注释
注释
导言
1.Gordon L.Rottman, Okinawa 1945: The Last Battle, Osprey Publishing, 2002, Introduction.
2.Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1945, Vol.VI, Memorandum of Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State, p.545.
3.Robert Leckie, Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II, Penguin Group, 1995, pp.1-3.
4.【美】戈登·L.罗特曼著，金铠译：《冲绳岛1945：最后的搏杀》，海洋出版社2015年版，第18页。
5.【日】新崎盛晖著，胡冬竹译：《冲绳现代史》，生活读书新知三联书店2010年版，第19-20页。
6.Aniya Masaaki, “Compulsory Mass Suicide, the Battle of Okinawa, and Japan's Textbook Controversy”, the Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol.6, Jan.1, 2008, p.6.
7.Miyume Tanji, Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa, London and New York: Routledge, 2006, p.38.
8.【美】戈登·L.罗特曼著，金铠译：《冲绳岛1945：最后的搏杀》，海洋出版社2015年版，第24页。
9.George Feifer, Tennozan: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1992), p.105.
10.【澳】加文·麦考马克，【日】乘松聪子，董亮译：《冲绳之怒：美日同盟下的抗争》，社会科学文献出版社，2015年版，第20-21页。
11.【澳】加文·麦考马克，【日】乘松聪子，董亮译：《冲绳之怒：美日同盟下的抗争》，社会科学文献出版社，2015年版，第20-21页。
12.【美】戈登·L.罗特曼著，金铠译：《冲绳岛1945：最后的搏杀》，海洋出版社 2015年版，第96-97页。
13.陈波：《日美再度博弈冲绳》，《太平洋学报》2010年第10期。
14.【美】戈登·L.罗特曼著，金铠译：《冲绳岛1945：最后的搏杀》，海洋出版社2015年版，第93页。
15.【美】戈登·L.罗特曼著，金铠译：《冲绳岛1945：最后的搏杀》，海洋出版社2015年版，第103页。
16.【澳】加文·麦考马克、【日】乘松聪子，董亮译：《冲绳之怒：美日同盟下的抗争》，社会科学文献出版社，2015年版，第22页。
17.Joseph Wheelan, Bloody Okinawa: The Last Great Battle of World War II, Hachette Books, 2020, Prologue.
18.Roy Edgar Appleman, Okinawa: the Last Battle, Historical Division Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1948, pp.473-474.
19.George H.Kerr, Okinawa: the History of an Island People (Boston, Tokyo: Tuttle, 2000), p.465.
20.George Feife, Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb, New York: Lyons Press, 1992, Introduction xi-xii.
21.【澳】加文·麦考马克，【日】乘松聪子，董亮译：《冲绳之怒：美日同盟下的抗争》，社会科学文献出版社，2015年版，第22页。
22.岩波书店编，陈言等译：《记录·冲绳“集体自杀”审判》，上海译文出版社2017年版，第181页。
23.岩波书店编，陈言等译：《记录·冲绳“集体自杀”审判》，上海译文出版社2017年版，第138页。
24.岩波书店编，陈言等译：《记录·冲绳“集体自杀”审判》，上海译文出版社2017年版，第139页。
25.Aniya Masaaki, “Compulsory Mass Suicide, the Battle of Okinawa, and Japan's Textbook Controversy”, the Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol.6, Jan.1, 2008, p.4.
26.Chalmers Johnson, ed., Okinawa: Cold War Island, Japan Policy Research Institute, 1999, pp.138-139.
27.Aniya Masaaki, “Compulsory Mass Suicide, the Battle of Okinawa, and Japan's Textbook Controversy”, the Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol.6, Jan.1, 2008, pp.6-8.
28.岩波书店编，陈言等译：《记录·冲绳“集体自杀”审判》，上海译文出版社2017年版，第143页。
29.岩波书店编，陈言等译：《记录·冲绳“集体自杀”审判》，上海译文出版社2017年版，第144页。
30.【澳】加文·麦考马克，【日】乘松聪子，董亮译：《冲绳之怒：美日同盟下的抗争》，社会科学文献出版社，2015年版，第22页。
31.岩波书店编，陈言等译：《记录·冲绳“集体自杀”审判》，上海译文出版社2017年版，第146页。
32.【澳】加文·麦考马克，【日】乘松聪子，董亮译：《冲绳之怒：美日同盟下的抗争》，社会科学文献出版社，2015年版，第17页。冲绳国际大学名誉教授安仁屋政昭认为，冲绳岛战役中平民的死亡超过15万人。参见：Aniya Masaaki, “Compulsory Mass Suicide, the Battle of Okinawa, and Japan's Textbook Controversy”, the Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol.6, Jan.1, 2008, p.6.
33.Kensei Yoshida, Democracy Betrayed: Okinawa under U.S.Occupation, Press: Center for East Asian Studies Western Washington, Bellingham, Washington, 2001, pp.3-4.
34.Ota Peace Research Institute, Okinawa Kanken shiryo, p.4.
35.Aniya Masaaki, “Compulsory Mass Suicide, the Battle of Okinawa, and Japan's Textbook Controversy”, the Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol.6, Jan.1, 2008, p.7.
36.【澳】加文·麦考马克、【日】乘松聪子，董亮译：《冲绳之怒：美日同盟下的抗争》，社会科学文献出版社，2015年版，第24页。
37.徐勇，汤重南主编：《琉球史论》，中华书局2016年版，第146页。
序言 爱日
1.Abilene, KS, Dwight D.Eisenhower Presidential Library and Archive (DDE), Vernon E.Megee Papers, 1919–92, Box 7, A94-17, ‘Memoirs’, p.166.
2.DDE, Simon Bolivar Buckner Papers, 1908–17 and 1941–5, Box 1, A92-16, Buckner Diary, 31 March 1945.
3.Ibid., 1 April 1945; Roy E.Appleman, James M.Burns, Russell A.Gugeler and John Stevens, Okinawa: The Last Battle (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, US Army, 1948), p.69.
4.Megee, ‘Memoirs’, p.167; Buckner Diary, 1 April 1945.
5.Ernie Pyle, Last Chapter (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1946), p.99.6.Buckner Diary, 1 April 1945.
7.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.99, 101.
8.James R.Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa: 1 April–30 June 1945(Quantico, VA: History Division US Marine Corps, 1946), p.1.
9.Quantico, VA, US Marine Corps Archives (USMCA), William A.Looney Memoir, 1942–5 COLL/5276, A/5/J/6/4, ‘Okinawa’, pp.1–3.
10.James W.Johnston, The Long Road of War: A Marine’s Story of Pacific Combat(Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), pp.120–125.
11.Ibid., p.127.
12.Looney, ‘Okinawa’, p.3.
13.Johnston, The Long Road of War, p.128.
14.Pyle, Last Chapter, p.100.
15.Megee, ‘Memoirs’, p.167.
16.USMCA, Oliver P.Smith Papers, COLL/213, A/30/D/3/1, Box 54, Folder 1, ‘Personal Narrative: 10th Army and Okinawa’, p.78.
17.Buckner Diary, 30 January 1945.
18.Buckner to his wife Adele, 1 April 1945, in Nicholas Evan Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars: The Okinawa Battle Diaries of Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr., and Joseph Stilwell (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2004), p.29.
19.Colonel Hiromichi Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa: A Japanese Officer’s Eyewitness Account of the Last Great Campaign of World War II (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995), pp.xi, 18.
20.Ibid., pp.16–18.
21.Frank B.Gibney, ‘Two Views of Battle’ in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.xv–xvii, 24.
22.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.5–16.
23.Ibid., pp.20–24.
24.Th omas M.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945’, Leavenworth Papers, Number 18 (199), p.7; Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.35.
25.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.xii–xiii.
26.Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon (eds), Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki 1941–1945, trans.by Masataka Chihaya (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991), pp.566–569.
27.USMCA, COLL/2925, A/30/A/2/2, Otha L.Grisham Papers, ‘A Young Man from Texas Goes to War: The Making of an Alligator Marine’, p.24.
28.Samuel W.Mitcham Jr and Friedrich von Stauff enberg, The Battle of Sicily: How the Allies Lost their Chance for Total Victory (New York: Orion Books, 1991), p.63; Antony Beevor, D-Day (London: Penguin, 2006), pp.151n.
29.Looney, ‘Okinawa’, pp.1–2.
30.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.36.
31.David Hobbs, The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy’s Most Powerful Strike Force(Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing, 2011; repr.2017), pp.126–128.
01 道格拉斯在哪儿？
1.Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House Inc., 2007; repr.2008), p.620.
2.Edwin P.Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and his Admirals (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1970), p.411; Edward Smith, FDR, p.620.
3.Edward Smith, FDR, pp.621–2; Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p.412.
4.Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p.412.
5.Buckner Diary, 29 July 1944.
6.Edward Smith, FDR.
7.Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders: How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Allanbrooke Won the War in the West (London: Allen Lane, 2008), pp.518–520.
8.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.1–4.
9.Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, pp.425–427.
10.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.4; London, UK, The National Archives (TNA), ADM/234, Piece 368, Naval Staff History, Battle Summary No.47, ‘Naval Operations Okinawa’, 1950, pp.1–2.
02 接到命令
1.Buckner Diary, 4 October 1944.
2.‘Buck’s Battle’, Time magazine, 16 April 1945.
3.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, pp.10–11.
4.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.3.
5.Ibid., p.1.
6.Ibid., p.2.
7.Buckner Diary, 22 August 1944.
8.Ibid., 7 October 1944.
9.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.2–8.
10.Buckner Diary, 24 February 1945.
11.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.7–10, 14, 17.
12.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.11–13.
13.Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, pp.136–137; Gordon W.Prange, Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon, Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History (New York: McGrawHill, 1985), pp.292–295.
14.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.12–13.
15.Ibid., p.13.
16.Buckner Diary, 11 November 1944.
17.Michael D.Hull, ‘Modest Victor of Midway’, World War II magazine, 13/1 (May 1998), 36–43.
18.Buckner Diary, 31 December 1944.
19.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.33.
20.Ibid., p.32; USMCA, COLL/185, A/14/F/3/3, Lt Col.J.Frederick Haley Papers, ‘The General Dies at Noon’, pp.5, 24.
03 大家快回家
1.Yoshiko Sakumoto Crandell, ‘Surviving the Battle of Okinawa: Memories of a Schoolgirl’, Asia-Pacific Journal, 12/14 (2014), 1–31 (pp.1–15).
2.Carl Nolte, ‘Teen survivor of WWII torpedoed ship a pacifist at 85’, San Francisco Chronicle, 20 February 2016.
3.Crandell, ‘Surviving the Battle of Okinawa’, p.15.
4.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.45.
5.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.6–9; Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.92–94.
6.Interrogation Report of POW Akira Shimada, 24 July 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.222–223.
7.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, p.9.
8.Ibid., p.11.
9.Ibid., pp.12–13.
10.Interrogation Report of POW Akira Shimada, 24 July 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.223.
11.Descent into Hell: Civilian Memories of the Battle of Okinawa, trans.by Mark Ealey & Alastair McLauchlan (Portland, ME: MerwinAsia, 2014), pp.44–53.
04 长官，这项任务非我莫属
1.Captain Rikihei Inoguchi and Commander Tadashi Nakajima, The Divine Wind: Japan’s Kamikaze Force in World War II (Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1958; repr.1994), pp.3–16; Albert Axell and Hideaki Kase, Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods (London: Pearson Education, 2002), p.48.
2.Axell and Kase, Kamikaze, pp.50–51, p.16.
3.Ibid., pp.4–12.
4.Ibid., p.52.
5.Naoji Kōzu, ‘Human Torpedo’, in Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F.Cook, Japan at War: An Oral History (New York: W.W.Norton & Co., 1992), pp.313–316.
6.Rear Admiral Sadatoshi Tamioka, Doc.No.5072, in General Headquarters, Far East Command, Military Intelligence Section, General Staff , Statements of Japanese Officials on World War II (English Translations): Vol.4, 1949–50, pp.316–322.
7.Commander Yoshimori Terai, Statements of Japanese Officials: Vol.4, pp.316–322.8.Ibid.
05 军心涣散，甚至都不知道能否上得了战场
1.Buckner Diary, 18 January 1945; Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.36.
2.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.37.
3.Ibid., pp.37–38.
4.Buckner Diary, 20 January 1945; Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.38.
5.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.39.
6.Ibid., pp.34–35.
7.Ibid., p.40.
8.Buckner Diary, 24 January 1945; Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.41.
9.Buckner Diary, 24 January 1945.
10.Ibid., 25 January 1945.
11.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.47.
12.Buckner Diary, 27 and 29 January 1945.13.Ibid., 30 January 1945.
14.Ibid., 1–2 February 1945.
15.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.51; Buckner Diary, 2 February 1945.
16.Haley, ‘The General Dies at Noon’, pp.3–5.
17.Buckner Diary, 3 February 1945; Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.52.
18.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.53.
06 我重回战场，只是因为我别无选择——其实我很不情愿
1.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.8–11.
2.William F.Nelson, Appointment at Ie Shima (privately published, 2014), pp.26–27.
3.Ernie Pyle, ‘The Death of Captain Waskow’, 10 January 1944, in https://sites.mediaschool.indiana.edu/erniepyle/1944/01/10/the-death-of-captainwaskow/ (accessed 1 April 2019).
4.David Nichols (ed.), Ernie’s War: The Best of Ernie Pyle’s World War II Dispatches(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), pp.335–337.
5.Ernie Pyle, ‘Farewell to Europe’, 5 September 1945, in https://sites.mediaschool.indiana.edu/erniepyle/1944/09/05/farewell-to-europe/ (accessed 1 April 2019).
6.Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life (New York: Grove Press, 1987), p.282.
7.Ernie Pyle, ‘In the Movies’, 14 February 1945, in https://sites.mediaschool.indiana.edu/ erniepyle/1945/02/14/in-the-movies/ (accessed 1 April 2019).
8.Ernie Pyle, ‘Back Again’, 6 February 1945, in https://sites.mediaschool.indiana.edu/ erniepyle/1945/02/06/back-again/ (accessed 1 April 2019).
9.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.13–14.
10.Ibid., pp.3–5.
11.Ibid., p.27.
12.Ernie Pyle, ‘Back Again’.
13.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.35–41.
14.Ibid., pp.55–82.
15.Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp.552–556.
16.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.83–86.
07 我哭着痛下杀手，她也泪流满面
1.Robert C.Dick, Cutthroats: The Adventures of a Sherman Tank Driver in the Pacific (New York: Presidio Press, 2006), p.139.
2.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.72–73; Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.41.
3.Dick, Cutthroats, pp.1–25, 30–31, 40–41, 93–95, 125, 139.
4.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.53–56.
5.DDE, Simon Bolivar Buckner Papers, 1908–17 and 1941–5, Box 1, A92-16, ‘Lt Gen.Simon Bolivar Buckner: Private Letters relating to the Battle of Okinawa’, ed.A.P.Jenkins, in Ryudai Review of Euro-American Studies, 42 (1997), 63–113 (p.77).
6.Shigeaki Kinjo interviewed by Michael Bradley, in ‘“Banzai!” The Compulsory Mass Suicide of Kerama Islanders in the Battle of Okinawa’, Asia-Pacific Journal, 11/22 (2014).
7.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.58.
8.Ibid., pp.64–65.
9.Kikuko Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.354–355.
10.Himeyuri Peace Museum: The Guidebook (Itoman, Okinawa: 2016), pp.6–14; Itoman, Okinawa, Himeyuri Peace Museum Archives (HPMA), ‘Historical Chart’.
11.Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p.355.12.Ibid.
13.Sakumoto Crandell, ‘Surviving the Battle of Okinawa’, pp.18–25.
08 明天就是关键时刻了
1.Buckner Diary, 26 and 27 March 1945.
2.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.71.
3.Megee, ‘Memoirs’, pp.165–166.
4.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.74.
5.Buckner Diary, 28 March 1945.
6.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.75.
7.Ibid., p.75.
8.Buckner Diary, 31 March 1945.
9.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.76.
10.Buckner to his wife Adele, 31 March 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.78.
11.Donald O.Dencker, Love Company: Infantry Combat Against the Japanese World War II – Leyte and Okinawa (Manhattan, KS: Sunfl ower University Press, 2002), pp.2–163.
12.Donald M.Carlton, ‘Do you want to live forever? A true story of an Infantryman’s experiences during the battle for the island of Okinawa’, pp.1–6; Donald M.Carlton, ‘Memoir’; and Interview with Don Carlton, 18 November 2010, Veterans History Project, all in https:// memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.00033/ (accessed 16 April 2019).
13.William Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1980; repr.2002), p.352.
14.Ibid., pp.15–29.
15.Ibid., pp.15–29, 128–134, 350–353.
09 这简直就是一场精彩的表演
1.Dencker, Love Company, pp.153, 163–164.
2.After Action Report of 763rd Tank Battalion, 22 April 1942–30 June 1945, in http:// cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/3462 (accessed 16 April 2019); Dick, Cutthroats, pp.141–142.
3.Dick, Cutthroats, pp.142–143.
4.Dencker, Love Company, pp.151–155, 163–167.
5.Carlton, ‘Do you want to live forever?’, pp.7–9.
6.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.100–113.
10 总有一些倒霉蛋，消息一点都不灵通
1.USMCA, COLL/92, A/11/J/6/3, Christopher S.Donner, ‘Memoir’, dated January 1946, pp.1–55.
2.USMCA, COLL/1605, A/5/L/3/1, Jeptha J.Carrell, ‘King One: Service in the United States Marine Corps in World War II’, p.20.
3.George Feifer, Tenozan: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb (New York: Houghton Miffl in, 1992), p.145.
4.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p.354.
5.USMCA, COLL/5674, A/31/J/5/4, Salvatore Giammanco, ‘The First Okinawa Wounded Marine’, pp.1–6; Milt Th omas, ‘World War II veterans unknowingly cross paths’, Vero Beach Newsweekly, 10 November 2011, pp.10–11.
6.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.77.
7.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.75.
8.Buckner Diary, 1 April 1945.
9.Quoted in Laura Homan Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline: The Sixth Marine Division on Okinawa (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, Inc., 2005; repr.2007), p.45.
11 尸体烧焦的气味一连好几天都没能散尽
1.Feifer, Tenozan, pp.148–149; Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p.367.
2.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.27–28.
3.Quoted in Feifer, Tenozan, p.141.
4.Quoted in ibid., pp.143–144.
5.Yutaka Yokota, ‘Volunteer’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.306–309.
6.Feifer, Tenozan, pp.3–14; Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of the United States Naval Operations in the Pacific: Volume 14 – Victory in the Pacific, 1945 (New York: Little, Brown, 1975; repr.2012), pp.200–202.
7.London, Imperial War Museum Archives (IWM), 14048, Private Papers of N.B.Gray,‘Memoirs’ and ‘Diary’, 1 April 1945.
8.Hobbs, The British Pacific Fleet, p.138.
9.N.B.Gray, ‘Memoirs’ and ‘Diary’, 1 April 1945; Hobbs, The British Pacific Fleet, p.138.
10.Sir Philip Vian, Action This Day: A War Memoir (London: Frederick Muller Ltd, 1960), pp.178–179.
12 战争的确是地狱
1.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.76–77; ‘10th Army Action Report: Ryukus, 26 March to 30 June 1945’, Volume 1, Part 4, Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library (ISCARL), in http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p4013coll8/id/599/rec/22 (accessed 31 December 2018).
2.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p.356.
3.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.114–115; https://soh.alumni.clemson.edu/scroll/julian-delanodusenbury/
4.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.115–120.
5.Ibid., pp.120–124.
6.Megee, ‘Memoirs’, pp.168–170.
7.Buckner to his wife Adele, 2 and 3 April 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, pp.78–79.
8.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.79–83.
9.Second to None! The Story of the 305th Infantry in World War II (Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Press, 1949), p.159; Major Charles S.Nichols Jr and Henry I.Shaw, Marines in World War II – Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific (1955), p.111; Buckner Diary, 3 April 1945.
13 他仰面朝天，在离船不远的地方漂过
1.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.29–31.
2.Prisoner of War Interrogation Report of Colonel Hiromichi Yahara, 6 August 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.212.
3.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, p.31.
4.Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.355–356.
5.Robin L.Reilly, Kamikaze Attacks of World War II ( Jeff erson, NC: McParland & Co., Inc., 2010), p.211; Robin L.Reilly, Kamikaze, Corsairs and Picket Ships: Okinawa, 1945(Havertown, PA: Casemate, 2008), p.109.
6.Reilly, Kamikaze, Corsairs and Picket Ships, pp.109–121.
7.Megee, ‘Memoirs’, p.171.
8.Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp.572–573.
14 什么？大和号沉了？
1.Feifer, Tenozan, p.19.
2.Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp.572–574.
3.Feifer, Tenozan, p.21.
4.Mitsuru Yoshida, Requiem for Battleship Yamato (Washington: University of Washington Press, 1985; repr.ebook, 1999), trans.by Richard H.Minear, Translator’s Introduction and Chapters 6 and 7.
5.Feifer, Tenozan, pp.19–22; Morison, Victory in the Pacific, pp.202–204.
6.Yoshida, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, Chapters 8–13.
7.Morison, Victory in the Pacific, p.206.
8.Yoshida, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, Chapters 15–25; Morison, Victory in the Pacific, pp.208–209.
9.Ugaki, Fading Victory, p.575.10.Feifer, Tenozan, p.33.
15 他们把我们打得晕头转向
1.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.110.
2.Buckner Diary, 7 April 1945; Interview with Don Carlton, 18 November 2010, Veterans History Project.
3.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.111–112.
4.Buckner Diary, 7 April 1945.
5.Megee, ‘Memoirs’, p.171.
6.USMC, COLL/921, A/5/L/7/2, Colonel Bruce Porter Papers, Barrett Tillman, ‘Hunter in the Dark’, Wings Magazine, 7/4 (August 1977), p.10.
7.USMCA, COLL/5480, A/13/F/7/1, Box 2, Marine Night Fighter Squadron 542 Association Collection, Donald E.Marpe, ‘My Service in the United States Marine Corps, 1942–1945 and 1949–1951’, pp.37–41.
8.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.113.
9.Interview with Richard Johnson, 19 July 2004, Veterans History Project, in https:// memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp-stories/loc.natlib.afc2001001.20719/transcript?ID=sr0001(accessed 24 May 2019).
10.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.115–119.
11.Donner, ‘Memoir’, pp.63–69.
12.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.119–125.
13.Donner, ‘Memoir’, pp.70–72.
14.Dencker, Love Company, pp.179–181.
15.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.125–126.
16.Buckner to his wife Adele, 8 April 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.80; Buckner Diary, 8 April 1945.
17.Buckner Diary, 8 and 9 April 1945.
18.Ibid., 11 April 1945.
19.Ibid., 2 April 1945.
20.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, p.30.
21.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.82–83.
16 我们什么时候才能再见面？
1.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.31–32.
2.Yahara Interrogation Report, 6 August 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.213.
3.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, p.31; Yahara Interrogation Report, 6 August 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.213.
4.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.130–134; Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.32–34; Dencker, Love Company, p.181; Yahara Interrogation Report, 6 August 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.213.
5.http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/2616/anderson-beauford-t.php (accessed 2 May 2019).
6.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.135–137.
7.Yahara Interrogation Report, 6 August 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.212–213.
8.Shigeko Araki, ‘Bride of a Kamikaze’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.319–326.
9.Inoguchi and Nakajima, The Divine Wind, pp.151–152; Morison, Victory in the Pacific, p.222.
10.Inoguchi and Nakajima, The Divine Wind, pp.140–141.
11.Ibid., pp.153–154.
12.Morison, Victory in the Pacific, p.224.
13.Ibid., p.225; Reilly, Kamikazes, Corsairs and Picket Ships, pp.141–142.
17 哈里，总统死了
1.Harry S.Truman, Year of Decisions, 2 vols (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1955; repr.1965), I, pp.ix–x, 11–15; A.J.Baime, The Accidental President: Harry S.Truman, the Bomb and the Four Months That Changed the World (New York: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2017; repr.2018), pp.24–26.
2.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.41–89.
3.Truman, Year of Decisions, I, pp.15–21.
4.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.33–34.
5.Ibid., p.x.
6.Winston Churchill, The Second World War, 6 vols (London: Cassell, 1948–54), VI, pp.412–413.
7.Ugaki, Fading Victory, p.584.
8.Buckner to his wife Adele, 14 April 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.82.
9.https://www.mossletters.com/13-april-1945/ (accessed 9 May 2019).
10.USMCA, COLL/5223, A/26/J/7/2, Richard Bruce Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle: One Marine’s Account of War in the Pacific’, p.39.
11.Independence, MO, Harry S.Truman Presidential Library & Museum (HST), ‘Oral History Interview with George M.Elsey’, 7 July 1970, www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/elsey7.htm (accessed 12 November 2018).
12.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.45.
18 他慌了神，眼珠子不停地打转
1.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p.356.
2.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.138–144.
3.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p.357.
4.Nichols and Shaw, Marines in World War II – Okinawa, p.96; Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.144.
5.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, pp.257–258.
6.Nichols and Shaw, Marines in World War II – Okinawa, p.98.
7.USMCA, COLL/4346, A/26/D/2/4, Joseph M.Hiott, ‘My Marine Corps Experience: How I Became a Man’, pp.25–26.
8.Nichols and Shaw, Marines in World War II – Okinawa, p.99.
9.USMCA, COLL/2525, A/30/A/4/2, Mel Heckt, ‘Pacific Diary’, 15 April 1945.
10.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, pp.140–143.
11.Ibid., p.357.
12.Nichols and Shaw, Marines in World War II – Okinawa, p.99.
13.https://themedalofhonor.com/medal-of-honor-recipients/recipients/bushrichardworld-war-two (accessed 13 May 2019).
14.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.147; Heckt, ‘Pacific Diary’, 16 April 1945.
15.Citation for the award of the Navy Cross to Colonel Wiliam J.Whaling, 20 January 1948, in https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/8236 (accessed 14 May 2019).
16.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.148.
17.Manchester, Goodbye Darkness, pp.3–7.
19 他太阳穴上有3个弹孔
1.Quoted in Nelson, Appointment at Ie Shima, p.135.
2.Pyle, Last Chapter, pp.138–140.
3.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.149–159.
4.Nelson, Appointment at Ie Shima, p.144.
5.Ibid., pp.146–150; ‘Ernie Pyle is Killed on Ie Island’, New York Times, 19 April 1945.
6.‘Ernie Pyle is Killed on Ie Island’, New York Times, 19 April 1945; ‘My Day’ by Eleanor Roosevelt, 19 April 1945, in https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_ y=1945&_f=md000003 (accessed 15 May 2019).
7.Statement by the President on the Death of Ernie Pyle, 18 April 1945, in https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=14&st=&st1= (accessed 15 May 2019).
8.Sterling Mace, Battleground Pacific: A Marine Rifl eman’s Combat Odyssey in K/3/5(New York: St Martin’s Press, 2012), pp.261–262.
9.Sakumoto Crandell, ‘Surviving the Battle of Okinawa’, pp.27–30.
10.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.415–417.
11.Sakumoto Crandell, ‘Surviving the Battle of Okinawa’, pp.30–31.
12.Buckner to his wife Adele, 8 April 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.80.
13.Mace, Battleground Pacific, pp.247–249.
14.Mabuni, Okinawa, Okinawa Prefectural Peace Museum (OPPM), Testimony of Matsu Tamaki, 7 April 1945.
20 进展有限
1.Buckner Diary, 18 April 1945.
2.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.184–185.(https://www.daowen.com)
3.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.85–86.
4.Buckner Diary, 19 April 1945.
5.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.87.
6.Dencker, Love Company, pp.193–194.
7.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.207.
8.Megee, ‘Memoirs’, pp.175–176.
9.Buckner Diary, 20 April 1945.
10.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.208–211.
11.Dencker, Love Company, pp.194–197.
12.Dick, Cutthroats, pp.166–168.
21 我什么时候出击？
1.Yokota, ‘Volunteer’, pp.309–311.
2.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.35–39.
3.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.248.
4.Buckner to his wife Adele, 22 April 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, pp.85–86.
5.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.258–260.
6.Buckner Diary, 22 April 1945.
7.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.262.
8.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.99–100; Buckner Diary, 29 April 1945.
9.Buckner to his wife Adele, 27 April 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, pp.90–91.
22 只要一枚炸弹，就可以摧毁一整座城市
1.Truman, Year of Decisions, p.101.
2.Ibid., pp.21, 104.
3.HST, Eben A.Ayers Papers, ‘The Atomic Bomb’, c.1951, pp.1–2, in https:// www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentid=26&pagenumber=1 (accessed 20 May 2019).
4.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.168–169.
5.Ibid., p.169.
6.Henry L.Stimson, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947), pp.612–613.
7.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.170–171.
8.Stimson, On Active Service, p.613.
9.Baime, The Accidental President, p.173.
10.Stimson, On Active Service, pp.615–616.
11.Truman, Year of Decisions, pp.104–105; Stimson, On Active Service, p.616.
23 突然间，那些与我称兄道弟的伙计们纷纷倒地
1.Johnston, The Long Road of War, p.138.
2.Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, p.3.
3.Johnston, The Long Road of War, pp.131–132, 136.
4.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, p.39.
5.USMCA, COLL/4840, A/5/I/6/1, Robert A.Neal, ‘When I Was Young: I Served in the United States Fleet Marines’, pp.76–77.
6.Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, p.4.
7.Johnston, The Long Road of War, pp.138–141.
8.Mace, Battleground Pacific, pp.4–5, 227–228, 269–271.
9.Buckner Diary, 2 and 3 May 1945.
10.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.274; Buckner Diary, 2 and 3 May 1945.
11.Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, p.5.
12.https://themedalofhonor.com/medal-of-honor-recipients/recipients/bush-robertworld-war-two (accessed 23 May 2019).
13.Looney, ‘Okinawa’, p.5.
14.Johnston, The Long Road of War, pp.141–142.
15.USMCA, COLL/3092, A/10/L/4/2, Paul E.Ison, ‘How the Combat Picture was Taken’, pp.1–5.
24 我决不能丢下他们不管，哪怕搭上我的性命
1.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.274–280.
2.Dick, Cutthroats, pp.175–81; After Action Report, 763rd Tank Battalion, 22 April 1942–30 June 1945, in ISCARL, http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/ id/3462 (accessed 24 May 2019).
3.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.280–281.
4.Frances M.Doss, Desmond Doss: Conscientious Objector (Nampa, ID: Pacific Press, 2005), p.99.
5.Personal Narrative of Desmond T.Doss, Veterans History Project, at http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.32978/narrative?ID=pn0001 (accessed 24 May 2019).
6.Booton Herndon, The Hero of Hacksaw Ridge (Coldwater, MI: Remnant Publications, Inc., 2016), pp.8–18.
7.‘Conscientious Objector, Medical-Aid Man, Awarded Medal of Honor’, Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, 1 November, 1945, at http://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/ RH/RH19451101-V122-44.pdf (accessed 24 May 2019).
8.Doss, Desmond Doss, pp.99–100.
9.Personal Narrative of Desmond T.Doss; Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.281.
10.Interview with Staff Sergeant Elwyn Gaines, B/1/307th Infantry, Veterans History Project, at http://www.memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.00169/ transcript?ID=sr0001 (accessed 27 May 2019).
11.Doss, Desmond Doss, pp.101–103; Interview of Corporal Desmond Doss, B/1/307th Infantry, Veterans History Project, at http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.32978/ (accessed 24 May 2019).
12.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.281–282.
25 我们马上就意识到，我们完了
1.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.283; Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, p.41.
2.Yahara Interrogation Report, 6 August 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.214.
3.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.81–83; Yahara Interrogation Report, 6 August 1945, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.214; Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.283.
4.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.286–287; Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.84–86.
5.Morison, Victory in the Pacific, pp.251–252.
6.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.287–289; Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, p.11; Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, p.39.
7.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.287–289.
8.Ibid., p.296; Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.87–88; Morison, Victory in the Pacific, pp.266–267.
9.Morison, Victory in the Pacific, pp.264–265, 391–392; IWM, 15723, Box No: 08/59/1, Private Papers of D.Hulme, War Diary, 4 May 1945.
10.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.88–90.
11.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.41–44.
12.Ibid., p.44; Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.303.
13.Quoted in Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.302.
14.Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p.356.
15.HPMA, English Translation of Testimonies 1, No.6: Yoshiko Yabiku, ‘Itokazu Detachment’, p.12; Himeyuri Peace Museum, p.20.
16.HPMA, English Translation of Testimonies 1, No.2: Hisa Kishimoto, ‘Limb amputated without anaesthetic’, p.6.
17.Masako Shinjo Summers Robbins, ‘My Story: A Daughter Recalls the Battle of Okinawa’, Asia-Pacific Journal, 13/8 (23 February 2015), pp.1–22, at https://apjjf.org/2015/13/7/Masako-Shinjo-Summers-Robbins/4286.html (accessed 4 June 2019).
26 医生，这人还有救！
1.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.304; Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, pp.12–14.
2.https://themedalofhonor.com/medal-of-honor-recipients/recipients/hansen-daleworld-war-two (accessed 30 May 2019).
3.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.12–13, 35–36, 40–43.
4.Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, p.15; Donner, ‘Memoir’, pp.87–88.
5.Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, p.15; Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.41–42.
6.https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/7742 (accessed 31 May 2019).
7.Ison, ‘How the Combat Picture was Taken’, pp.11–13.
8.Johnston, The Long Road of War, p.146.
9.E.B.Sledge, With the Old Breed (New York: Presidio Press, 1981; repr.2007), p.251.
10.Johnston, The Long Road of War, p.147.
11.Buckner Diary, 8 May 1945.
12.Moss to his parents, 9 May 1945, in https://www.mossletters.com/9-may-1945/(accessed 31 May 2019).
13.USMCA, COLL/3286, A/24/L/5/3, Box 3, Joseph Kohn Letters, Kohn to his family, 8 May 1945.
14.Mace, Battleground Pacific, pp.293–294.
27 美梦结束了
1.Araki, ‘Bride of a Kamikaze’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.322–323, 325.
2.Morison, Victory in the Pacific, pp.262–263, 392.
3.Alexander Burnham, ‘Okinawa, Harry Truman, and the Atomic Bomb’, VQR, 71/3(Summer 1995), in https://www.vqronline.org/essay/okinawa-harry-truman-and-atomic-bomb(accessed 2 June 2019), pp.1–14.
4.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.49–51; Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, p.92.
5.Robbins, ‘My Story’, p.11.
6.Descent into Hell, pp.53–57.
28 被困在糖糕丘上，腿也动弹不得
1.Buckner Diary, 11 May 1945.
2.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.311–312.
3.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, pp.358–360.
4.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.313.
5.Ibid., p.314.
6.USMCA, COLL/1908, A/14/C/3/1, Howard W.Arendt, ‘Memoirs, 1943–1945’, pp.1–25.
7.Nichols and Shaw, Marines in World War II – Okinawa, pp.159–160.
8.Dick Camp, ‘Assault on Sugar Loaf Hill’, Leatherneck, 100/9 (September 2017), p.1.
9.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.317–318.
10.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p.363.
11.Camp, ‘Assault on Sugar Loaf Hill’, pp.1–4.
12.Ed Pesely, F/2/22, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p.90.
13.‘Twenty Second Marines Special Action Report’, 7–20 May 1945, in USMCA, COLL/3658, A/30/J/6/1, PFC John S.Kovaleski Papers.
14.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p.379.
15.Pesely, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, pp.91–94.
16.USMCA, COLL/3286, A/24/L/5/3, Box 3, Joseph Kohn, ‘Memoir’, p.3.
17.Pesely, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, pp.91–94, 155; Bill Sloan, The Ultimate Battle: Okinawa 1945 – The Last Epic Struggle of World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), pp.187–189.
18.Kohn, ‘Memoir’, p.3.
19.Pesely, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p.94; ‘Twenty Second Marines Special Action Report’, 7–20 May 1945; Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.319–320.
29 我们似乎被扔到了地狱的粪坑
1.Buckner to his wife Adele, 13 May 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.97.
2.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.351–357.
3.Buckner Diary, 13 May 1945.
4.Buckner to his wife Adele, 13 May 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, pp.97–98.
5.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, p.57.
6.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.322–323.
7.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, pp.365–382.
8.Heckt, ‘Pacific Diary’, 21–29 May 1945.
9.Nils Andersen, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, pp.119–124.
10.https://history.army.mil/moh/wwII-a-f.html#COURTNEY (accessed 10 June 2019)
11.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p.379.
12.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.330; Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, pp.26–27.
13.Carrell, ‘King One’, pp.35–37.
14.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.330.
15.Stockman, The First Marine Division on Okinawa, p.32.
16.Johnston, The Long Road of War, pp.114, 149.
17.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.44–45.
18.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.365–366.
19.Sledge, With the Old Breed, pp.268–273.
30 大家似乎已经忘记什么是恐惧
1.Marpe, ‘My Service in the United States Marine Corps’, p.43.
2.Ibid.; Tillman, ‘Hunter in the Dark’, pp.13–16.
3.Marpe, ‘My Service in the United States Marine Corps’, p.43.
4.USMCA, Marine Night Fighter Squadron 542 (VMF(N) 542) Association Collection, 1984–97 COLL/5480, A/13/F/7/1, ‘War Diary of Joseph S.Sama’, 25 May 1945.
5.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.361–362.
6.Buckner Diary, 24 May 1945.
7.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.62.8.Ibid., pp.62, 68–73, 80–82.
9.Himeyuri Peace Museum, p.30.
10.Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p.357.
11.HPMA, English Translation of Testimonies 1, No.7: Shizuko Oshiro, ‘A patient with no legs crawling in the mud’, p.13.
12.HPMA, English Translation of Testimonies 2, No.15: Nobuko Kinjo, ‘Water! Water!’, p.6.
31 敌军的整条战线似乎正在瓦解
1.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.87–92.
2.Ibid., p.94.
3.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.428.
4.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.94–103.
5.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.389–392.
6.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.123.
7.Buckner Diary, 26–28 May 1945.
8.Buckner to his wife Adele, 28 May 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, pp.102–103.
9.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.392.
10.Buckner Diary, 31 May 1945.
11.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.111–112.
32 光是想一想，就令人恐惧
1.Notes on the Interim Committee Meeting, 31 May 1945, at https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentid=39&pagenumber=2 (accessed 4 June 2019).
2.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.234–235.
3.Notes on the Interim Committee Meeting, 31 May 1945.
4.Ibid., 1 June 1945, at https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/ large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1945-06-01&documentid=40&pagenumber=1(accessed 4 June 2019).
5.Stimson, On Active Service, p.617; Baime, The Accidental President, pp.253–254.6.Quoted in Baime, The Accidental President, p.237.
33 既没有战术思维，又缺乏进取精神
1.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, pp.11–13; Barbara Tuchman, Stillwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), Chapter 20; Stanford, CA, Hoover Institution Archives (HIA), ‘The World War II Diaries of General Joseph W.Stilwell’, 1 September 1945, in http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/fi les/documents/1945Stilwell.pdf
2.Stilwell Diaries, 10 and 26 May, and 3 June 1945, in http://media.hoover.org/sites/ default/fi les/documents/1945Stilwell.pdf ; Buckner Diary, 3 June 1945.
3.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.432.
4.Ibid., pp.424–425; Buckner Diary, 3 June 1945.
5.Stilwell Diaries, 4–6 June 1945, in http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/ documents/1945Stilwell.pdf
6.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.434.
7.Buckner Diary, 7 June 1945.
34 而在这里，人命似乎一钱不值
1.Johnston, The Long Road of War, pp.154–158.
2.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, pp.11–12, 383–384, 391.
3.Carlton, ‘Do you want to live forever?’, pp.76–80, 88.
4.https://www.mossletters.com/11-june-1945/ (accessed 23 June 2019).
35 你必须坚持住
1.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.47–48.
2.USMCA, COLL/2874, A/24/G/6/5, William V.Niader Collection, Niader to his parents, 28 May 1945.
3.‘Marine’s death still lives in letters’, North Jersey Herald & News, 7 November, 1994.
4.Carrell, ‘King One’, pp.39–40.
5.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.452.
6.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.49–52.
36 我们太天真了，那么容易就受骗了
1.Buckner Diary, 9 June 1945.
2.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.463–465.
3.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, p.77.
4.Underground Naval Headquarters Museum, Tomigusuki, Okinawa (UNHQM), Rear Admiral ōta to the Naval Ministry in Tokyo, 2016 hours, 6 June 1945.
5.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.125–126.
6.Thomas McKinney, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, pp.211–212.
7.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.433–434; Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.128.
8.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.439–443; Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.121–124.
9.Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.446–450.
10.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.129–132.
11.Araki, ‘Bride of a Kamikaze’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.321–325.
37 我能看到弹道轨迹径直向目标飞去
1.Buckner to his wife Adele, 14 June 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.105.
2.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, p.78.
3.Buckner to his wife Adele, 14 June 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, pp.105–106.
4.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, pp.80–81.
5.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.455.
6.Buckner to his son William Claiborne, 16 June 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.107.
7.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.364; Morison, Victory in the Pacific, pp.390–392.
8.Tillman, ‘Hunter in the Dark’, pp.14–17; USMC, COLL/921, A/5/L/7/2, Colonel Bruce Porter Papers, ‘Interview: WWII Night Fighter Ace Bruce Porter’, pp.16, 25.
9.Dencker, Love Company, pp.259–261.
10.Carrell, ‘King One’, pp.40–41.
11.USMCA, COLL/1574, A/13/C/6/2, Marius L.Bressoud Jr, ‘The way it really was, I think: A personal account of the Okinawan Campaign, April 1 to June 21, 1945’, pp.1–5, 164–171.
12.Carrell, ‘King One’, pp.42–44.
38 将军，您要回家了
1.Stilwell Diaries, 18 June 1945, in http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/ documents/1945Stilwell.pdf
2.Brigadier General E.D.Post to Adele Buckner, 19 June 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.108.
3.Buckner Diary, 17 June 1945.
4.Post to Adele Buckner, 19 June 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.108; Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.135.
5.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, p.135.
6.Haley, ‘The General Dies at Noon’, pp.18–26.
7.Post to Adele Buckner, 19 June 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, p.109.
8.Haley, ‘The General Dies at Noon’, pp.26–34.
9.Post to Adele Buckner, 19 June 1945, in ‘Private Letters’, pp.109–110.
10.Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, pp.86–87; Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.135–136.
39 战斗至最后一刻
1.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.133; Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.456–458.
2.DDE, 735035, Box 801, G-2 Periodic Reports, 7th Infantry Division, ‘Summary of Information’, 23 June 1945; Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.134; Masahide ōta, ‘Straggler’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.367–371.
3.Descent into Hell, pp.61–62.
4.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.134.
5.Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p.359.
6.HPMA, English Translation of Testimonies 1, No.12: Tomi Shimabukuro, ‘Don’t bother about the patients.Get out!’, p.22.
7.Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.359–360.
8.HPMA, English Translation of Testimonies 1, No.13: Ruri Morishita, ‘I just can’t die in a place like this, I said to myself ’, p.24.
9.Himeyuri Peace Museum, pp.33, 35.
10.HPMA, English Translation of Testimonies 2, No.18: Kikuko Kaneshiro (Miyagi),‘Arasaka Beach, the end of the world’, pp.10–12; Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.360–363.
11.Himeyuri Peace Museum, p.57.
40 原子弹肯定会成功
1.HST, Miscellaneous Historical Documents Collection, No.736, ‘Minutes of Meeting held at the White House on Monday, 18 June 1945 at 1530’, at https://www.trumanlibrary.org/ whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1945-06-18&documentid=21&pagenumber=1 (accessed 28 June 2019); Truman, Year of Decisions, pp.458–459.
2.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.248–52; Truman, Year of Decisions, pp.458–459; HST, Truman Papers, President’s Secretary’s File, ‘Notes regarding June 18, 1945 meeting’, 7 June 1954.
41 这是多么美妙的最后时刻啊！
1.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.143–150; Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.468–470.
2.‘Interrogation of Testuo Nakamuta, General Ushijima’s cook’, 26 June 1945, G-2 Periodic Report, 77th Infantry Division, in http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/ p4013coll8/id/584 (accessed 2 July 2019)
3.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.153–156; ‘Interrogation of Testuo Nakamuta, General Ushijima’s cook’, 26 June 1945; Appleman et al., Okinawa, pp.470–471.
4.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.471.
5.G-2 Periodic Reports, 7th Infantry Division, ‘Summary of Information’, 23 June 1945.
6.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.473.
7.Stilwell Diary, 27 June 1945, in Sarantakes (ed.), Seven Stars, p.89.
8.Frank B.Gibney, ‘The Battle Ended’, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.200–201.
9.Churchill to Truman, 22 June 1945, in Churchill, The Second World War, VI, p.542.
10.Quoted in Feifer, Tenozan, p.vii.
11.Appleman et al., Okinawa, p.473.
12.Smith, ‘Personal Narrative’, pp.119–121.
13.Masahide ōta, ‘Introduction: The Battle of Okinawa’, 7 January 2013, in Descent into Hell, pp.xvii–xix.
14.Huber, ‘Japan’s Battle’, pp.117–118.
15.OPPM, Testimonies of Haru Maeda, Toyo Gima and Mitsutoshi Nakajo.
42 他提到妻子和未出生的孩子了吗？
1.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, p.52.
2.Donner, ‘Memoir’, pp.110–111.
3.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, p.53.
4.Carrell, ‘King One’, p.44.
5.Donner, ‘Memoir’, p.112.
6.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.52–53.
7.Johnston, The Long Road of War, pp.152–154.
8.USMCR, COLL/3838, A/13/A/3/1, Harold J.Mackin Jr Collection, Telegram from General Vandegrift to Mrs Harold J.Mackin, 5 July 1945.
9.Harold J.Mackin Jr Collection, Corporal Bob Miles to Mrs June Mackin, 25 September and 25 October 1945.
10.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.52–53.
11.Gibney, ‘The Battle Ended’, in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, pp.201–202.
12.Office of the Historian, Department of State, Potsdam Conference, 1945, Volume I, Document 592, ‘Proposed Program for Japan’, Memoradum by Henry Stimson for President Truman, 2 July 1945, at https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d592; Baime, The Accidental President, pp.269–270.
43 即将予日本以最后之打击
1.HST, ‘Memorandum on Alamogordo Air Base atomic fission bomb test’ by Brigadier General Leslie Groves, 18 July 1945; Baime, The Accidental President, p.284.
2.Truman, Year of Decisions, pp.368–378.
3.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.286–287.
4.Truman, Year of Decisions, pp.378–379, 458, 462–463.
5.Churchill, The Second World War, VI, p.552.
6.Truman, Year of Decisions, p.463.
7.HST, Papers of Harry S.Truman, Truman Diary, 25 July 1945.
8.Truman, Year of Decisions, p.464.
9.HST, George M.Elsey Oral History Interview, 7 July 1970, www.trumanlibrary.org/ oralhist/elsey7.htm (accessed 12 November 2018).
10.Churchill, The Second World War, VI, pp.556–557.
11.HST, Papers of Harry S.Truman, Truman Diary, 25 July 1945.
12.Truman, Year of Decisions, p.464.
44 天哪，我们都干了些什么!
1.Studs Terkel, The Good War: An Oral History of World War Two (New York: The New Press, 1984), p.532.
2.Baime, The Accidental President, pp.333–337; Richard Sisk, ‘Enola Gay Crew Recalled First Use of Atomic Bomb’, at https://www.military.com/dailynews/2015/08/06/enola-gaycrew-recalled-first-use-of-atomic-bomb.html; Lorrie Grant, ‘Enola Gay Pilot Paul Tibbets, 92, Dies’, NPR, 1 November 2007, at https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https://www.npr.org/ templates/story/story.php?storyId=15858203; Miss Cellania, ‘The Crew of the Enola Gay on Dropping the Atomic Bomb’, 6 August 2015, at http://mentalfl oss.com/article/24269/crewenola-gay-dropping-atomic-bomb; ‘Tale of Two Cities: Hiroshima and Nagasaki’, at http:// www.atomicarchive.com/History/twocities/index.shtml.
3.John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York: Penguin Group (USA), Inc., 1973; repr.1985), pp.3, 10–13.
4.Ibid., pp.18–21, 61.
5.Anonymous account, in Terkel, The Good War, p.537.
6.Hajimi Kito, in Terkel, The Good War, p.537.
7.Hersey, Hiroshima, pp.7–10, 114–115.
8.‘Tale of Two Cities: Hiroshima and Nagasaki’, at http://www.atomicarchive.com/ History/twocities/index.shtml.
9.Lt T.C.Cartwright, A Date with the Lonesome Lady (Fort Worth, TX: Eakin Press, 1998), pp.1, 24–33.
10.HST, Ayers Papers, ‘Press Release by the White House, August 6, 1945’.
11.IWM, 12965, Private Papers of W.A.Franklin, Box No.14/17/1, ‘Through Adversity to Attainment’, pp.100–104.
12.Truman, Year of Decisions, pp.470–483.
45 我们能活着回家了！
1.Baime, The Accidental President, p.358.
2.Tōgō, ‘Historical Facts Surrounding the End of the Pacific War’, and ‘Recollections of the Events on the Eve of Surrender’, Statements of Japanese Officials: Vol.4, pp.253–254.
3.Ibid., pp.17–18, 34–37.
4.HST, Papers of Harry S.Truman, Truman to Irv Kupcinet, 5 August 1963.
5.Stimson, On Active Service, pp.630–632.
6.Churchill, The Second World War, VI, p.553.
7.HST, George M.Elsey Oral History Interview, 7 July 1970, www.trumanlibrary.org/ oralhist/elsey7.htm (accessed 12 November 2018).
8.Cellania, ‘The Crew of the Enola Gay on Dropping the Atomic Bomb’.
9.Johnston, The Long Road of War, p.121.
10.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, p.54.
11.Sledge, With the Old Breed, p.343.
12.Dencker, Love Company, pp.291, 296.
13.Carrell, ‘King One’, p.44.
后记 那些阴影一直都挥之不去
1.Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp.665–666.
2.Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p.203.
3.Araki, ‘Bride of a Kamikaze’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.323–326.
4.Yokota, ‘Volunteer’, in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.311–312.
5.Miyagi, ‘Student Nurses of the “Lily Corps”,’ in Cook and Cook, Japan at War, pp.362–363.
6.Watkins, ‘Brothers in Battle’, pp.54–57; http://brothersinbattle.net (accessed 10 July 2019).
7.Carrell, ‘King One’, p.50; http://www.chroniclet.com/obituaries/2008/01/17/Jeptha-JCarrell.html (accessed 10 July 2019).
8.Dencker, Love Company, pp.xv, 314.
9.Dick, Cutthroats, pp.246–247.
10.HST, Family, Business and Personal Aff airs Papers, Harry S.Truman to Bess W.Truman, 22 December 1946.
11.https://soh.alumni.clemson.edu/scroll/julian-delano-dusenbury/ (accessed 16 July 2019); http://www.singletonfamily.org/getperson.php?personID=I92482&tree=1 (accessed 16 July 2019).
12.Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, pp.385, 398.
13.Johnston, The Long Road of War, pp.4, 167.
致谢
1.Leo Drake USN, quoted in Megan Tzeng, ‘The Battle of Okinawa, 1945: Final Turning Point in the Pacific’ in The History Teacher, 34/1 (2000), 95–118 (p.98).