Section 3 Medical Literature 第三部分 医学文献
Part 1.
The names of most of the nearly 700 skeletal muscles are based on several types of characteristics.Learning the terms used to indicate specific characteristics will help you remember the names of muscles.
(1)Muscle names may indicate the direction of the muscle fibers.Rectusfibers1) usually run parallel to the midline of the body.Transversefibers run perpendicular to the midline of the body.Oblique fibers are diagonal2) to the midline.Muscles named according to directions of fibers include the rectus abdominis,transversus abdominis,and external oblique3).
(2)A muscle may be named according to location.The temporalis is near the temporal bone.The tibialis anterior is near the front of the tibia.
(3)Size is another characteristics.The term maximus means largest，minimus smallest，longus long，and brevis short.Examples include the gluteus maximus，gluteus minimus,adductor longus4),and peroneus brevis5).
(4)Some muscles are named for their number of origins.The biceps-brachii has two origins，the triceps brachii three，and the quadriceps four.
(5)Muscles may be named after their origin and insertion.The sternocleidomastoid6) originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts at the mastoid process of the temporal bone; the stylohyoid7) originates on the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts at the hyoidbone.
注释：
1）rectusfibers［ˌrektəsˈfaibəz］直肌纤维
2）diagonal［daiˈægənl］对角线的，斜的
3）external oblique 外斜肌
4）adductor longus 长收肌
5）peroneus brevis 腓骨短肌
6）sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突的
7）stylohyoid 茎突舌骨肌
Part 2.
Title:Mesenchymal stem cells1)(MSCs)in osteobiology2) and applied bone regeneration(https://www.daowen.com)
Content:
(1)Bone marrow contains a population of rare progenitor cells capable of differentiating into bone，cartilage，muscle，tendon，and other connective tissues.
(2)These cells,referred to as MSCs,can be purified and culture expanded from animals and humans.
(3)This review summarizes recent experimentation focused on characterizing the cellular aspects of osteogenic differentiation,and exploration of the potential for using autologous stem cell therapy to augment bone repair and regeneration.
(4)The authors have completed an array of preclinical studies showing the feasibility and efficacy of MSC based implants to heal large osseous defects.
(5)After confirming that syngeneic rat MSCs could heal a critical size segmental defect in the femur，it was established that human MSCs form bone of considerable mechanical integrity when implanted in and osseous defect in an immunocompromised animal.
(6)Furthermore,bone repair studies in dogs verify that the technology is transferable to large animals,and that the application of this technology to patients at geographically remote sites is feasible.
(7)These studies suggest that by combing MSCs with an appropriate delivery vehicle，it may be possible to offer patients new therapeutic options.
注释：
1）mesenchymal stem cells 间充质干细胞
2）osteobiology 骨生物学
Part 3.
In the musculoskeletal system，disorders of the soft tissues(muscles，tendons，ligaments，fascia，capsules，etc.)are often considered separately from those of the hard tissues(bone and cartilage).Indeed’ soft tissue rheumatism’ is a term frequently applied to miscellaneous1) disorders causing musculoskeletal pain arising from structures outside the joint,such as bursae2),tendons,ligaments and muscles.‘Fibromyalgia3)’ is also sometimes included under this heading，but will be considered separately in other chapter.Upper limb pain in general,and shoulder pain in particular,is commonly due to disease of these soft tissues.Careful history-taking often provides a provisional diagnosis.Different age groups suffer different pathogens.Physical examination should be both general and directed towards the most likely diagnoses.Specific investigations,some of them expensive,should be used thoughtfully,and not in shotgun fashion.Multiple modalities of treatment should be considered and may be employed simultaneously.These include rest，physical modalities，such as ice and heat,physiotherapy,specific exercise programmes(including stretching and strengthening),and both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication4) and corticosteroids by injection.Surgery is sometimes the definitive treatment，and in appropriate cases should not be delayed unduly.
This chapter uses rotator cuff pathology(tendonitis,impingement and tear)as a model for discussing soft tissue disorders，and reviews normal shoulder anatomy and function.Common soft tissue conditions of the elbow are also briefly considered.
注释：
1）miscellaneous 混杂的，各种各样的
2）bursae 滑囊，黏液囊（brusa的复数）
3）fibromyalgia 纤维肌痛，纤维组织肌痛
4）non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication 非甾体消炎药