English Writing Course for Medical Articles Includ...
SCI简介
SCI 即 Science Citation Index（科学引文索引），由美国著名情报学家和科学计量学家Eugene Garfield创建的科学情报研究所（Institute for Scientific Information，ISI）于1960年编辑出版。
SCI是国际公认的、被广泛使用的科学引文数据库和科技文献检索工具。SCI数据库已经成为当代世界最重要的大型数据库，位列国际著名检索系统之首。SCI论文（即SCI收录期刊发表的论文）发表的数量和质量，是对科研机构或研究者科研水平进行评估的一项依据。
影响因子（impact factor，IF）是指某一期刊的文章在特定年份被引用的频率，是衡量一个SCI收录期刊影响力及学术地位的重要参考指标。影响因子=某期刊前2年发表论文在统计当年被引用的总次数÷该刊前2年发表论文总数。例如：2018年Cell的影响因子是36.2，表明该刊在2017和2016年刊载的论文在2018年平均被引用36.2次。
SCI医学论文的特点与写作要素
通常来说，SCI论文主要包含以下部分：题目和作者（Title and Authors）、摘要（Abstract）、引言（Introduction）、材料与方法（Materials and Methods）、结果（Results）以及讨论（Discussion）。然而根据不同杂志的具体要求，论文正文各部分的顺序可能会有所不同，但最常见的两种写作顺序是IMRaD（即引言、材料与方法、结果、讨论）和IRDaM（即引言、结果、讨论、材料与方法）。对于临床研究论文而言，可能会以“病人与方法（Patients and Methods）”取代“材料与方法（Materials and Methods）”部分。
我们依据IMRaD这种最常见的论文写作顺序，阐述医学SCI论文的各部分写作要素。
1 摘要（Abstract）
1.1 摘要的功能及写作原则
摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其他重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。
摘要的基本写作原则如下：
（1）应体现该研究的主要目的和范围、主要方法及主要结果。
（2）摘要通常为一个段落，具有内容和结构的完整性。
（3）摘要中各部分时态也与其在论文全文中的基本时态一致。
（4）作为摘要“依附物”的关键词通常与摘要同时论述。多数SCI收录的医学杂志要求作者提供5个左右的关键词。关键词应选用最符合论文主旨和要点的词汇。
1.2 范文示例［1］
Background:Electro-Acupuncture(EA)is used clinically for the treatment of constipation.Serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)plays an i mportant role in colonic motility; however it is unknown whether alterations in colonic 5-HT are associated with EA.In this study，the effect and mechanism of EA at acupuncture points LI11 and ST37 were examined using a cold saline-induced rat model of constipation.
Methods:A rat constipation model was induced by cold saline gavage in 24 Sprague-Dawley rats.A further six rats were included as a Control group.The constipated rats were divided into four groups(n=6 each):a Constipation group that remained untreated；a Constipation+LI11 group that received EA at L11；a Constipation +ST37 groups that received EA at ST37；and a constipation+LI11+ST37 group that received EA at both LI11 and ST37.After EA treatment，faecal water content，defaecation frequency，and gastrointestinal(GI)transit were measured，as well as the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase(TPH)in colonic tissues(by Western blot analysis)and 5-HT in both faeces and colonic tissues(by ELISA).
Results:All three EA-treated groups demonstrated significant improvements in faecal water content，defaecation frequency and Gl transit(P＜0.05).In addition，TPH and 5-HT expression were both increased by EA at LI11 and/or ST37(p＜0.05).There were no significant differences between the three EA groups for any outcomes.
Conclusions:EA at LI11 and/or ST37 had a positive effect on objective markers of constipation in a rat model.In addition，EA increased 5-HT and TPH in the colonic tissues.
［1］Xianwei Zhu，Zhibin Liu，Hongyan Qu，et al.The effect and mechanism of electroacupuncture at LI11 and ST37 on constipation in a rat model［J］.Acupuncture in Medicine，2016.34:194-200.
1.3 常用句型总结
1.3.1 Abstract（阐述背景）
（1）...is（are）essential for...……对……至关重要
用于介绍某事物或过程的重要性。
The liver-expressed microRNA-122(miR-122)is essential for hepatitis C virus(HCV)RNA accumulation in liver cells.
肝脏表达的microRNA-122对丙肝病毒RNA在肝细胞中的扩增至关重要。
（2）...have（has）/play（s）a（n）...role in...……在……中起……作用
用于说明某事物的地位和作用。
The actin cytoskeleton has an important role in the organization and function of the immune synapse during antigen recognition.
在抗原识别过程中，肌动蛋白骨架对免疫突触的结构和功能都起着非常重要的作用。
(3)However/Whereas...remain(s)unexplored/unclear
...is(are)largely unknown
...is(are)poorly understood
然而，我们对……知之甚少/仍然不清楚
用于引出研究领域中的未知问题，实现从已知向未知的过渡。
However，its effectors are poorly understood.
然而，我们对它的效应分子尚不了解。
（4）To determine.../To test the hypothesis，...为确定……/为了验证这个假设……
用于表述研究目的。
To test this hypothesis，we disrupted the FGFR2 gene in two strains of mice.
为了验证这个假设，我们阻断了两个品系小鼠的FGFR2基因。
1.3.2 Abstract（阐述方法）
（1）We determined/tested/measured/assessed...我们确定了/检测了/测量了/评估了……
Blood pressure，heart rate and weight were measured every 2 weeks.
每两周测量一次血压、心率和体重。
（2）…（was）were randomly divided/grouped/separated into… ……被随机分成/分组/分配到……
Three hours later，the animals were randomly divided into three groups.
3小时后，将这些动物随机分成3组。
1.3.3 Abstract（阐述结论）
These results/findings/data indicate that...这些结果/数据显示……
These results indicate that β-catenin is required for centrosome amplification，and mutations in β-catenin might contribute to the formation of abnormal centrosomes observed in cancers.
这些结果显示，β-catenin 是中心体扩增所必需的，并且显示β-catenin突变可能与在恶性肿瘤中观察到的异常中心体的形成有关。
1.4 练习题
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
（1）Although DNA factors are integrated during some reprogramming method，_____（尚不清楚）whether the genome remains unchanged at the single nucleotide level.
（2）_____（为了确定）functional role of YB1 in prostate cancer cell invasion，we silenced YB1 gene expression in PC3 cells.
（3）We_____（随机分配）11，140 patients with type 2 diabetes to undergo either standard glucose control or intensive glucose control.
（4）A total of 6602 HIV-1-negative individuals were enrolled in the_____（干预组）and 6124 in the_____（对照组）.
1.5 词汇拓展
Prefixes for numbers
练习参考答案
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
(1)it is unknown/unclear
(2)To determine
(3)randomly grouped
(4)intervention group；control group
2 引言（Introduction）
2.1 引言的功能及写作原则
引言（Introduction）是SCI论文正文的第一部分，引言首先为读者提供该研究的相关背景知识，指出论文研究的主要问题以及研究的立题依据。引言表明该研究与已有相关研究之间的联系，并初步阐明论文的创新性，并且强调该研究的现实意义和应用价值。引言能够使读者对研究内容有初步的了解。
引言的写作原则：
（1）引言应该是“倒三角”格式，从共性写到个性。从本研究领域的研究现状写到目前面临的研究热点及难点，再进一步论述本研究拟解决的科学问题。
（2）引言应通过评述目前重要的研究文献从而支撑论文的研究背景。因此本部分应引用最能体现本领域研究进展并且与论文立体依据密切相关的、最有代表性的研究文献。
（3）论文中专业术语的缩写应在首次使用时写出全称，并在括号内写出对应的缩写形式。例如：全称（缩写）。
2.2 范文示例［2］
Bortezomib is an effective therapy for patients with multiple myeloma(MM).However，more than one third of patients develop bortezomibinduced peripheral neuropathy(BIPN)，requiring dose reduction or treatment interruptions leading to adverse patient outcomes.In addition，BIPN can last for years after bortezomib discontinuation and have a significant negative impact on quality of life.BIPN usually presents as both sensory and motor neuropathies，such as paresthesia(tingling,burning sensation),hyperalgesia(increased sensitivity to noxious stimulation)or allodynia(pain that results from a normally innocuous stimulation)，distal sensory loss，and reduced deep tendon reflexes.The treatment for BIPN is mainly limited to pharmacological interventions such as opioids，gabapentin，and duloxetine.However，these medications often have limited effectiveness and undesirable adverse effects,creating the unmet need to explore complementary treatment options,Acupuncture,a traditional Chinese medical technique in which needles are inserted into certain points on the body.
［2］W.Iris Zhi，Evan Ingram，et al，Acupuncture for Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy:Not Just for Pain［J］.Integrative Cancer Therapies，2018.17(4):1079-1086.
2.3 常用句型总结
（1）It has been demonstrated that...已有研究表明……
用于介绍与本研究相关的研究，可用于文献综述部分。
It has been demonstrated that both vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia are more common in patients with type 2 diabetes.
已有研究表明血管性和阿尔兹海默性痴呆在2型糖尿病患者中更常见。
（2）A recent study（has）confirmed that...最近一项研究证实……
用于介绍与本研究相关的研究，可用于文献综述部分。
A recent study confirmed that cervical cancers contain a subpopulation of stem-like cancer cells expressing Oct4 protein.
最近一项研究证实，宫颈癌中存在一类表达Oct4蛋白的干细胞样癌细胞亚群。
（3）These findings have raised questions about...这些发现引发了以下疑问……
用于文献综述之后，实现从已知向未知的过渡，引出有待进一步研究的问题。
These findings have raised questions about how extensively sRNAs are used，what other cellular activities might be regulated by sRNAs，and what other mechanisms of action exist for sRNAs.
这些发现引发了以下疑问：sRNA的应用范围有多大，它们可能参与其他哪些细胞活动的调节，以及sRNA存在其他哪些功能机制。
（4）In this study，we asked whether...本研究中，我们提出的问题是……
用于引出本研究有待解决的问题。
Therefore,in this study,we asked whether distention of the lungs,oxygenation of the lungs,or occlusion of umbilical cord is the major cause of the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance that normally occurs at birth.
因此，本研究中，我们提出的问题是：肺扩张、肺氧合或脐带闭锁是否是胎儿出生时正常发生的肺循环血管阻力减小的主要原因。
...will（would）be an important step toward...……对……是至关重要的一步
用于介绍某研究/实验的重要性。
Therefore,development of a method to introduce siRNA into DCs would be an important step toward using siRNA therapeutically to suppress viral replication and/or to attenuate the vigorous host cytokine responses in dengue infection.
因此，如果要将siRNA治疗性地用于抑制登革病毒的复制和（或）减弱登革病毒感染引起的强烈的宿主细胞因子反应，研制一种能够将siRNA引入树突细胞的方法将是至关重要的一步。
（6）We/The results demonstrate here that...我们/实验结果证实……
用于介绍研究的结论。
We demonstrate here that normal and cancer cell populations experimentally induced into an EMT also exhibit an increased resistance to chemotherapy drug treatment.
我们证实，正常细胞和肿瘤细胞群通过实验诱导发生EMT后，都表现出对化疗药物耐药性的增强。（注：EMT即epithelial-mesenchymal transition，指上皮细胞间质转化）
2.4 练习题Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
（1）In solid tumors，_____（已有研究表明）tumor cells are able to form colonies in an in vitro clonogenic assay.
（2）These findings indicate that Thr48 and Ser61 phosphorylation_____（对……非常重要）nuclear translocation of Xbpls.
（3）Therefore，_____（我们着手研究……）alternative balancing mechanisms，whose induction must occur faster than transcriptional regulation.
（4）Reduced food intake_____（由于……）dietary restriction increases the lifespan of a wide variety of metazoans and delays the onset of multiple agerelated pathologies.
2.5 词汇拓展
Negative prefixes
练习参考答案
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
(1)It has been demonstrated that/researches have demonstrated that
(2)is crucial for(3)we set out to investigate(4)as a result of
3 材料与方法（Materials and Methods）
3.1 材料与方法的功能与写作原则
材料与方法的基本功能是通过对重要实验方法的详细描述，从而体现实验研究的可重复性。该部分是科研论文科学性的重要体现，也是研究者参考实验内容的重要依据。
材料与方法部分的写作原则：
（1）对实验研究技术方法的具体描述。
（2）实验结果部分不要在本部分内容中出现。
（3）以研究内容的相关性描述各主要实验。
（4）可以根据需要插入图和表，使有些实验环节的叙述更为方便和简洁。
3.2 范文示例［3］
Twelve adult horses［mean 16.9 y±5.7 y standard deviation(SD)old］with chronic laminitis from one geographical area were selected.Age，breed，gender，initial degree of lameness，and duration of lameness were recorded.All horses in this study had been suffering from chronic laminitis for several months.Referring veterinarians had confirmed a diagnosis via clinical examination and radiography more than a month before the study was performed.The etiology of laminitis was beyond the scope of this study but the owners suggested metabolic disorder(n=2),nutrition(n=2),mechanical failure improper shoeing(n=2),and unidentified reasons(n=6)as likely etiologies.The duration and cause of laminitis were not included in the analysis.A few horses were regularly receiving medications(e.g.Pergolide，Firocoxib)or supplements，and the owners were advised to maintain previous medicinal treatments during the study.Eight horses were using therapeutic shoeing，no further trimming/shoeing was advised during the study.This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and owners’ consent was obtained.
［3］Babak Faramarzi，Dongbin Lee，et.al.Response to acupuncture treatment in horses with chronic laminitis［J］.Can Vet J:2017.58(8):823-827.
3.3 常用句型总结
（1）...was（were）randomized into...……被随机分成……
...was（were）randomly divided into...……被随机分成……
Eighty-six patients were randomized into 2 groups.
86名病人被随机分成两组。
randomly表示“随机”，若表示“任意”分组，则用arbitrarily，
Ninety mice were arbitrarily divided into two groups.
90只小鼠被任意分为2组。
(2)...was(were)performed/conducted/cultured...as previously described.
按照文献所述做……实验。
We followed the protocol of...et al.for doing...
我们采用……等人所述的方法做了……
用于描述根据文献做实验。需要注意的是，“做实验”不能使用动词do，该单词不如perform和conduct正式，含义也不如这2个动词具体。
Mammosphere culture was performed as previously described.
按照文献所述进行乳腺微球培养。
(3)...(animals)were sacrificed according to standard protocols(to...)
……（动物）按照标准方法处死（用以……）。
Rats aged 1，2，12，18，and 24 months were sacrificed according to standard protocol.
1、2、12、18、24个月大的大鼠按照标准方法处死。
(4)All statistical analyses were performed using …
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0(SPSS Inc.，Chicago)
所有统计学分析都用SPSS13.0软件（伊利诺伊州芝加哥SPSS公司）完成。
3.4 练习题(https://www.daowen.com)
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
（1）After_____（用……洗涤）PBS，the sections_____（在……中孵育）10% goat serum（10 min at room temperature）to suppress any nonspecific binding.
（2）Exon-12 NPM1 mutations had been analyzed by direct sequencing，_____（如前述）（Falini B et al.NEJM 352：254-266，2005）.
（3）From 2000 to 2008，100 patients_____（60岁以上）with heart condition were retrospectively analyzed.
（4）Female recipient mice from each group_____（分别在第1，4，8，12周被处死）after transplantation for DNA extraction（n=6 for each time point）.
（5）Differences were considered_____（有统计学意义的）when P＜0.05.
3.5 词汇拓展
Suffixes and root for biochemistry
练习参考答案
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
(1)being washed with/washing in；were incubated in
(2)as previously described
(3)aged above 60
(4)were sacrificed at 1，4，8 and 12 weeks
(5)statistically significant
4 结果（Results）
4.1 结果的功能与写作原则
结果（Results）部分是科研论文的核心，为一篇论文科研成果的具体展示。结果部分上承材料与方法部分，结果为研究者得出重要科学结论并提出关键科学问题做铺垫。所以，结果部分既是科研论文研究意义的奠基石，又发挥承上启下的作用。
结果部分的写作原则：
（1）本部分可概述引言或者材料与方法部分出提到的要点，字数不宜过多。
（2）列出最能体现该研究内容的代表性数据。
（3）涉及阴性实验结果时应在讨论部分集中分析讨论。
（4）对实验结果的统计学意义进行表述时，避免使用诸如mostly和highly等程度副词修饰significant。
（5）尽量使用图表，以简化结果部分的文字描述。
4.2 范文示例［4］
There was no statistical difference between the sham and verum acupuncture groups on PSS-14 scores pretreatment.The mean pretreatment PSS-14 score was 34.4 in the sham group and 35.8 in the verum acupuncture group(t score=-1.2；P=0.25)；the median was 34 and 35，respectively.At 6 weeks both groups’ scores dropped to 23.5 or 31.7% for the sham group and 23.1 or 35.5% for the acupuncture group.By week 12，at the completion of the treatment phase，the sham group’s score was 20.6，a 40.1% decrease from the pretreatment score，and the acupuncture group’s score decreased to 19.4，a 45.8% decrease.The differences in the PSS-14 scores for the two groups were statistically significant at week 12(t score=2.2；P＜0.05).However，pre-and post-treatment effects for both groups were statistically significant.The Wilcoxon signed-rank test z-score was as 3.5(P＜0.001；n=25)for the sham group and 5.3(P＜0.001；n=37)for the acupuncture group(Fig.2).
Figure 2 Maintained stress reduction after intervention.
The decrease in stress level persisted after the completion of treatment.At 6 weeks post completion of the treatment，the sham and acupuncture groups had a mean score of 24.1(29.9%)and 20.8(41.9%)，respectively.At 12 weeks post completion of treatment，the mean score for the sham group was 26.2(23.8%)and that for the acupuncture group was 21.4，which is a 40.2% decrease in the perception of stress(Fig.3).The difference between verum acupuncture and sham acupuncture was 18.3%.
［4］Stefanie Schroeder，James Burnis，Antony Denton et al.Effectiveness of Acupuncture Therapy on Stress in a tLarge Urban College Population［J］.Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies，2017，10(3):165-170.
4.3 常用句型总结
（1）...increased/decreased by +百分比……增加/减少了……
...increased/decreased to +数量……增加/减少到……
这组句型用于定量描述数值的增加或减少。
1)Fetal blood pressure increased by approximately 10 mmHg(1.33 kPa)(20%)during maternal cortisol infusion.
母体皮质醇输入期间，胎儿血压增加了近10 mmHg（1.33kPa）（20%）。
2)The daily dose increased to 200 mg.
日服用量增加到200 mg。
（2）...was（were）+ 形容词或副词比较级 in group X than in group Y
Figure 3 PSS-14 scores over the study period.
X had+形容词或副词比较级修饰的名词 than Y
X组比Y组更……
用于对各组实验结果进行比较。
1)A reduction in both visceral and subcutaneous fat was greater in the experimental group than in the control group.
实验组的内脏和皮下脂肪减少多于对照组。
2)Gastric tumor tissue had a significantly higher level of IGF-IR expression than normal gastric tissue.
胃癌组织的IGF-IR表达水平显著高于正常胃组织。
（3）X was（were）5 times higher than Y.X是Y的5倍
用于描述两组数据的倍数关系。
X is 5 times higher than Y和X is 5 times as high as Y在意义上完全一样。
中文意思为“X是Y的5倍”，而不是“X比Y高5倍”。
（4）...ranged from...to...从……到……
...ranged between...and...介于……之间
用于描述数值的范围。
The duration of therapy ranged from nine to eighteen months.
治疗持续9到18个月。
X was(were)significantly different from Y in...
We observed a significant difference in...between X and Y
X与Y在……方面有显著差异。
X was(were)not significantly different from Y in...
There was no significant difference in...between X and Y
No significant difference was observed/found between X and Y
X与Y在……方面无显著差异。
用于描述统计分析结果。
1)A total of 2，871 genes were found to be significantly different(0.01 false discovery rate，FDR)in at least one tissue pair.
共2871个基因在至少一对的组织上有显著差异（0.01FDR）。
2)We observed significant differences in transposable element families across laboratory and wild-derived strains.
我们发现，实验系和野生系的转座子家族有显著差异。
3)Weight losses during the breaks were not significantly different from the control group.
实验组禁食期间体重减少与对照组相比无显著差异。
...In/By contrast...一种……相反，另一种……
...whereas...一种……而另一种……
用于2种情况或2个事实的对比，而不是语义的转折。使用时需注意的是，由于whereas是连词，因此可以连接2个句子。
In most cases，the conservation between E.coli and Salmonella was ＞85%，whereas that of the typical gene encoding an ORF was frequently＜70%.
大多数情况下，大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌间的保守性大于85%，而编码开放阅读框的典型基因的保守性常常小于70%。
4.4 练习题
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
（1）There was a（n）_____（负相关）between the expression of DINMT3A and the expression of Oct4.
（2）Sequencing analysis indicated that the four specific sequences amplified by PCR_____（与……一致）the designed sequences.
（3）The imaging duration_____（介于436s和689s之间）.
（4）Mean IgG urine concentrations in the group of workers exposed to mercury_____（比对照组高2.6倍）.
4.5 词汇拓展
Suffixes for disease
练习参考答案
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English
(1)negative correlation
(2)were consistent with
(3)ranged between 436s and 689s
(4)were 2.6 times higher than those in the control group
5 讨论（Discussion）
5.1 讨论的功能与写作原则
讨论（Discussion）是在对研究过程和研究结果进行评论的基础上对论文研究意义的精确提炼。本部分的作用在于能够让读者获得对论文研究意义的理性认识，更全面深刻地理解该研究领域已获得和未获得的研究成果。如果说摘要的好坏决定了能否吸引读者选择阅读该论文，那么讨论的成败则决定了相应杂志编辑或评阅人是否同意发表该论文。同时，讨论通常也是一篇论文中较难写的部分，它通常反映了论文作者对整篇论文乃至研究领域的整体把握能力。其中最常见的写作失误包括：对研究意义的评述不精确，往往词不达意，过多地罗列论文中出现的相关数据，对研究意义的表述过于简单。
讨论的写作原则：
（1）解答在引言部分提出的科学问题。
（2）论证实验结果并解释此结果如何与已发表的相关研究一致或相悖。
（3）清楚地表述由研究结果推导出的结论。
（4）与引言相反，讨论的写作应该是“从个性写到共性”，将研究的个体问题得出的结果联系到更大的研究范畴中去讨论，体现该研究的实际应用价值。
5.2 范文示例［5］
Although previous studies confirmed the efficacy and safety of acupuncture treatment at TE3 and TE5 for tinnitus，we found neither significant relief of tinnitus through the VAS within a 30-minute treatment session nor the changes of maximum and average temperatures of bilateral aural regions which suggested that the alleviation of tinnitus was not significant after one acupuncture session.Nearly all the previous studies had treatment courses ranging from 7 days to 5 weeks or longer and observed the significant relief of tinnitus via the VAS.Many patients with tinnitus have a chronic process，where treatments reduce the frequency or intensity of tinnitus progressively and slowly in most cases，indicating that only one acupuncture treatment session might be not enough to receive ideal efficacy.According to the study by Ma，both proximal and distal acupoints had significant efficacy for tinnitus，but the effective rate was a bit lower with distal acupoints compared with proximal acupoints，which might be another potential reason.As a matter of fact，on the basis of the acknowledged clinical efficacy of acupuncture for tinnitus already confirmed by two latest meta-analyses，the leading objective of our pilot study is to take the first step to find out the possible mechanisms of acupuncture in patients with tinnitus and ascertain the underlying etiological factors of tinnitus.
Only one previous study set temperature measurement as one of the efficacy assessment indicators，which applied acupuncture to trigger points(TrPs)locating on the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid as well as acupoints(both proximal and distal).The captured IRT images of TrPs before and after treatment indicated that the significant temperature changes of TrPs had association with the alleviation of tinnitus.Although the study drew a conclusion that TrPs may block cochlear blood flow to increase severity of tinnitus，the cochlear blood flow condition remained unknown.Hence，our pilot study was conducted to measure temperature changes of aural regions to monitor the cochlear blood flow condition.
In our study，most thermal images of ears showed that the highest temperature section in the whole aural region was 2×2 square centimeters around the auditory meatus，which was finally selected for temperature measurement.The main physiological structure behind the square region is the cochlea，which is the sensory organ of hearing，and the blood flow conditions in the cochlea are closely associated with temperature changes of the square regions monitored by IRT.Noticeably，we found that the temperature differentials(maximum minus minimum)of both sides that reduced significantly after acupuncture implied that the overall temperature of both sides fluctuated much less than before and proceeded to stabilization，which showed a more steady velocity and a more even distribution to capillaries of blood flow in the bilateral cochlea，thus reversing the cochlear blood flow dysfunction.As a result，the mechanisms of acupuncture for tinnitus are related to the improvement of bilateral cochlear blood flow dysfunction that was found to be one of the etiological factors of tinnitus.Even if only left，TE3 and TE5 were selected to treat left-sided tinnitus，the bilateral temperature differentials were decreased significantly，suggesting the improvement of cochlear blood flow disorders of both sides，which could be partly explained by the TCM distal end-trunk theory of meridian stimulating acupoints located on any unilateral limb will have bilateral effects on the trunk of the body including the head，face，chest，and abdomen.
When interpreting the findings，some limitations should be noted.First，the maximum and average temperatures of bilateral aural regions after treatment were slightly lower than before in most cases.This does not explain the trigger of high temperatures and infrared radiation tracking along meridians by acupuncture found in a previous study.The reason for this might be due to the fact that the IRT images were captured at only two time points(before and after acupuncture treatment)，making it difficult to get the information of continuous temperature fluctuation,or the
10-minute rest for participants to calm down before the first measurement was insufficient for the body temperature to stabilize.Second，the sample size was not large enough for significant results.
Owing to limitations in our study，we have planned another study with a large sample size to set a longer rest time for participants to make sure their body temperatures are stabilized before the first measurement.Then，we will capture IRT images of bilateral aural regions every two minutes to monitor the continuous thermal changes within the whole session.Owing to a lack of a method to quantify cochlear blood flow，we will also use the combination of IRT，the laser Doppler flowmeter，and the hemotachometer to determine the significant associations between changes of cochlear blood flow condition and the effects of acupuncture,aiming at finding out the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment for tinnitus.
［5］Wa Cai，Ai-Wen Chen，y，Lei Ding，Wei-Dong Shen.Thermal Effects of Acupuncture by the Infrared Thermography Test in Patients With Tinnitus［J］.Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies，2019.12(4):131-135.
5.3 常用句型总结
（1）This the only study to our knowledge to…据我们所知，这是……的唯一研究
This is the only study to our knowledge to profile miRNA expression in such large number of cancer cell lines.
据我们所知，这是在如此大量的癌细胞株中进行miRNA表达谱分析的唯一研究。
（2）These results suggest/show/indicate that...结果表明/显示……
These results suggest that Oct4 plays an important role in enhancing colony formation in cervical cancer cells.
结果表明Oc4 在增强宫颈癌细胞克隆形成能力中起着重要作用。
(3)We suggest two possible explanations of/for why...
我们对……提出两种可能，用于对结果进行解释。
We suggest two possible explanations of why extraction of oxygen from skeletal muscle was not further increased to minimize the oxygen deficit in the isoproterenol-treated dogs.
从骨骼肌中提取的氧没有进一步增加以缓解去甲肾上腺素处理后犬的氧缺乏，我们认为这一现象有两种可能的解释。
（4）The first evidence of...comes from...……的第一个证据来自……
The first evidence of involvement of miRNA in human cancer comes from molecular
studies characterizing the 13q14 deletion in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
miRNA与人类癌症相关的第一个证据来自以13q14缺失为特征的人类慢性淋巴细胞白血病的分子研究。
（5）The findings are further supported by...……进一步支持（我们的）研究结果
The findings are further supported by KYNA’s ability to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
KYNA调节先天免疫反应和后天免疫反应的能力进一步支持了研究结果。
（6）However，contrary to our hypothesis...但是，与我们的假设相反的是……
用于引出与假设不符的结果，进而对其进行解释。
However，contrary to our hypothesis，propranolol-treated subjects were able to maintain levels of oxygen uptake as great as those in placebo-treated subjects.
但是，与我们的假设相反的是，普萘洛尔治疗患者的氧摄取水平与使用安慰剂的患者相当。
5.4 练习题
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English.
（1）_____（我们报道了……的新方法）of isolating decision-making circuits and for relating broad scale circuit structure to the dynamic behavior of single cells.
（2）The steady-state levels of progerin in LmnanHG/+MEFs and tissues were lower，_____（对……提出一种可能的解释）the milder phenotypes.
（3）_____（对于……仍存在争议）the use of washed versus unwashed salvaged blood，as discussed.
（4）_____（我们的研究结果支持这种假说）of an underlying autoimmune pathomechanism underlying this rare disease.
（5）However，_____（与我们的假设相反），propranolol-treated subjects were able to maintain levels of oxygen uptake during maximal and submaximal exercise as great as those in placebo-treated subjects.
5.5 词汇拓展
Suffixes for surgery
练习参考答案
Fill in each blank by translating the expression in parentheses into English
(1)We report a novel method
(2)Suggesting a possible explanation for
(3)Some controversy exists regarding/as to
(4)Our findings support the hypothesis
(5)contrary to our hypothesis
6 致谢（Acknowledgement）
致谢的位置相对灵活，有的杂志将致谢放在参考文献前面，亦有杂志将致谢放在参考文献后面。无论放在什么位置，致谢部分都是论文作者对在研究过程中或在论文写作过程中得到过帮助、指导、赞助的单位及个人表示真挚的感谢。例如［6］：
Thanks to Dr Kingsley Agho，Dr Avinesh Pillai，Dr Haider Mannan and Mr Paul Fahey for their statistical advice，Dr Debra Betts，Ms Kate Roberts and Ms Serena Joe for their assistance with organising and delivering the trial intervention，Brendon Hooker and Julian Cloete for the use of the treatment space，all of the staff at NICM and all the women who participated in this study.
［6］Mike Armour，Hannah G.Dahlen，et.al.The role of treatment timing and mode of stimulation in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with acupuncture:An exploratory randomized controlled trial［J］.PLOS ONE，2017.12(7):e0180177.
7 参考文献（References）
参考文献是作者在研究过程中使用过、并在论文中引用过的相关文献，且与撰写论文研究内容密切相关。通常，综述性的文献被引用的最多，研究性论文次之，病例、个案报告等文献的引用则最少。
不同的杂志对参考文献的格式都有相应具体的要求，在撰写之前应找到具体某个杂志对文稿，包括对参考文献的具体要求，然后严格按照要求撰稿，列出适当数目的参考文献。EndNote文献编辑软件包括了大部分杂志的参考文献格式，应用End Note 软件编辑参考文献将会给杂志编辑和作者带来很大方便，因此建议作者应用该软件。但该软件在导出格式后偶尔也会出现参考文献格式不一致的情况，因此还需要仔细检验核对。以下是最常见的一种参考文献格式例子。
［1］Liu J，Qian C，Cao X.Post-Translational modification control of innate immunity［J］.Immunity，2016，45(1):15-30.
［2］Kato H，Takeuchi O，Sato S，et al.Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses［J］.Nature，2006，441(7089):101-105.
［3］Takeuchi O，Akira S.Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation［J］.Cell，2010，140(6):805-820.
［4］Wu J，Chen Z J.Innate immune sensing and signaling of cytosolic nucleic acids［J］.Annu Rev Immunol，2014，32:461-488.
［5］Machnicka M A，Milanowska K，Osman Oglou O，et al.MODOMICS:a database of RNA modification pathways-2013 update［J］.Nucleic Acids Res，2013，41(Database issue):D262-267.
本章节以上内容是SCI论文最主要的组成部分（注：本章节以上内容参考《英文SCI生物医学论文写作教程》；廖荣霞、陈敏、孙建国，《英文SCI生物医学论文写作教程》科学出版社，2012年）。然而在投稿时，不同杂志社对论文内容均有不同的要求。可根据相应杂志社要求来调整论文内容和行文结构顺序。