Section C Reading in Depth
Read the following passages carefully and then finish the tasks below．
PASSAGE 1
Instagram is developing a new way for brands to sponsor posts created by celebrities and publishers．“Branded content advertisements，”as Instagram calls the new offering，are part of the service’s broader strategy to connect advertisers and creators in more formal partnerships．
The Facebook-owned platform announced the update at a breakfast Tuesday for businesses and“influencers”，the web celebrities who have built mass and niche followings on the platform．Until now，brands could hire popular Instagram users to work on advertisement campaigns and promote products with branded content，but the posts would only reach the followers of the influencer．Branded content advertisements let the advertisers promote these Instagram posts just like they would do through any other advertisements．
Instagram has been testing these advertisements since last year，says Ashley Yuki，an Instagram product management lead．“Brands are seeing that this branded content advertisement product sometimes helps overcome challenges they have with organic branded contents，”Yuki says．“They are exploring ways that brands can extend branded contents．”Representatives from Johnson＆Johnson，Peloton and Bombas also attended the Instagram breakfast to discuss the needs of the advertising community，like accurate measurements，so they can gauge the results of partnering with creators．
In 2017，Instagram released its first branded content tools to popular accounts promoting its products．It disturbed digital platforms for not disclosing the relationship to advertisers，which has been a regulatory problem．Instagram has a way for these creators to tag the brands and disclose when a post is sponsored．However，due to the branded content partnership program，a brand could not take that post from the creator and put advertisement dollars behind it to reach more people．
These partnerships have not been available to all Instagram users，either，but on Tuesday the company announced that anyone could apply to join the partner program．Instagram has more than 1 billion monthly active users．Influencer marketing on Instagram is expected to be a＄2 billion market in 2019，according to Mediakix，an influencer agency．The major platforms—YouTube，Twitter，Snapchat and Instagram—are developing ways to control the market that connects brands to their platforms’power-users．
The advertisement industry is demanding more vigilance on the part of the platforms to remove false activity and provide accurate measurements．If so-called influencers have fake followers and statistics，then a brand can’t have confidence in collaborating with them．
Oliver Yonchev，U．S．managing director of Social Chain，which works with brands like Amazon and DreamWorks on social influencer marketing，says that“when a brand spends money working with people whose engagement is being controlled，chances are everything else is being controlled．And this won’t produce results．”
1．What is the aim of the updated service Instagram is offering now？
A．To regulate celebrities’and creators’promoting．
B．To expand more users and influences of the platform．
C．To tie advertiser and publishers in more formal relationships．
D．To invite major businesses to have breakfast every Tuesday．
2．What are the influencers？
A．Advertisements which can reach all the users．
B．Sponsors who create posts for celebrities and publishers．
C．Major platforms，like YouTube，Twitter，Snapchat and Instagram．
D．Web celebrities who have set up fame on the social media．
3．Owing to the current digital platform regulations，what should an online platform abide by？
A．It should help advertising creators to tag the brands．
B．It should reveal the relationship to advertisers．
C．It should encourage all users to join the partner program．
D．It should reach popular accounts to promote the products．
4．According to the article，what is the major concern of the advertisement industry with digital platforms？
A．Supervision．
B．Profits．
C．More creators．
D．Branded contents．
5．What does Oliver Yonchev mean in the last paragraph？
A．The influencer marketing on Instagram is a big success for connecting to power-users．
B．It would make no difference because those influencers are manipulated by platforms．
C．The online advertisement industry would be clearly regulated under vigilance．
D．A brand cannot cooperate with the influencers if they provide false data．
PASSAGE 2
Bluefin tuna are powerful ocean predators（食肉动物），growing up to twice the size of a lion and faster than a deer．There’s just one fatal flaw in their design：their flesh is delicious to humans and worth a lot of money，creating a market demand that has led to a history of overfishing．
In the case of Pacific bluefin，weak international regulations have failed to stem the toll．Now，where every 100 fish once thrived，fewer than three would remain．Without rapid，coordinated action by the major fishing nations，Pacific bluefin tuna face a commercial extinction，becoming too rare to catch profitably．
Humans are deeply connected to the global ocean．Disruptions to the marine environment can pose threats to our own survival．The severe overfishing of this fish raises some larger questions for all of us：How do we live within our means and feed a growing population？And how will our descendants inherit an environment that can sustain them？
The marine ecosystem is critical to life．It provides seafood to billions of people and economic sustenance to coastal communities worldwide，while absorbing about half of the human-produced carbon dioxide that is warming our planet to dangerous levels．Pacific bluefin tuna play a vital part in this web of life as they make journeys from their birthplace in the waters around Japan to the coasts of California and Mexico，where they spend several years feeding before returning．
Many international agreements and pledges affirm that each nation must play its part in conserving our shared ocean resources．But these binding international laws are too seldom followed or enforced．Rather than acting with caution in the face of uncertainty，some nations continue overfishing of Pacific bluefin tuna，even on the spawning grounds in the Sea of Japan and near Okinawa，where protections are needed most．
In sharp contrast to their Pacific counterparts，Atlantic fishing nations stepped up to honor their international commitments．They slashed quotas，prioritized national reporting of the catch，and implemented a tracking system to trace the fish from boat to market．Bluefin tuna in the eastern Atlantic are now on course toward recovery．
In the Pacific，where the situation is far worse，key fishing nations have yet to shoulder their responsibilities and have been unwilling to take the bold action necessary to protect and rebuild this species because of shortsighted national interests．
We must learn from the Atlantic example while there’s still time．With strong leadership，the commission could commit to a science-based，precautionary recovery plan for Pacific bluefin tuna．A plan would include investments in basic research，quota reductions，robust monitoring，traceability of the catch to market and enforcement．
We must work together to protect our ocean ecosystem，which supports communities，economies and cultures around the Pacific Rim．Nations need to make good on their international commitments to put long-term ocean health ahead of short-term national interest．The Pacific bluefin tuna depends on it．
1．What is the vital threat to bluefin tuna？
A．They lay scarce eggs to turn into adult fish．
B．The living environment is heavily damaged．
C．Severe overfishing is caused by high profit．
D．Their sizes are too big to feed and survive．
2．Why is Pacific bluefin tuna important in the ecosystem？
A．It eliminates the pollutants and purifies the ocean．
B．It absorbs carbon dioxide which is harming the earth．
C．It supplies food and economic sustenance to coastal cities．
D．It travels from the eastern to western coasts for birth．
3．In which area does Pacific tuna need protection most？
A．Mexico．
B．California．
C．Sea of Japan．
D．Pacific Rim．
4．How is the situation for Atlantic bluefin tuna？
A．The situation is far worse．
B．Their number is increasing．
C．Even fewer tuna remains．
D．Some nations continue overfishing．
5．What is the most significant implication of the passage？
A．Prioritizing ocean health ahead of national interest．
B．International laws should be followed and enforced．
C．Tracking system to the fish should be implemented．
D．Fishing nations should take bold action willingly．
PASSAGE 3
A．A private company betting on an innovative fusion technology announced today that its latest device can sustain high temperatures for long reaction times—a major step toward a reactor capable of producing more fusion energy than is consumed by the device．The company，TAE Technologies，is still far from that goal，which huge government efforts are also pushing toward．But its achievements so far have drawn＄880 million in investment—more than any other private fusion company．The company also announced plans to scale up to a larger machine，which it hopes will reach fusion conditions by 2025．
B．Fusion holds the promise of carbon-free energy，generated from abundant fuels and producing limited radioactive waste．But for more than 7 decades，the goal has been elusive：It requires extreme temperatures to coax（阀门）nuclei to overcome their natural repulsion（斥力）and fuse．Most publicly funded efforts have focused on tokamaks（托卡马克装置），which use powerful magnetic fields to imprison ionized gas（离子化气）in a doughnut-shaped vessel，where the plasma（等离子体）can be heated with microwaves and particle beams．The giant ITER reactor under construction in France is the pinnacle of that approach．At other labs，such as the U．S．National Ignition Facility，researchers crush tiny pellets（小弹丸）of fuel with powerful laser pulses to spark a burst of fusion．
C．Founded in 1998，TAE has an alternative approach．Its machines whisk（搅动）up a hydrogen plasma（等离子体）into a spinning smoke ring called a field-reversed configuration（FRC）．The whirling motion of the charged particles in an FRC generates a magnetic field that helps confine the plasma inside it．Left alone，the vortex（低涡）disintegrates in a fraction of a millisecond but TAE helps FRCs survive by firing a beam of particles tangentially（切线）into the edge of the ring，stiffening it and making it spin faster．
D．In TAE’s latest machine，operating since 2017 and dubbed Norman after company cofounder Norman Rostoker，FRCs take shape in a 30-meter-long tube that bristles with controlling magnets，sensors，and particle injectors．TAE now says Norman can sustain FRCs for 30 milliseconds and heat them with particle beams to temperatures of about 60 million degrees Celsius—better by factors of 10 and eight，respectively，than the company’s previous devices．And，CEO Michl Binderbauer says，“We can hold it as long as you want．”He says the FRC lifetime is limited only by the amount of power they can store on-site to run Norman’s magnets and particle beams and keep the rings spinning．
E．TAE has not published its results，announced in a press release today．But others are impressed by the progress．“They have focused goals and deliver on time，and that has been lacking in fusion for a while，”says fusion scientist Dennis Whyte of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology．“They’re getting closer to the conditions necessary for［energy］gain，”he says．But he points out a few challenges．The electrons in Norman’s FRCs are cooler than the rest of the plasma，at just 10 million degrees Celsius（摄氏度）．Cool electrons cause drag on the incoming particle beams，reducing their effectiveness．The FRCs are also leaking heat too fast．Whyte says TAE will have to improve heat retention 1000-fold if it is to reach its goals．“It’s good progress but there’s still a way to go，”he says．Whyte adds that plasma physics also has a habit of springing surprises．“Up to now，TAE hasn’t seen a showstopper，”he says，“but you don’t know until you see it．”In the 1980s，for example，researchers built large tokamaks they thought would be big enough to produce excess energy．But an unforeseen phenomenon called microturbulence（微湍流）appeared in the plasmas，causing them to shed heat faster than expected．
F．Binderbauer says TAE is confident its next machine，dubbed Copernicus（哥白尼），will get it to the next milestone：100 million degrees Celsius，the temperature at which traditional fusion fuel—a mixture of the hydrogen isotopes（同位素）deuterium（氘）and tritium（氚）—starts to fuse．Copernicus will be up to 50% larger than Norman，and will come with a power supply able to sustain FRCs for several seconds．TAE plans to start building the＄250 million device later this year at a new site near its current facility in Foothill Ranch，California．
G．But the company doesn’t plan to stop there．Tritium fuel has drawbacks：It is radioactive and hard to acquire；and the deuterium-tritium reaction produces high energy neutrons，requiring thick shielding to protect the machine and its operators．TAE wants to use an alternative fuel of hydrogen and boron（硼），plentiful elements that produce many fewer neutrons when they fuse．But that reaction requires temperatures of billions of degrees Celsius—and a future device larger than Copernicus，which TAE hopes to build by the end of the decade．“We’re pretty confident we have the theoretical basis，”Binderbauer says．
Task 1：
Choose the most suitable heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below（from i-vii）．
List of headings
i．Shortcomings of TAE company
ii．Experimental research on fusion
iii．Challenges that TAE faces with
iv．New development of TAE
v．Introductory to FRC
vi．Achievements of upgraded TAE machine
1．Paragraph B
2．Paragraph C
3．Paragraph D
4．Paragraph E
5．Paragraph F
6．Paragraph G
Task 2：
Complete each of the following statements．Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer．
7．Abundant of effort were put forward in the realisation of the fusion technology that was proposed with the ability of________．
8．Carbon-free energy would be achieved by reducing________．
9．________would be useful in confining the plasma，which is generated by the rotation of FRC particles．
10．The effectiveness of particle beams would be limited because of________in Norman’s FRCs．
11．Traditional fusion fuel would be replaced for producing________when they fuse．