Section C Reading in Depth
Read the following three passages carefully and then do the exercises below.
PASSAGE 1
In the past two decades care for mental distress in such emergencies， whether wrought by conflict or natural calamity， has become an immediate priority—on a par with shelter and food. And what has been learnt from disasters has inspired new， pare⁃down mental⁃health care models that can be deployed quickly to help lots of people， because people wake up to the huge scale of mental⁃health problems and the shortage of specialists to treat them. “We used to assume that people need professional counseling，” says one expert in post⁃disaster care.But it turned out this was not so.Rates of mental⁃health problems usually doubled after a calamity， but few people needed a psychiatrist （精神科医生）. Most got better with simple，appropriate help that anyone could provide. Known as “psychological first aid”， it is something that can be taught in a matter of hours. Trainees are taught to notice people in distress， to provide the right kind of emotional support， and to avoid common mistakes such as pressing sufferers to recount stressful events.
Talk therapy， which the World Health Organization recommends as a first line of treatment for mild⁃to⁃moderate depression and anxiety， which affect 15% 20% of people in any given year， can be delegated to non⁃specialists—a concept known as “task⁃shifting”，which was “born out of necessity”， says Peter of a UN's refugee agency. When psychiatrists are too few， he says， it is best that they work with those most in need， such as the suicidal.
England is a test case for standardized talk⁃therapy.It has rapidly expanded access to it by training thousands of new therapists to provide a uniform bundle of sessions. Graduates of the scheme typically provide cognitive⁃behavioral therapy （CBT）. This involves teaching people to spot the real⁃world situations that set off their negative thoughts， fears and anxieties， and suggesting concrete steps for dealing with them. Half of those who complete two or more therapy sessions for depression or anxiety recover （though some would have anyway）. In 2005 in Zimbabwe's capital， Harare， the bulldozing （爆破） of slums that voted for the opposition left 700， 000 people homeless. Many were also viciously beaten by the police. At the time， the whole country had five psychiatrists for its 13m people. So elderly women already known for some kind of community work in aspects of CBT were trained to talk to people troubled by depression and anxiety via sitting on “friendship⁃benches” installed in health centers' courtyard. A study in 2017 found that friendship⁃bench grandmothers， of whom over 400 were trained， treated over 30， 000.
Such models are not without drawbacks， in some experts' eyes. Trainees are taught a set of structured session to use for everyone. Some may simply parrot the phrases in the manual.Where psychiatrists are too few， patchy supervision of new trainees can fail to weed out problems that lead to poor quality. The other experts see things differently. They hold that talk therapy ensure that patients get the care they are supposed to get—just as they would with any form of medical treatment. “The alternative is a bit of a Wild West，” said one professor of the University of Toronto. Plenty of evidence shows that， with proper supervision， trained amateurs do a good job.
In some developing countries the mental⁃health care models spawned by disaster relief are adopted by primary health⁃care systems. In an Indonesian province devastated by a tsunami in 2004， the first cohort who were trained by relief organizations are now established at health centers， whizzing around on motorcycles to check on patients at home. Disasters also set off an expansion of mental⁃health care in Sri Lanka， Nepal and Philippines. In rich countries， the need is less dire. But mental⁃health care is often underfunded and less than a third of those needing it get it. These countries may not be facing humanitarian disasters， but the needs have been acute enough to spur a search for ideas beyond their own borders.
1. What could be possible reasons in urgent need of mental non⁃specialists EXCEPT________？
A. shortage of professionals
B. lack of funds for mental⁃health care
C. huge scale of mental problems especially after a disaster
D. people's weaker anti⁃pressure ability than before
2. What do we learn about talk therapy？
A. Talk therapy is an expensive but practical way to bring relief to sufferers.
B. Talk therapy can be an alternative treatment for not severe mental problems.
C. Talk therapists can also provide medication.
D. Talk therapy can treat severe depression and anxiety.
3. What does the sentence “The alternative is a bit of a Wild West…” （Line 6， Para. 4）mean？
A. Non⁃specialists can offer timely help.
B. Talk therapy may be a little imperfect.
C. Talk therapy may be kind of wild.
D. Talk therapy may be rough but practical.
4. Which of the following behaviors can NOT be regarded as a proper talk therapy？
A. Let victims retell what they have just gone through.
B. Keep an eye on those in sufferings and offer suitable emotional aids.
C. Help victims figure out the real situations and adopt active steps.
D. Keep sufferers company along with comforting words.
5. What is the passage mainly about？
A. Mental⁃health problems are the universal issue which cannot be ignored.
B. Mental⁃health care is as important as housing and food.
C. Trained amateurs can alleviate the pressure of shortage of psychological specialists to some degree.
D. Developing countries are in greater need of more mental⁃health care than developed countries.
PASSAGE 2
A robot called Tom that map weeds with “absolute precision” is being trialed on a National Trust farm.
Wimpole Estate in Cambridgeshire will use the battery⁃powered prototype from Salisbury four times during the growing season. Wimpole Estate is a 1，500⁃acre （600 hectares） organic farm， growing wheat， rye， oats and barley.
Tom has two downward⁃facing cameras， as well as sensors to detect obstacles， monitor the field and map every square centimetre. The prototype weighs 150 kg （23 stone） and compacts the soil far less than a seven tonne （1，100 stone） tractor.
Farm manager Callum Weir said Tom helped save on fuel and fertilizer， as well as benefiting the environment. Mr. Weir said： “The beauty of the robot is that it gives me absolute precision. This robot can map every centimetre of the field and give me recommendations for different parts of the field.” It can map 50 acres （20 hectares） a day and has a four⁃hour battery life. The National Trust has demonstrated it to some of its 1，700 tenant farmers.
Tom is one of the three robots being developed by the Hampshire⁃based Small Robot Company. It gathers data which it downloads for analysis， and the fields are then hand⁃hoed to remove the weeds.
Dick， which the National Trust plans to trial next year， destroys weeds using an electrical charge， while Harry is used for precision planting.
Rob Macklin， the trust's head of farming and soils， said： “Technology needs to play a big part in solving many of the issues we currently face in farming， particularly improving soil health and carbon sequestration （碳隔离）， reducing our reliance on fossil fuel power and fertilizers and avoiding the adverse impacts of synthetic chemicals on the environment.”
The Small Robot Company hopes to make Tom and Dick available commercially in 2021.Ben Scott⁃Robinson， co⁃founder of the Small Robot Company， said “We're about to see a massive influx （涌入） of commercial robots in the consumer domain. The time is ripe to devise a set of rules about how to interact with robots in the future.” The new blueprints include rules as the human user will always have ultimate control； a user is responsible if the robot goes wrong. But one of the rules hints at the potential need to give the robots themselves some rights： a robot has the right to react if it believes an interactor is behaving maliciously. Mr. Scott⁃Robinson said： “It is the same as if someone maliciously interferes with your car then the alarm goes off. If someone picks up or kicks a robot when it is going about its daily work， then the robot should be able to collect information about who is doing it and tell its user.”
1. Tom has the following advantages over the traditional farming except that________.
A. it compacts the soil far less than a tractor for its lightness
B. it can map the weed very precisely
C. it gives recommendations for different parts of the field to the farmer
D. it works more efficiently than tractor
2. The word “prototype” in the passage （Line 1， Para.2） is closest in meaning to________.
A. the best type of farming robot
B. the first form of farming robot
C. the improved version of farming robot
D. the final version of farming robot
3. What are the specific jobs for Tom， Dick and Harry respectively？
A. Mapping weed， destroying weed and planting precisely.
B. Destroying weed， planting precisely and mapping weed.
C. Mapping weed， planting precisely and destroying weed.
D. Planting precisely， destroying weed and mapping weed.
4. What is the main purpose of Para. 7？
A. To point out the current problems of the farming robots.
B. To illustrate why farming is in a difficult situation.
C. To distinguish the farming problems from the technology problems.
D. To emphasize the importance of farming robots in solving the farming problems.
5. Which title is the most appropriate one for the passage？
A. The Life Story of Robots
B. The Future of Farming Industry
C. A Promising Option for Farming⁃robots
D. Farming Robots Are Environmentally Friendly
PASSAGE 3
A study has suggested that bathroom is quite a tricky spot from a hygiene point of view.What unexpected dangers lurk in your bathroom？
First， the dangers posed by rubber ducks and other bath toys. Randomly⁃selected 19 bath toys were studied and discovered that fungi had been identified in 58% of them. A man who supervised the study advised against squirting water from the duck into a child's face as he said it could potentially lead to “eye， ear or even gastrointestinal infections”.
Secondly， Children' bath seats. How do you bathe a newborn baby？ Parents know that their precious child is too small to sit in a normal tub of water and so they use baby seats to keep them on the surface. However， the seats do not provide 100% protection. Bath seats provide a false sense of security because babies can drown in only a few centimetres of water.Things can happen in seconds and it only takes a phone call or for somebody to come to the door to distract a parent. It is important to keep the baby within arm's reach at all times as if they slide down into the water， they haven't got the motor skills to right themselves.Obviously this would happen silently and you won't hear them if they slip into the water.
Thirdly， scalding. Imagine the scene—the alarm goes off at some unearthly hour and you stumble into the bathroom half asleep. You turn on the shower but don't check the temperature before you step underneath the jets of water. Being burned or scalded by water which is too hot is a risk for both adults and children.It is advisable that people put cold water into a bath first for kids. That way you are not risking a tub full of hot water with children around. There is the potential that if you put hot water in first， that they could come into contact with it， whereas if you put cold in first and then mix the hot in， you are not going to get to a temperature where they are going to burn themselves.
Fourthly， soap. The idea of a bar of soap is to clean your hands and body—so it would be the last place you would imagine germs to be. However， you would be wrong. Bacteria can sit on soap and move from person to person. If someone from outside the family grouping has a new bug or one of the family members picks up a bug， then the bathroom is an ideal place for it to reside and spread to the rest of the family. It is suggested that using a soap dispenser may be a better option than a bar of soap for the home.
Fifthly， towels. A nice plump towel， perhaps being warmed by a radiator or heated towel rail， is a lovely thing to dry your hands or face on during the day. “Towels are quite dodgy things，” Prof Oxford said. “You should never ever share a towel—I would advise against that.” It is common to have one hand towel in a downstairs bathroom／toilet that is used by visiting friends and family， as well as the people who live there. However， “That is best avoided. Germs can sit on a towel for hours. In fact a towel is rather a good spot for them to be sitting as it's in a slightly damp atmosphere. I'd advise using a few paper towels to throw in the bin， or individual towels.”
The last is slippery surfaces. Falls in the bathroom are an obvious hazard， with the combination of soap， gel and water making the floor very slippery. People can often suffer broken bones，bruises，cuts and even dislocations getting in and out of the bath or shower，or fall on a wet bathroom floor. To try to avoid this， people are advised to use bath mats on the floor， anti⁃slip mats in baths and showers and to wash out the tub after use，if they have been using any gels or body oils.
1. What does “scalded” mean in the underlined sentence “Being burned or scalded by water which is too hot is a risk for both adults and children.”（Line 3， Para. 4）？
A. Choked. B. Injured. C. Burned D. Wounded.
2. Bathroom could be a hazardous place if you________.
A. let visitors use your hand towel as a sign of intimacy and hospitality
B. use non⁃slip mats
C. are more concerned with the quality of bath toys
D. keep a close eye on your kid in the bath water
3. The following things are infectious EXCEPT________.
A. germ B. gel C. fungi D. bug
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true？
A. Using liquid soap is more wholesome than using a bar of soap to wash hands.
B. When bathing a kid， parents had better put cold water in first just in case.
C. Germs can easily reside in a humid environment.
D. Children's bath seats are forbidden for fear of their insecurity.
5. Which of the following statements CANNOT be inferred from the passage？
A. Kids' health concerns well⁃being of the family.
B. Paying attention to hygiene matters a lot in our daily life.
C. Details determine success or failure.
D. Caution is the parent of safety.