（四）治疗
大部分患者调整甲状腺激素用量或停用即可恢复正常。可短期使用β受体阻滞剂改善症状。因饮食异常或精神疾病导致的甲状腺激素摄取过多，需心理医生或精神科医生协助治疗。停用补品，以及使用补品前详细咨询副作用对于管理个体补品使用是非常有必要的。对于严重的甲状腺激素摄入过多导致的中毒，可催吐、洗胃、使用活性炭等解救，血浆去除法、血浆置换法较少使用。
参考文献
[1] De Campos Mazo D F, de Vasconcelos G B, et al.Clinical spectrum and therapeutic approach to hepatocellular injury in patients with hyperthyroidism[J].Clin Exp Gastroenterol,2013,6:9-17.
[2] Kris Poppe, Brigitte Velkeniers, Daniel Glinoer.Thyroid disease and female reproduction[J].Clinical Endocrinology,2007, 66: 309-321.
[3] Carlé A, Pedersen I B, Knudsen N, et al.Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a populationbased study[J].Eur J Endocrinol, 2011,164(5):801-809.
[4] Lyons J, Landis CA, Harsh G, et al.Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors[J].Science, 1990,249:655-659.
[5] Hebrant A, van Staveren W C, Maenhaut C, et al.Genetic hyper- thyroidism: hyperthyroidism due to activating TSHR mutations[J].Eur J Endocrinol, 2011, 164:1-9.
[6] Takeshita A, Nagayama Y, Yokoyama N, et al.Rarity of oncogenic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in Japan[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995, 80:2607-2611.
[7]李雪萍， 施秉银， 薛明战， 等.自主性功能性甲状腺腺瘤TSH受体基因突变研究[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志，2000，16（5）： 153-156.
[8] Sancak S, Jaeschke H, Eren F, et al.High prevalence of TSHR/Gs-alpha mutation-negative clonal hot thyroid nodules (HNs) in a Turkish cohort[J].Horm Metab Res,2011, 43:562-568.
[9] Bahn Chair R S, Burch H B, Cooper D S, et al.Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis:management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists[J].Thyroid, 2011, 21:593Y646.
[10] Burman K D, Wartofsky L.Clinical Practice.Thyroid Nodules[J].N Engl J Med, 2015,10;373(24):2347-2356.
[11] Tonacchera M, Agretti P, Chiovato L, et al.Activating thyrotropin receptor mutations are present in nonadenomatous hyper-functioning nodules of toxic or autonomous multinodular goiter[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2000, 85:2270-2274.
[12] Krohn K, Wohlgemuth S, Gerber H, et al.Hot microscopic areas of iodine-deficient euthyroid goitres contain constitutively activating TSH receptor mutations[J].J Pathol, 2000, 192:37-42.
[13] Duick D S, Baskin H J.Significance of radioiodine uptake at 72 hours versus 24 hours after pretreatment with recombinant human thyrotropin for enhancement of radioiodine therapy in patients with symptomatic nontoxic or toxic multinodular goiter[J].Endocr Pract, 2004,10:253-260.
[14] Romao R, Rubio I G, Tomimori E K, et al.High prevalence of side effects after recombinant human thyrotropinstimulated radioiodine treatment with 30 mCi in patients with multinodular goiter and sub-clinical/clinical hyperthyroidism[J].Thyroid, 2009, 19:945-951.
[15] Giusti M, Caorsi V, Mortara L, et al.Long-term outcome after radioiodine therapy with adjuvant rhTSH treatment: comparison between patients with non-toxic and pre-toxic large multinodular goitre[J].Endocrine,2014,45:221-229.
[16] Russo D, Tumino S, Arturi F, et al.Detection of an activating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor in a case of an autonomously hyper-functioning thyroid insular carcinoma[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997,82:735-738.
[17] Paschke R, Niedziela M, Vaidya B, et a1.2012 European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the management of familial and persistent sporadic non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid stimulating hormone receptor germline mutations[J].Eur Thyroid J,2012,1:142-147.(https://www.daowen.com)
[18]杨昱，刘超.2012年欧洲甲状腺学会关于由促甲状腺素受体突变导致的家族性、持续性、散发性、非自身免疫性甲状腺功能亢进的诊治指南解读[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志， 2014，30（5）：365-367.
[19] Beck-Peccoza P, Laniab A, Beckersc A, et al.European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Tumors[J].Eur Thyroid J, 2013,2:76-82.
[20] Fliers E, van Furth W R, Bisschop P H.Cure of a thyrotrophin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma by medical therapy[J].Clin Endocrinol (Oxf),2012,77:788-790.
[21] Goodwin T M, Montoro M, Mestman J H, et al.The role of chorionic gonadotropin in transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum[J].Trans Assoc Am Physicians,1991,104:233-237.
[22] Rodien P, Bremont C, Sanson M L, et al.Familial gestational hyperthyroidism caused by a mutant thyrotropin receptor hypersensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin[J].N Engl J Med, 1998,339:1823-1826.
[23] Nisula B C, Taliadouros G S.Thyroid function in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: evidence that the thyrotropic activity of chorionic gonadotropin mediates the thyrotoxicosis of choriocarcinoma[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980, 138:77-85.
[24] Gleason P E, Elliott D S, Zimmerman D, et al.Metastatic testicular choriocarcinoma and secondary hyperthyroidism: case report and review of the literature[J].J Urol, 1994,151:1063-1064.
[25] Noal S, Joly F, Leblanc E.Management of gestational trophoblastic disease[J].Gynecol Obstet Fertil,2010,38:193-198.
[26] Leite I, Cunha T M, Figueiredo J P, Felix A.Papillary carcinoma arising in struma ovarii versus ovarian metastasis from primary thyroid carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature.J Radiol Case Rep, 2013,7:24-33.
[27] Roth L M, Karseladze A I.Highly differentiated follicular carcinoma arising from struma ovarii: a report of 3 cases,a review of the literature, and a reassessment of socalled peritoneal strumosis[J].Int J Gynecol Pathol, 2008,27:213-222.
[28] Goffredo P, Sawka A M, Pura J, et al.Malignant struma ovarii: a population level analysis of a large series of 68 patients[J].Thyroid,2015, 25:211- 215.
[29] Prummel M F, Laurberg P.Interferon alpha and autoimmune thyroid disease[J].Thyroid, 2003, 13:547-551.
[30] Hamza I, Eid Y, El-Sayed M,et al.Thyroid Dysfunction in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Treated with the Combined Pegylated Interferon-Ribavirin Therapy[J].J Interferon Cytokine Res, 2016, 36(9):527-533.
[31] Barclay M L, Brownlie B E W, Turner J G, et al.Lithium associated thyrotoxicosis: a report of 14 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence[J].Clinical Endocrinology,1994,40: 759-764.
[32] J.H.Lazarus.Lithium and thyroid[J].Best Practice &Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2009,(23):723-733.
[33] Miller K K & Daniels G H.Association between lithium use and thyrotoxicosis caused by silent thyroiditis[J].Clinical Endocrinology, 2001, 55: 501-508.
[34] Ross D S, Burch H B, Cooper D S, et al.2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis[J].Thyroid, 2016, 26(10): 1343-1421.
[35] Mariotti S, Martino E, Cupini C, et al.Low serum thyroglobulin as a clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis factitia[J].N Engl J Med, 1982,307: 410-412.