Further discussion on the issue
“Allwork and no play makes Jack a dull boy”，a popular proverb sums it all.Without a balanced approach towards education，a child will only have a lopsided perspective.From the age of the Enlightenment，the educational function of sports has been discussed by many reformers.From then on，sports have been used as ways to educate students for different purposes，but some common advantages are the key points thatmake sports a big role in education.
Making children active and agile：it is important to inculcate the habit of playing outside or develop a passion for sports thatwould ensure certain amount of physical exercises.
Developing mental abilities：In order to play any sports，togetherwith physical ability，it is also important to createmental faculties of the players.A child is taught to sharpen his problem-solving abilities，take instant decisions，and handle pressure situationswhile on the field.These skills are also important in personal life aswell，and help in developing the overall personality of a student.
Nurturing sportsmanship spirit：Sportsmanship spirit teaches to be fair and ethical in one's conduct，strives to have a winning attitude and even while being in the losing team，should be graceful in one's behavior.
Initiating team building：A person cannotwork in silo，it is essential for people towork together to create greater impact.When a child learns any sports，he is also taught the basics of being a team member and how amatch could bewon only through team collaboration.He is told that besides individual brilliance，team effort is also needed for success.
Notes：
1 Rugby School
Rugby School，a famous public（i.e.，fee-paying）school，was founded for boys in 1567 by Laurence Sheriff，a local resident，and was endowed with sundry estates，including Sheriff's own house.The school flourished under the headship of Thomas Arnold between 1828 and 1842 and became，under his rule，amodel of the British public school for following generations.It was the scene of Tom Brown's School Days（1857）by Thomas Hughes and the founding place of rugby football.
2 sixth formers（Sixth form）
In the education systems of England，Northern Ireland，Wales and some other Commonwealth countries，sixth form represents the final 1—3 years of secondary education（high school），where students（typically between 16 and 18 years of age）prepare for their A-level（or equivalent）examinations.
3 house system
The house system is a traditional feature of schools in England，originating in England.The practice has since spread to Commonwealth countries and the United States.The school is divided into subunits called“houses”and each student is allocated to one house at themoment of enrollment.Housesmay compete with one another at sports and maybe in other ways，thus providing a focus for group loyalty.
3-11 House System
4 Tom Brown's Schooldays
Tom Brown's Schooldays is an 1857 novel by Thomas Hughes.The story is set in the 1830s at Rugby School，a public school for boys.Hughes attended Rugby School from 1834 to 1842.The novel was originally published as being“by an Old Boy of Rugby”，and much of it is based on the author's experiences.Tom Brown is largely based on the author's brother George Hughes.
5 Tom Brown at Oxford
Tom Brown at Oxford is a novel by Thomas Hughes，first published in serial form in Macmillan's Magazine in 1859.Itwas published in two volumes in book form in 1861.It is a sequel to the better-known Tom Brown's Schooldays.The story follows the character of Tom Brown to fictional St Ambrose's College，Oxford.The novel offers a vivid impression of university life in themid nineteenth century.
6 British Em pire
3-12 Tom Brown’s Schooldays
The British Empire comprised the dominions，colonies，protectorates，mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries.At its height，itwas the largest empire in history and，for over a century，was the foremost global power.
7 International Olympic Comm ittee（IOC）
The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental sports organization based in Lausanne，Switzerland.Created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894，it is the authority responsible for organizing themodern Summer and Winter Olympic Games.
Practice for the unit
A.Blank filling
1.In the Age of Enlightenment，educators transformed the concept of education from______________________________________into_____________________________________________________.
2.The ideas of_______________________________________________ was included in sport by the 18th century.
3.Allen Guttmann's the key characteristics of the nature of modern sportare：____________，____________，__________________，__________________，_________________________，_________________________，_________________________.
4._________________________made sport became rationalized，specialized，organized，commercialized，and professionalized.
5.The attitude of the middle-class in both Britain and America toward sport had changed during the Industrial Revolution：sport could be_________________________________，rejuvenating labor，and________________.
6.The term“sport”in Old English is______________.It used tomean_________________________________.
7.Thomas Arnold realized that the great end and aim of education was_________________________________.
8.Muscular Christianity characterized by a belief in_________________________________，_________________________________，__________________________.
9.Pierre de Coubertin traveled to England and the United Stateswith the hope of______________________________________________.
10.Pierre de Coubertin，named the_______________________________，had a great effect on the development of____________________.
B.Short-answer questions
1.Please analyze the characteristic of modern sport for each description below.
a.Yao Ming plays the center in Houston Rockets.（ ）
b.Many Chinese people are crazy for Liu Xiang's 12.88 sec，a new world record of men's 110m hurdles.（ ）
c.American government announced that one college should found both men's and women's sport teams.（ ）
d.Basketball is played under the regulation of FIBA Rules.（ ）
2.Please list the big impact of urbanization on sports.
3.Coubertin's three expectations as a result of educational reform.
C.Critical thinking
1.Why the Industrial Revolution is said to give birth to modern sport？
2.Why Thomas Arnold's reform in Rugby School was the practice of Muscular Christianity idea？