神的”；D项confusing“混乱的”。

24.D。细节题。根据关键词brother or sister可找到第四段的对应原句“You call your brother or sister，hoping for help.Old rivalries flare up.”，你给你的兄弟姐妹打电话，希望他们伸出援手。从前的对手（指兄弟姐妹）又开始剑拔弩张。根据上下文可知D项正确。

25.D。推断题。根据关键词sibling可找到第五段的对应原句“We’d like to think that siblings would be natural allies when parents falter.”，由此可知作者认为兄弟姐妹会轮流照顾父母。

Passage 6

26.D。细节事实题。题干关键词had long blamed animal research与原文第三段首句中的only criticism of animal research对应，据此定位。原句中的antivivisection groups与选项D一致，故答案为D。

27.A。细节推理题。根据题干关键词change定位到原文第三段尾句。原句中的recognition与选项A中的reconsideration对应。故答案为A。

28.B。细节推理题。根据题干关键词new guidelines定位到原文第四段首句。原句中的improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments与选项B对应。故答案为B。

29.C。细节推理题。根据题干关键词UK’s NC3Rs定位到原文第六段。原文提及the UK’s NC3Rs是为了解释第六段首句提出的问题。首句中的reveal与选项C中的involves对应，serious与选项C中的serious重现，shortcomings与选项C中的problems对应。故答案为C。

30.A。细节推理题。根据题干关键词systematic reviews定位到原文第七段尾句。原句中的rarely undertaken，the lack of information published与选项A对应。故答案为A。