延伸阅读

延伸阅读

此建议书目乃为有兴趣进一步阅读的读者而作。因此,除了一些重要的书、论文和研究报告外,我也列出一份完整的早期文献参考书目。期刊名称(标示为斜体字)之后的是出版期数,冒号后是第一页与最后一页的页码,在括号内的则是出版年份。

开场白

与本书大部分章节相关的著作中,The History and Geography of Human Genes(by L.Luca Cavalli-Sforza,Paolo Menozzi,and Alberto Piazza,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994)是讨论人类基因频率的重要专著。这本巨著穷究所有人类族群的身世,作者先简要介绍各大陆的地理、生态以及环境等信息,然后讨论该地的史前史、发展史、语言、体质人类学以及各族群的文化等。由L.Luca Cavalli-Sforza和Francisco Cavalli-Sforza所著的The Great Human Diasporas(Reading,Mass.:Addison-Wesley,1995)涵盖的内容类似,不过这本书是普及读物。

另有一套五卷本的易读文献:The Illustrated History of Humankind,ed.Göran Burenhult(San Francisco:HarperCollins,1993-94)。五卷分别是The First Humans、People of the Stone Age、Old World Civilizations、New World and Pacific Civilizations,以及Traditional Peoples Today。

剑桥大学出版社出版的一些系列图书(出版于英格兰的剑桥,各册出版日期不同)涵盖特定地区或时期的历史。还有一系列丛书,由题为The Cambridge History of[X]的各册组成,其中X分别为非洲、早期亚洲腹地、中国、印度、伊朗、伊斯兰、日本、拉丁美洲、波兰以及东南亚。尚有一系列名为The Cambridge Encyclopedia of[X]的丛书,其中X分别为非洲、中国、日本、拉丁美洲与加勒比海、俄罗斯、澳大利亚、中东与北美,以及印度、巴基斯坦与邻近国家。其他系列见The Cambridge Ancient History、The Cambridge Medieval History、The Cambridge Modern History、The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,以及The Cambridge Economic History of India。

世界上的语言可参看下列三本百科式的专著:Barbara Grimes,Ethnologue:Languages of the World,13th ed.(Dallas:Summer Institute of Linguistics,1996)、Merritt Ruhlen,A Guide to the World's Languages(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987),以及C.F.Voegelin and F.M.Voegelin,Classification and Index of the World's Languages(New York:Elsevier,1977)。

大范围的比较历史学著作中,Arnold Toynbee,A Study of History,12 vols.(London:Oxford University Press,1934-54)尤其出色。关于欧亚大陆上的文明,尤其是欧亚大陆西部的文明,有一本经典的历史学著作:William McNeill,The Rise of the West(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1991)。同一位作者的另一本书,尽管题为A World History(New York:Oxford University Press,1979),但特别关注了欧亚大陆西部的文明,V.Gordon Childe,What Happened in History,rev.ed.(Baltimore:Penguin Books,1954)也是如此。另一本致力于欧亚大陆西部的比较历史学研究著作为C.D.Darlington,The Evolution of Man and Society(New York:Simon and Schuster,1969),这位作者是生物学家,他和我一样发现了大陆历史与驯化间的关联。Alfred Crosby的两部精彩专著讨论了欧洲的海外扩张,尤其着重于此举带来的植物、动物以及病菌:The Columbian Exchange:Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492(Westport,Conn.:Greenwood,1972),以及Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900-1900(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986)。Marvin Harris,Cannibals and Kings:The Origins of Cultures(New York:Vintage Books,1978),以及Marshall Sahlins and Elman Service,eds.,Evolution and Culture(Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1960),都是采用文化人类学观点的比较历史学研究。Ellen Semple,Influences of Geographic Environment(New York:Holt,1911)为探讨地理对人类社会影响的早期研究。其他重要的历史学研究则列在收场白的延伸阅读中。我在欧亚大陆与美洲大陆间做的比较历史学研究,The Third Chimpanzee(New York:Harper Collins,1992),特别是第14章,提供了构思本书的起点。

近期有关智力群体差异的论辩,最著名或最受非议的著作为Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray,The Bell Curve:Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life(New York:Free Press,1994)。

第1章

有关人类早期演化,以下都是很值得参考的专著:Richard Klein,The Human Career(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1989),Roger Lewin,Bones of Contention(New York:Simon and Schuster,1989),Paul Mellars and Chris Stringer,eds.,The HumanRevolution:Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans(Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,1989),Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin,Origins Reconsidered(New York:Doubleday,1992),D.Tab Rasmussen,ed.,The Origin and Evolution of Humans and Humanness(Boston:Jones and Bartlett,1993),Matthew Nitecki and Doris Nitecki,eds.,Origins ofAnatomically Modern Humans(New York:Plenum,1994),以及Chris Stringer and Robin McKie,African Exodus(London:Jonathan Cape,1996)。有关尼安德特人,可参看下列三本畅销佳作:Christopher Stringer and Clive Gamble,In Search of the Neanderthals(New York:Thames and Hudson,1993)、Erik Trinkaus and Pat Shipman,The Neanderthals(New York:Knopf,1993),以及Ian Tattersall,The Last Neanderthal(New York:Macmillan,1995)。

L.Luca Cavalli-Sforza et al.所著的两本书,讨论了人类起源的遗传证据:见开场白的延伸阅读,以及我的《第三种黑猩猩》的第1章。两篇研究报告提及了近期在遗传学证据上的进展:J.L.Mountain and L.L.Cavalli-Sforza,“Inference of human evolution through cladistics analysis of nuclear DNA restriction polymorphism,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:6515-19(1994),以及D.B.Goldstein et al.,“Genetic absolute dating based on microsatellites and the origin of modern humans,”ibid.92:6723-27(1995)。

第15章的延伸阅读列出了论及澳大利亚、新几内亚以及俾斯麦与所罗门群岛上,人类殖民与当地大型动物灭绝的参考著作。特别是Tim Flannery,The Future Eaters(New York:Braziller,1995),以清楚易懂的语言,辅以最近一些澳大利亚绝种大型哺乳动物仍然存活的论点,讨论了上述问题。

论更新世晚期与近期大型动物绝种的代表作品为Paul Martin and Richard Klein,eds.,Quaternary Extinctions(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1984)。更多近期更新信息有Richard Klein,“The impact of early people on the environment:The case of large mammal extinctions,”pp.13-34 in J.E.Jacobsen and J.Firor,Human Impact on the Environment(Boulder,Colo.:Westview Press,1992),以及Anthony Stuart,“Mammalian extinctions in the Late Pleistocene of Northern Eurasia and North America,”Biological Reviews 66:453-562(1991)。David Steadman的论文“Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds:Biodiversity meets zooarchaeology,”Science 267:1123-31(1995),汇整了关于人类定居太平洋岛屿造成大批动物灭绝的近期证据。

关于美洲大陆定居、伴随而来大型哺乳动物的绝种及其造成的争议,最多人接受的论点有Brian Fagan,The Great Journey:The Peopling of Ancient America(New York:Thames and Hudson,1987)以及我的《第三种黑猩猩》的第18章,两本书还提供了许多其他的参考著作。Ronald Carlisle,ed.,Americans before Columbus:Ice-Age Origins(Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh,1988),收录了一篇J.M.阿多瓦西奥(J.M.Adovasio)与他的同事讨论梅多克罗夫特遗址的“前克洛维斯”证据。C.Vance Haynes,Jr.是一位克洛维斯与据信为“前克洛维斯”遗址的专家,他的论文有“Contributions of radiocarbon dating to the geochronology of the peopling of the New World,”pp.354-74 in R.E.Taylor,A.Long,and R.S.Kra,eds.,Radiocarbon after Four Decades(New York:Springer,1992)以及“Clovis-Folson geochronology and climate change,”pp.219-36 in Olga Soffer and N.D.Praslov,eds.,From Kostenki to Clovis:Upper Paleolithic Paleo-Indian Adaptations(New York:Plenum,1993)。前克洛维斯支持富拉达遗址的论点,见N.Guidon and G.Delibrias,“Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago,”Nature 321:769-71(1986),以及David Meltzer et al.,“On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra Furada,Brazil,”Antiquity 68:695-714(1994)。其他有关“前克洛维斯”论辩的著作包括T.D.Dillehay et al.,“Earliest hunters and gatherers of South America,”Journal of World Prehistory 6:145-204(1992),T.D.Dillehay,Monte Verde:A Late Pleistocene Site in Chile(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1989),T.D.Dillehay and D.J.Meltzer,eds.,The First Americans:Search and Research(Boca Raton:CRC Press,1991),Thomas Lynch“Glacial-age man in South America?—a critical review,”American Antiquity 55:12-36(1990),John Hoffecker et al.,“The colonization of Beringia and the peopling of the New World,”Science 259:46-53(1993),以及A.C.Roosevelt et al.,“Paleoindian cave dwellers in the Amazon:The peopling of the Americas,”Science 272:373-84(1996)。

第2章

有关波利尼西亚的文化差异,可参看两本宝贵的专著:Patrick Kirch,The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984),以及同作者的The Wet and the Dry(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1994)。Peter Bellwood的The Polynesians,rev.ed.(London:Thames and Hudson,1987),当中有许多篇幅也探讨了这个议题。讨论波利尼西亚特定岛屿、值得一读的专著为Michael King,Moriori(Auckland:Penguin,1989),论查塔姆群岛可参看Patrick Kirch,Feathered Gods and Fishhooks(Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1985),有关夏威夷的论述则可参看下列专著:Patrick Kirch and Marshall Sahlins,Anahulu(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992),Jo Anne Van Tilburg,Easter Island(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1994),以及Paul Bahn and John Flenley,Easter Island,Earth Island(London:Thames and Hudson,1992)。

第3章

关于皮萨罗俘虏阿塔瓦尔帕,我的描述结合了弗兰西斯卡·皮萨罗的弟弟埃尔南多·皮萨罗与佩德罗·皮萨罗,以及皮萨罗的同伴Miguel de Estete、Cristóbal de Mena、Ruiz de Arce以及Francisco de Xerez等人的目击证词。埃尔南多·皮萨罗、Miguel de Estete以及Francisco de Xerez的证词已被译为Clements Markham,Reports on the Discovery of Peru,Hakluyt Society,1st ser.,vol.47(New York,1872);佩德罗·皮萨罗的证词见Philip Means,Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru(New York:Cortés Society,1921);Cristóbal de Mena的证词见Joseph Sinclair,The Conquest of Peru,as Recorded by a Member of the Pizarro Expedition(New York,1929)。Ruiz de Arce的证词则重刊于Boletin de la Real Academia de Historia(Madrid)102:327-84(1933)。John Hemming出色的The Conquest of the Incas(San Diego:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1970),提供了这次俘虏事件——其实是关于整个征服行动——的一段完整记载,连带一份全面的参考书目。关于这场征服行动有一份19世纪的记载,William H.Prescott的History of the Conquest of Peru(New York,1847)至今仍非常易读,名列历史类写作的经典之林。相对应的现代及经典19世纪关于西班牙征服阿兹特克的记载分别为Hugh Thomas,Conquest:Montezuma,Cortés,and the Fall of Old Mexico(New York:Simon and Schuster,1993),以及William Prescott,History of the Conquest of Mexico(New York,1843)。当时征服阿兹特克的目击证词由科尔特斯本人所写[重刊为Hernando Cortés,Five Letters of Cortés to the Emperor(New York:Norton,1969)],其他许多证词则由科尔特斯的同伴所写(重刊于Patricia de Fuentes,ed.,The Conquistadors,Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1993)。

第4~10章

这7个章节讨论食物生产,我将参考书目汇整在一起,因为其中许多书目不只适用于这些章节中的单一章节。

有关食物生产是如何从狩猎-采集的生活方式演化而来的,可参考下列五本罗列诸多事实的重要食物专著:Kent Flannery,“The origins of agriculture,”Annual Reviews of Anthropology 2:271-310(1973);Jack Harlan,Crops and Man,2nd ed.(Madison,Wis.:American Society of Agronomy,1992);Richard MacNeish,The Origins ofAgriculture and Settled Life(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1992);David Rindos,The Origins of Agriculture:An Evolutionary Perspective(San Diego:Academic Press,1984);以及Bruce Smith,The Emergence of Agriculture(New York:Scientific American Library,1995)。有关早期食物生产的概论,可参看下面几本重要作品:Peter Ucko and G.W.Dimbleby,eds.,The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals(Chicago:Aldine,1969),以及Charles Reed,ed.,Origins of Agriculture(The Hague:Mouton,1977)。Carl Sauer,Agricultural Origins and Dispersals(New York:American Geographical Society,1952)是一部比较新旧大陆粮食生产的早期经典;Erich Isaac,Geography of Domestication(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1970)则问了在哪里、什么时候以及动植物如何开始被驯化的问题。

植物驯化的专论中,写得特别好的一本是Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf,Domestication of Plants in the Old World,2nd ed.(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993)。这本书提供了世界各地植物驯化最详细的记载,并汇整了欧亚大陆西部各种重要作物驯化与散布的考古学及遗传学证据。

有关植物驯化的重要著作有C.Wesley Cowan and Patty Jo Watson,eds.,The Origins of Agriculture(Washington,D.C.,Smithsonian Institution Press,1992),David Harris and Gordon Hillman,eds.,Foraging and Farming:The Evolution of Plant Exploitation(London:Unwin Hyman,1989),以及C.Barigozzi,ed.,The Origin and Domestication of Cultivated Plants(Amsterdam:Elsevier,1986)。Charles Heiser,Jr.两本受欢迎的讨论植物驯化的著作为Seed to Civilization:The Story of Food,3rd ed.(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990),以及Of Plants and People(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1985)。J.Smartt and N.W.Simmonds,ed.,Evolution of Crop Plants,2nd ed.(London:Longman,1995),是世界上所有主要与许多次要作物相关数据标准的参考书。三篇精彩的论文讨论了野生植物在人类栽培自动演化的改变:Mark Blumler and Roger Byrne,“The ecological genetics of domestication and the origins of agriculture,”Current Anthropology 32:23-54(1991);Charles Heiser,Jr.,“Aspects of unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants,”Euphytica 37:77-81(1988);以及Daniel Zohary,“Modes of evolution in plants under domestication,“in W.F.Grant,ed.,Plant Biosystematics(Montreal:Academic Press,1984)。Mark Blumler,“Independent inventionism and recent genetic evidence on plant domestication,”Economic Botany 46:98-111(1992),评估支持同一野生植物品种多重驯化,反对单一起源再扩散的证据。

与动物驯化相关的概论中,论世界上野生哺乳动物的百科式专著为Ronald Nowak,ed.,Walker's Mammals of the World,5th ed.(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1991)。Juliet Clutton-Brock,Domesticated Animals from Early Times[London:British Museum(Natural History),1981],是关于所有重要的驯化哺乳动物的概要。I.L.Mason,ed.,Evolution of Domesticated Animals(London:Longman,1984)是一本个别讨论每一种重要的驯化动物的著作。Simon Davis,The Archaeology of Animals(New Haven:Yale University Press,1987),说明从考古遗址的哺乳动物遗骸中可得知什么。Juliet Clutton-Brock,ed.,The Walking Larder(London:Unwin-Hyman,1989)呈现了31篇关于人类如何驯化、豢养、猎食世界上其他动物,以及成为它们的猎物。一本关于驯化动物的完整全面的德文书籍为Wolf Herre and Manfred Röhrs,Haustiere zoologisch gesehen(Stuttgart:Fischer,1990)。Stephen Budiansky,The Covenant of the Wild(New York:William Morrow,1992)论述动物驯化如何从人与动物的关系自然演变而成。Andrew Sheratt,“Plough and pastoralism:Aspects of the secondary products revolution,”pp.261-305 in Ian Hodder et al.,eds.,Pattern of the Past(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981)则讨论家畜如何用于耕田、交通运输,并提供毛与奶给人类使用。

关于世界上特定地区食物生产的介绍可参看下列著作:Pliny,Natural History,vols.17-19是论罗马农业的不朽之作,作者的描述极为详细,文笔生动[拉丁文与英文译文对照本见Loeb Classical Library版(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1961)];Albert Ammerman and L.L.Cavalli-Sforza,The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984),分析食物生产从肥沃新月地带向西越过欧洲的扩散过程;Donald Henry,From Foraging to Agriculture:The Levant at the End of the Ice Age(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1989),论比邻地中海东岸的土地;以及D.E.Yen,“Domestication:Lessons from New Guinea,”pp.558-69 in Andrew Pawley,ed.,Man and a Half(Auckland:Polynesian Society,1991),论新几内亚。Edward Schafer,The Golden Peaches of Samarkand(Berkeley:University of California Press,1963)描述唐朝时期输入中国的动物、植物以及其他事物。

接下来为关于植物驯化与世界上特定区块作物的讨论。欧洲与肥沃新月地带:Willem van Zeist et al.,eds.,Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany(Rotterdam:Balkema,1991),以及Jane Renfrew,Paleoethnobotany(London:Methuen,1973)。印度河流域哈拉帕文明及南亚次大陆概论,见:Steven Weber,Plants and Harappan Subsistence(New Delhi:American Institute of Indian Studies,1991)。新大陆的作物,见:Charles Heiser,Jr.,“New perspectives on the origin and evolution of New World domesticated plants:Summary,”Economic Botany 44(3 suppl.):111-16(1990),以及同作者的“Origins of some cultivated New World plants,”Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 10:309-26(1979)。可能记录中部美洲从狩猎-采集转型至早期农业的一个墨西哥遗址,见:Kent Flannery,ed.,Guilá Naquitz(New York:Academic Press,1986)。关于印加时期安第斯山区的作物以及今日它们可能的用途,见:National Research Council,Lost Crops of the Incas(Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,1989)。关于东部或西南部美国的植物驯化,见:Bruce Smith,“Origins of agriculture in eastern North America,”Science 246:1566-71(1989);William Keegan,ed.,Emergent Horticultural Economics of the Eastern Woodlands(Carbondale:Southern Illinois University,1987);Richard Ford,ed.,Prehistoric Food Production in North America(Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology,1985);以及R.G.Matson,The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1991)。Bruce Smith,“The origins of agriculture in the Americas,”Evolutionary Anthropology 3:174-84(1995)根据非常少量植物样本的加速器质谱法定年,讨论美洲大陆农业起源其实比先前所想来得更晚的修正观点。

关于动物驯化与世界上特定区域家禽的讨论:论中欧与东欧,见S.Bökönyi,History of Domestic Mammals in Central and Eastern Europe(Budapest:Akadémiai Kiadó,1974);论非洲,见Andrew Smith,Pastoralism in Africa(London:Hurst,1992);论安第斯山区,见Elizabeth Wing,“Domestication of Andean mammals,“pp.246-64 in F.Vuilleumier and M.Monasterio,eds.,High Altitude Tropical Biogeography(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986)。

讨论特定重要作物的参考著作如下:Thomas Sodestrom et al.,eds.,Grass Systematics and Evolution(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1987),Hugh Iltis,“From teosinte to maize:The catastrophic sexual transmutation,”Science 222:886-94(1983),讨论玉米的野生始祖大刍草,在繁殖生物学上的剧烈转变。Yan Wenming,“China's earliest rice agricultural remains,”Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 10:118-26(1991),讨论华南早期稻米驯化的发展。Charles Heiser,Jr.两本论特定作物的名著为:The Sunflower(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1976),以及The Gourd Book(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1979)。

关注特定驯化植物品种的许多论文或专著如下:R.T.Loftus et al.,“Evidence for two independent domestications of cattle,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.91:2757-61(1994),使用线粒体DNA的证据,论证欧亚大陆西部与南亚次大陆上牛群的独立驯化。论马匹,见:Juliet Clutton-Brock,Horse Power(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992),Richard Meadow and Hans-Peter Uerpmann,eds.,Equids in the Ancient World(Wiesbaden:Reichert,1986),Matthew J.Kust,Man and Horse in History(Alexandria,Va.:Plutarch Press,1983),以及Robin Law,The Horse in West African History(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1980)。论猪,见:Colin Groves,Ancestors for the Pigs:Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus(Technical Bulletin no.3,Department of Prehistory,Research School of Pacific Studies,Australian National University[1981])。论骆马,见:Kent Flannery,Joyce Marcus,and Robert Reynolds,The Flocks of the Wamani(San Diego:Academic Press,1989)。论犬只,见:Stanley Olsen,Origins of the Domestic Dog(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1985)。John Varner and Jeannette Varner,Dogs of the Conquest(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1983),描述西班牙征服美洲时,西班牙人用犬只做军用武器杀死印第安人。Clive Spinnage,The Natural History of Antelopes(New York:Facts on File,1986),为羚羊的生物学研究,尝试了解为何这些看似很可能驯化的动物,实际上却未被驯化的入门讨论。Derek Goodwin,Domestic Birds(London:Museum Press,1965),汇整了已被驯化的鸟类,以及R.A.Donkin,The Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata domestica(Rotterdam:Balkema,1989),讨论新大陆上两种被驯化的鸟类之一。

最后,关于校正碳14年代复杂性的讨论见G.W.Pearson,“How to cope with calibration,”Antiquity 61:98-103(1987),R.E.Taylor,eds.,Radiocarbon after Four Decades:An Interdisciplinary Perspective(New York:Springer,1992),M.Stuiver et al.,“Calibration,”Radiocarbon 35:1-244(1993),S.Bowman,“Using radiocarbon:An update,”Antiquity 68:838-43(1994),以及R.E.Taylor,M.Stuiver,and C.Vance Haynes,Jr.,“Calibration of the Late Pleistocene radiocarbon time scale:Clovis and Folsom age estimates,”Antiquity vol.70(1996)。

第11章

关于人口受疾病影响的讨论,没有什么比得上修昔底德(Thucydides)讨论雅典瘟疫的著作:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》(Peloponnesian War)(译本众多)的第二卷。

有关疾病史的三本开山之作为Hans Zinsser,Rats,Lice,and History(Boston:Little,Brown,1935)、Geddes Smith,A Plague on Us(New York:Commonwealth Fund,1941),以及William McNeill,Plagues and Peoples(Garden City,N.Y.:Doubleday,1976)。最后一本书的作者不是医师,而是杰出的史学家,如同开场白的延伸阅读提到的Alfred Crosby的两本书,本书也特别能使历史学家体悟到疾病给人类社会带来的冲击。

Friedrich Vogel and Arno Motulsky,Human Genetics,2nd ed.(Berlin:Springer,1986)是一部人类遗传学的标准教科书,也是一部讨论疾病造成人口自然淘汰以及遗传发展抵抗特定疾病的简要著作。Roy Anderson and Robert May,Infectious Diseases of Humans(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992),是一部清晰的数学研究,关于疾病动力学、传播以及流行病学。MacFarlane Burnet,Natural History of Infectious Disease(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1953),是一部由一流医学研究人员所写的经典著作,Arno Karlen,Man and Microbes(New York:Putnam,1995)则是近期颇受欢迎的著作。

专论人类传染病演化的书籍与论文包括:Aidan Cockburn,Infectious Diseases:Their Evolution and Eradication(Springfield,Ⅲ.:Thomas,1967);同作者的“Where did our infectious diseases come from?”pp.103-13 in Health and Disease in Tribal Societies,CIBA Foundation Symposium,no.49(Amsterdam:Elsevier,1977);George Williams and Randolph Nesse,“The dawn of Darwinian medicine,”Quarterly Reviews of Biology 66:1-62(1991);以及Paul Ewald,Evolution of Infectious Disease(New York:Oxford University Press,1994)。

Francis Black,“Infectious diseases in primitive societies,”Science 187:515-18(1975),讨论地方病与急症对小型孤立社会的冲击及这些病症的流传。Frank Fenner,“Myxoma virus and Oryctolagus cuniculus:Two colonizing species,”pp.485-501 in H.G.Baker and G.L.Stebbins,eds.,Genetics of Colonizing Species(New York:Academic Press,1965),描述黏液瘤病毒在澳大利亚兔子间的传布与演化。Peter Panum,Observations Made during the Epidemic of Measles on the Faroe Islands in the Year 1846(New York:American Public Health Association,1940),说明急性传染病的到来,如何迅速杀死孤立无抵抗力的人群,或反而使全体人口免疫。Francis Black,“Measles endemicity in insular populations:Critical community size and its evolutionary implication,”Journal of Theoretical Biology 11:207-11(1966),使用麻疹等来推估能够让该种病菌存续的最低人口数。Andrew Dobson,“The population biology of parasite-induced changes in host behavior,”Quarterly Reviews of Biology 63:139-65(1988),讨论寄生虫如何借着改变宿主的行为,以增进自身的传布。Aidan Cockburn and Eve Cockburn,eds.,Mummies,Diseases,and Ancient Cultures(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983),说明可从木乃伊得知过去疾病的影响。

关于疾病对初次感染人口的影响,Henry Dobyns,Their Number Become Thinned(Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1983),搜集证据支持欧洲传入的疾病杀死了近95%美洲土著的观点。后续加入论辩的有:John Verano and Douglas Ubelaker,eds.,Disease and Demography in the Americas(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1992);Ann Ramenofsky,Vectors of Death(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1987);Russell Thornton,American Indian Holocaust and Survival(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1987);Dean Snow,“Microchronology and demographic evidence relating to the size of the pre-Columbian North American Indian population,”Science 268:1601-4(1995)。两部著作讨论欧洲传入疾病造成夏威夷的波利尼西亚人人口减少:David Stannard,Before the Horror:The Population of Hawaii on the Eve of Western Contact(Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1989),以及O.A.Bushnell,The Gifts of Civilization:Germs and Genocide in Hawaii(Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1993)。在1902—1903年的冬天,赛得缪特因纽特人因痢疾而几乎灭族,见Susan Rowley,“The Sadlermiut:Mysterious or misunderstood?”pp.361-84 in David Morrison and Jean-Luc Pilon,eds.,Threads of Arctic Prehistory(Hull:Canadian Museum of Civilization,1994)。海外传入的疾病造成欧洲人死亡的现象,见Philip Curtin,Death by Migration:Europe's Encounter with the Tropical World in the 19th Century(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989)。

特定疾病的讨论中,Stephen Morse,ed.,Emerging Viruses(New York:Oxford University Press,1993)包含许多讨论人类“新”病毒疾病的宝贵章节,如同Mary Wilson et al.,eds.,Disease in Evolution,Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,vol.740(New York,1995)。其他疾病的参考资料如下。论腺鼠疫:Colin McEvedy,“Bubonic plague,”Scientific American 258(2):118-23(1988)。论霍乱:Norman Longmate,King Cholera(London:Hamish Hamilton,1966)。论流感:Edwin Kilbourne,Influenza(New York:Plenum,1987),以及Robert Webster et al.,“Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses,”Microbiological Reviews 56:152-79(1992)。论莱姆病:Alan Barbour and Durland Fish,“The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease,”Science 260:1610-16(1993),以及Allan Steere,“Lyme disease:A growing threat to urban populations,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:2378-83(1994)。

论人类疟原虫间的演化关系:Thomas McCutchan et al.,“Evolutionary relatedness of plasmodium species as determined by the structure of DNA,”Science 225:808-11(1984),以及A.R Waters et al.,“Plasmodium falciparum appears to have arisen as a result of lateral transfer between avian and human hosts,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88:3140-44(1991)。论麻疹病毒的演化关系:E.Norrby et al.,“Is rinderpest virus the archevirus of the Morbillivirus genus?”Intervirology 23:228-32(1985),以及Keith Murray et al.,“A morbillivirus that cause fatal disease in horses and humans,”Science 268:94-97(1995)。论百日咳:R.Gross et al.,“Genetics of pertussis toxin,”Molecular Microbiology 3:119-24(1989)。论天花:Donald Hopkins,Princes and Peasants:Smallpox in History(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1983);F.Vogel and M.R.Chakravartti,“ABO blood groups and smallpox in a rural population of West Bengal and Bihar(India),”Human Genetics 3:166-80(1966);以及我的“A pox upon our genes,”Natural History 99(2):26-30(1990)。论猴痘,一种与天花相关的疾病:Zdeněk Jezek and Frank Fenner,Human Monkeypox(Basel:Karger,1988)。论梅毒:Claude Quétel,History of Syphilis(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1990)。论肺结核:Guy Youmans,Tuberculosis(Philadelphia:Saunders,1979)。关于人类肺结核在哥伦布抵达前便存在于美洲原住民的论点,支持者为:Wilmar Salo et al.,“Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:2091-94(1994);持反对看法的则是:William Stead et al.,“When did Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection first occur in the New World?”American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 151:1267-68(1995)。

第12章

提供文字系统概论与专论的书籍包括David Diringer,Writing(London:Thanes and Hudson,1982),I.J.Gelb,A Study of Writing,2nd ed.(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1963),Geoffrey Sampson,Writing Systems(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1985),John DeFrancis,Visible Speech(Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1989),Wayne Senner,ed.,The Origins of Writing(Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1991),以及J.T.Hooker,ed.,Reading the Past(London:British Museum Press,1990)。论重要文字系统并逐一图解的完整著作为David Diringer,The Alphabet,3rd ed.,2 vol.(London:Hutchinson,1968)。Jack Goody,The Domestication of the Savage Mind(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977),以及Robert Logan,The Alphabet Effect(New York:Morrow,1986),讨论总体读写能力与特定拼音文字的影响。早期文字系统的使用讨论见Nicholas Postgate et al.,“The evidence for early writing:Utilitarian or ceremonial?”Antiquity 69:459-80(1995)。

下列专著破解了先前无法辨读的古代手稿,实是令人振奋之作:Maurice Pope,The Story of Decipherment(London:Thames and Hudson,1975),Michael Coe,Breaking the Maya Code(New York:Thames and Hudson,1992),John Chadwick,The Decipherment of Linear B(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992),Yves Duhoux,Thomas Palaima,and John Bennet,eds.,Problems in Decipherment(Louvainla-Neuve:Peeters,1989),以及John Justeson and Terrence Kaufman,“A decipherment of epi-Olmec hieroglyphic writing,”Science 259:1703-11(1993)。

Denise Schmandt-Besserat的两册Before Writing(Austin:University of Texas Press,1992)呈现她从苏美尔人使用的黏土符号重建苏美尔文字系统的起源。这段历史跨越了近5000年。尽管作者的重建引发不少争议,仍值得参考。Hans Nissen et al.,eds.,Archaic Bookkeeping(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1994)描述了呈现早期楔形文字的美索不达米亚泥板。Joseph Naveh,Early History of the Alphabet(Leiden:Brill,1982)追溯地中海地区东部拼音文字的出现。独特的乌加里特(Ugarit)拼音文字专论于Gernot Windfuhr,“The cuneiform signs of Ugarit,”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 29:48-51(1970)。Joyce Marcus,Mesoamerican Writing Systems:Propaganda,Myth,and History in Four Ancient Civilizations(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1992),以及Elizabeth Boone and Walter Mignolo,Writing without Words(Durham:Duke University Press,1994),描述了中部美洲文字系统的发展与使用。William Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System(New Haven:American Oriental Society,1994),以及同作者的“Early Chinese writing,”World Archaeology 17:420-36(1986)则讨论了中国的文字。最后,Janet Klausner,Sequoyah's Gift(New York:HarperCollins,1993),是一部讨论塞阔雅发展切罗基印第安人音节字母的著作。

第13章

Charles Singer等人的A History of Technology(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1954-84)是解说详尽的八卷本技术史巨著。单册史学著作有Donald Cardwell,The Fontana History of Technology(London:Fontana Press,1994),Arnold Pacey,Technology in World Civilization(Cambridge:MIT Press,1990),以及Trevor Williams,The History of Invention(New York:Facts on File,1987)。R.A.Buchanan,The Power of the Medicine(London:Penguin Books,1994),是一部关注自公元1700年起,几世纪以来的简短技术史著作。Joel Mokyr,The Lever of Riches(New York:Oxford University Press,1990),讨论为何技术发展速度会随时间与地点而改变。George Basalla,The Evolution of Technology(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988)提出技术进步相关的一个演化观点。Everett Rogers,Diffusion of Innovations,3rd ed.(New York:Free Press,1983),汇整了讨论延伸发明——包括QWERTY键盘在内的——现代研究。David Holloway,Stalin and the Bomb(New Haven:Yale University Press,1994),剖析了蓝图复制、概念散布(借由间谍)以及独立发明对苏联原子弹的相对贡献。

技术相关的地区性研究中,尤其重要的系列为Science and Civilizationin China,by Joseph Needham(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press),系列中的5册共16部在1954年便已问世,同时还有十多部即将完成。Ahmad al-Hassan and Donald Hill,Islamic Technology(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992),以及K.D.White,Greek and Roman Technology(London:Thames and Hudson,1984),则替那些文化汇整了技术的历史。

日本和中国都是有点封闭的社会。日本在1543年采用火器,后来又放弃;而中国在1433年扬弃大型越洋船只,两者皆是科技倒退走的显著之例,因而失去技术优势。前者描述于Noel Perrin,Giving Up the Gun(Boston:Hall,1979),后者描述于Louise Levathes,When China Ruled the Seas(New York:Simon and Schuster,1994)。“The disappearance of useful arts,”pp.190-210 in W.H.B.Rivers,Psychology and Ethnology(New York:Harcourt,Brace,1926),这篇论文提供了在太平洋岛民间的类似案例。

技术史相关的论文可在技术史学会(Society for the History of Technology)自1959年起出版之季刊《技术与文化》(Technology and Culture)中找到。John Staudenmaier,Technology's Storytellers(Cambridge:MIT Press,1985),分析了这本期刊头20年间的论文。

对电力、织品和冶金等技术史特别感兴趣的读者,则可参看下列专著:Thomas Hughes,Networks of Power(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1983)讨论1880—1930年间,西方社会电气化历程中,社会、经济、政治以及技术等因素。Dava Sobel,Longitude(New York:Walker,1995),描述了约翰·哈里森(John Harrison)为解决海上测定经度问题发明的经线仪(chronometer)的过程。E.J.W.Barber,Prehistoric Textiles(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991),从9000多年前开始细说欧亚布料的历史。涵盖广大范围,甚至遍及全世界的冶金术历史的相关讨论包括Robert Maddin,The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys(Cambridge:MIT Press,1988),Theodore Wertime and James Muhly,eds.,The Coming of the Age of Iron(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980),R.D.Penhallurick,Tin in Antiquity(London:Institute of Metals,1986),James Muhly,“Copper and Tin,”Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 43:155-535(1973),以及Alan Franklin,Jacqueline Olin,and Theodore Wertime,The Search for Ancient Tin(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1978)。关于地区冶金术相关的讨论有R.F.Tylecote,The Early History of Metallurgy in Europe(London:Longman,1987),以及Donald Wagner,Iron and Steel in Ancient China(Leiden:Brill,1993)。

第14章

游群、部落、酋邦、国家等人类社会的四种分类,大抵按照Elman Service在下列两本书的分类:Primitive Social Organization(New York:Random House,1962),以及Origins of the State and Civilization(New York:Norton,1975)。一种使用不同专有名词的类似社会分类为Morton Fried,The Evolution of Political Society(New York:Random House,1967)。三篇论国家与社会的演进的重要论文为Kent Flannery,“The cultural evolution of civilizations,”Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:399-426(1972),同作者的“Prehistoric social evolution,”pp.1-26 in Carol and Melvin Ember,eds.,Research Frontiers in Anthropology(Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1995),以及Henry Wright,“Recent research on the origin of the state,”Annual Review of Anthropology 6:379-97(1977)。Robert Carneiro,“A theory of the origin of the state,”Science 169:733-38(1970),认为国家在面临土地的生态限制时,会通过发动战争而崛起。Karl Wittfogel,Oriental Despotism(New Haven:Yale University Press,1957),将国家的起源联结至大范围的灌溉与水力管理。On the Evolution of Complex Societies,by William Sanders,Henry Wright,and Robert Adams(Malibu:Undena,1984),其中的三篇文章对国家起源提出不同的观点,Robert Adams,The Evolution of Urban Society(Chicago:Aldine,1966),则比较了美索不达米亚与中美洲国家的起源。

论世界上特定区域社会演化的研究中,美索不达米亚的资料包括Robert Adams,Heartland of Cities(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1981),以及J.N.Postgate,Early Mesopotamia(London:Routledge,1992);论中美洲,见Richard Blanton et al.,Ancient Mesoamerica(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981),以及Joyce Marcus and Kent Flannery,Zapotec Civilization(London:Thames and Hudson,1996);论安第斯山区,见Richard Burger,Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization(New York:Thames and Hudson,1992),以及Jonathan Haas et al.,eds.,The Origins and Development of the Andean State(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987);论美洲的酋邦,见Robert Drennan and Carlos Uribe,eds.,Chiefdoms in the Americas(Lanham,Md.:University Press of America,1987);论波利尼西亚社会,见第2章引述的资料;另外,关于祖鲁人的国家,见Donald Morris,The Washing of the Spears(London:Jonathan Cape,1966)。

第15章

讨论澳大利亚与新几内亚两地史前时期的书籍包括Alan Thorne and Robert Raymond,Man on the Rim:The Peopling of the Pacific(North Ryde:Angus and Robertson,1989),J.Peter White and James O'Connell,A Prehistory of Australia,New Guinea,and Sahul(Sydney:Academic Press,1982),Jim Allen et al.,eds.,Sunda and Sahul(London:Academic Press,1977),M.A.Smith et al.,eds.,Sahul in Review(Canberra:Australian National University,1993),以及Tim Flannery,The Future Eaters(New York:Braziller,1995)。这些书当中的第一本与第三本也讨论了东南亚岛屿的史前时期。澳大利亚历史的近期讨论为Jose-phine Flood,Archaeology of the Dreamtime,rev.ed.(Sydney:Collins,1989)。另外一些讨论澳大利亚史前时期的重要论文有Rhys Jones,“The fifth continent:Problems concerning the human colonization of Australia,”Annual Reviews of Anthropology 8:445-66(1979),Richard Roberts et al.,“Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-yearold human occupation site in northern Australia,”Nature 345:153-56(1990),以及Jim Allen and Simon Holdaway,“The contamination of Pleistocene radiocarbon determinations in Australia,”Antiquity 69:101-12(1995)。Robert Attenborough and Michael Alpers,eds.,Human Biology in Papua New Guinea(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992)则汇整了新几内亚的考古学、各种语言以及遗传学。

至于北美拉尼西亚(Northern Melanesia)(俾斯麦与所罗门群岛、东北部与东部新几内亚)的史前时期,相关讨论可见前述Thorne and Raymond、Flannery以及Allen等人的作品。讨论北美拉尼西亚最早的占领年代的论文有Stephen Wickler and Matthew Spriggs,“Pleistocene human occupation of the Solomon Islands,Melanesia,”Antiquity 62:703-6(1988),Jim Allen et al.,“Pleistocene dates for the human occupation of New Ireland,Northern Melanesia,”Nature 331:707-9(1988),Jim Allen et al.,“Human Pleistocene adaptations in the tropical island Pacific:Recent evidence from New Ireland,a Greater Australian outlier,”Antiquity 63:548-61(1989),以及Christina Pavlides and Chris Gosden,“35,000-year-old sites in the rainforests of West New Britain,Papua New Guinea,”Antiquity 68:604-10(1994)。新几内亚沿海附近南岛语族扩张的相关资料,可在第17章的延伸阅读中找到。

有关澳大利亚被欧洲殖民后的历史,请参看:Robert Hughes,The Fatal Shore(New York:Knopf,1987),以及Michael Cannon,The Exploration of Australia(Sydney:Reader's Digest,1987)。以澳大利亚原住民为主题的著作有Richard Broome,Aboriginal Australians(Sydney:Allen and Unwin,1982),以及Henry Reynolds,Frontier(Sydney:Allen and Unwin,1987)。涵盖从最早的文字记载至1902年,一部无比详细的新几内亚史,见Arthur Wichmann,Entdeckungsgeschichte von Neu-Guinea(Leiden:Brill,1909-12)(共三册)。一部较短也较易读的著作为Gavin Souter,New Guinea:The Last Unknown(Sydney:Angus and Robertson,1964)。Bob Connolly and Robin Anderson,First Contact(New York:Viking,1987),感人地描述了高地新几内亚人与欧洲人的第一次接触。

关于新几内亚的巴布亚诸语言(即非南岛语)的详细论著,见Stephen Wurm,Papuan Languages of Oceania(Tübingen:Gunter Narr,1982),以及William Foley,The Papuan Languages of New Guinea(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986);另外,关于澳大利亚的各语言,见Stephen Wurm,Languages of Australia and Tasmania(The Hague:Mouton,1972),以及R.M.W.Dixon,The Languages ofAustralia(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980)。

新几内亚植物驯化与食物生产起源的入门文献有Jack Golson,“Bulmer phaseⅡ:Early agriculture in the New Guinea highlands,”pp.484-91 in Andrew Pawley,ed.,Man and a Half(Auckland:Polynesian Society,1991),以及D.E.Yen,“Polynesian cultigens and cultivars:The question of origin,”pp.67-95 in Paul Cox and Sandra Banack,eds.,Islands,Plants,and Polynesian(Portland:Dioscorides Press,1991)。

无数的文章与书籍关注为何印度尼西亚人与托雷斯海峡岛民至澳大利亚的贸易拜访,仅有限地造成文化变迁这个有趣的问题。C.C.Macknight,“Macassans and Aborigines,”Oceania 42:283-321(1972),讨论了马卡萨渔人(Macassan)的拜访,D.Walker,ed.,Bridge and Barrier:The Natural and Cultural History of Torres Strait(Canberra:Australian National University,1972),则讨论了托雷斯海峡的通道。前述的Flood、White and O'Connell以及Allen等人也有讨论这两条通道。

塔斯马尼亚人的早期目击证词重刊于N.J.B.Plomley,The Baudin Expedition and the Tasmanian Aborigines 1802(Hobart:Blubber Head Press,1983),N.J.B.Plomley,Friendly Mission:The Tasmanian Journals and Papers of George Augustus Robinson,1829-1834(Hobart:Tasmanian Historical Research Association,1966),以及Edward Duyker,The Discovery of Tasmania:Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne,1642 and 1772(Hobart:St.David's Park Publishing,1992)。争辩孤立状态对塔斯马尼亚社会所产生的效应的论文有Rhys Jones,“The Tasmanian Paradox,”pp.189-284 in R.V.S.Wright,ed.,Stone Tools as Cultural Markers(Canberra:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies,1977);Rhys Jones,“Why did the Tasmanians stop eating fish?”pp.11-48 in R.Gould,ed.,Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1978);D.R.Horton,“Tasmanian adaptation,”Mankind 12:28-34(1979);I.Walters,“Why did the Tasmanians stop eating fish?:A theoretical consideration,”Artefact 6:71-77(1981);以及Rhys Jones,“Tasmanian Archaeology,”Annual Reviews ofAnthropology 24:423-46(1995)。Robin Sim的论文叙述了她在弗林德斯岛的考古挖掘结果:“Prehistoric human occupation on the King and Furneaux Island regions,Bass Strait,”pp.358-74 in Marjorie Sullivan et al.,eds.,Archaeology in the North(Darwin:North Australia Research Unit,1994)。

第16~17章

前面的章节所引述的相关阅读包括论东亚食物生产(第4~10章)、中文书写(第12章)、中国的技术(第13章),还有新几内亚以及俾斯麦与所罗门群岛概论性(第15章)的著作。James Matisoff,“Sino-Tibetan linguistics:Present state and future prospects,”Annual Reviews of Anthropology 20:469-504(1991),回顾了汉藏语系及其内部语言间大略的关系。Takeru Akazawa and Emoke Szathmaty,eds.,Prehistoric Mongoloid Dispersals(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996),以及Dennis Etler,“Recent developments in the study of human biology in China:A review,”Human Biology 64:567-85(1992),讨论了中国或东亚的关系与播散的证据。Alan Thorne and Robert Raymond,Man on the Rim(North Ryde:Angus and Robertson,1989),描述了太平洋民族,包括东亚人与太平洋岛民在内的考古、历史与文化。Adrian Hill and Susan Serjeantson,eds.The Colonization of the Pacific:A Genetic Trail(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989),以太平洋岛民、澳大利亚原住民以及新几内亚人推知的殖民路径与历史,来诠释他们的基因遗传。基于牙齿结构的证据解读于Christy Turner Ⅲ,“Late Pleistocene and Holocene population history of East Asia based on dental variation,”American Journal of Physical Anthropology 73:305-21(1987),以及“Teeth and prehistory in Asia,”Scientific American 260(2):88-96(1989)。

地区性的考古学研究中,有关中国的讨论,见Kwang-chih Chang(张光直),The Archaeology of Ancient China,4th ed.(New Haven:Yale University Press,1987),David Keightley,ed.,The Origins of Chinese Civilization(Berkeley:University of California Press,1983),以及David Keightley,“Archaeology and mentality:The making of China,”Representations 18:91-128(1987)。Mark Elvin,The Pattern of the Chinese Past(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1973)检视了中国政治统一 后的历史。易读的东南亚考古学研究包括Charles Higham,The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989);论韩国,Sarah Nelson,The Archaeology of Korea(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993);论印度尼西亚、菲律宾群岛以及热带东南亚,Peter Bellwood,Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago(Sydney:Academic Press,1985);论马来半岛,Peter Bellwood,“Cultural and biological differentiation in Peninsular Malaysia:The last 10,000 years,”Asian Perspectives 32:37-60(1993);论南亚次大陆,Bridget and Raymond Allchin,The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982);论东南亚岛屿以及太平洋,尤其是拉皮塔,一系列五篇文章刊于Antiquity 63:547-626(1989),以及Patrick Kirch,The Lapita Peoples:Ancestors of the Oceanic World(London:Basil Blackwell,1996);以及论南岛语族整体的扩张,Andrew Pawley and Malcolm Ross,“Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history,”Annual Reviews of Anthropology 22:425-59(1993),以及Peter Bellwood et al.,The Austronesians:Comparative and Historical Perspectives(Canberra:Australian National University,1995)。

Geoffrey Irwin,The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of the Pacific(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992),是关于波利尼西亚人旅行、航海以及殖民的记载。新西兰与东波利尼西亚聚落的定年论辩于Atholl Anderson,“The chronology of colonisation in New Zealand,”Antiquity 65:767-95(1991),以及“Current approaches in East Polynesian colonization research,”Journal of the Polynesian Society 104:110-32(1995),以及Patrick Kirch and Joanna Ellison,“Palaeoenvironmental evidence for human colonization of remote Oceanic islands,”Antiquity 68:310-21(1994)。

第18章

本章许多相关延伸阅读可在其他章节的延伸阅读中找到:印加帝国与阿兹特克的征服见第3章,植物与动物驯化见第4~10章,传染病见第11章,文字见第12章,技术见第13章,政治体制见第14章,中国见第16章。全世界粮食生产起源的简易比较可见Bruce Smith,The Emergence of Agriculture(New York:Scientific American Library,1995)。

一些关于历史里程碑的讨论汇整于表18.1,以下为有别于前几章延伸阅读中的参考数据。论英格兰:Timothy Darvill,Prehistoric Britain(London:Batsford,1987)。论安第斯山区:Jonathan Haas et al.,The Origins and Development of the Andean State(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987);Michael Moseley,The Incas and Their Ancestors(New York:Thames and Hudson,1992);以及Richard Burger,Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization(New York:Thames and Hudson,1992)。论亚马孙河流域:Anna Roosevelt,Parmana(New York:Academic Press,1980),以及Anna Roosevelt et al.,“Eighth millennium pottery from a prehistoric shell midden in the Brazilian Amazon,”Science 254:1621-24(1991)。论中美洲:Michael Coe,Mexico,3rd ed.(New York:Thames and Hudson,1984),以及Michael Coe,The Maya,3rd ed.(New York:Thames and Hudson,1984)。论美国东部:Vincas Steponaitis,“Prehistoric archaeology in the southeastern United States 1970-1985,”Annual Reviews of Anthropology 15:363-404(1986);Bruce Smith,“The archaeology of the southeastern United States:From Dalton to de Soto,10,500-500 B.P.,”Advances in World Archaeology 5:1-92(1986);William Keegan,ed.,Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands(Carbondale:Southern Illinois University,1987);Bruce Smith,“Origins of agriculture in eastern North America,”Science 246:1566-71(1989);Bruce Smith,The Mississippian Emergence(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1990);以及Judith Bense,Archaeology of the Southeastern United States(San Diego:Academic Press,1994)。论北美洲土著的一份简要文献为Philip Kopper,The Smithsonian Book of North American Indians before the Coming of the Europeans(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1986)。Bruce Smith,“The origins of agriculture in the Americas,”Evolutionary Anthropology 3:174-84(1995),讨论新大陆食物生产起源早晚的争论。

任何倾向认为新大陆食物生产与社会乃受限于美洲土著自身的文化或心理状态,而非受限于可供其驯化的野生品种的论者,应拜读三本论大平原印第安社会因马匹到来而转型的著作:Frank Row,The Indian and the Horse(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1955),John Ewers,The Blackfeet:Raiders on the Northwestern Plains(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1958),以及Ernest Wallace and E.Adamson Hoebel,The Comanches:Lords of the South Plains(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1986)。

在联结语系传播与粮食生产兴起的讨论中,有关欧洲的一部经典著作为Albert Ammerman and L.L.Cavalli-Sforza,The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984),Peter Bellwood,“The Austronesian dispersal and the origin of languages,”Scientific American 265(1):88-93(1991),则论南岛语族文化圈。引述世界各地案例的研究为L.L.Cavalli-Sforza等人的两本著作,而Merritt Ruhlen引述关于印欧语系扩张正反诠释的书,则提供了了解这些分歧观点的机会:Colin Renfrew,Archaeology and Language:The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987),以及J.P.Mallory,In Search of the Indo-Europeans(London:Thames and Hudson,1989)。关于俄罗斯对西伯利亚扩张请参看:George Lantzeff and Richard Pierce,Eastward to Empire(Montreal:McGill-Queens University Press,1973),以及W.Bruce Lincoln,The Conquest of a Continent(New York:Random House,1994)。

关于美洲土著语言,从中区分出许多不同语系的主流看法,例如Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun,The Languages of Native America(Austin:University of Texas,1979)。将所有爱斯基摩-阿留申语系以及纳-德内语系的美洲土著语言划入美洲印第安语系(Amerind family)的相反论点,呈现于Joseph Greenberg,Language in the Americas(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987),以及Merritt Ruhlen,A Guide to the World's Languages,vol.1(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987)。

关于欧亚大陆上交通用的轮子的起源与传播,常规观点为M.A.Littauer and J.H.Crouwel,Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East(Leiden:Brill,1979),以及Stuart Piggott,The Earliest Wheeled Transport(London:Thames and Hudson,1983)。

讨论格陵兰与美洲诺尔斯人殖民地的崛起与衰亡的书籍,包括Finn Gad,The History of Greenland,vol.1(Montreal:McGill-Queen University Press,1971),G.J.Marcus,The Conquest of the North Atlantic(New York:Oxford University Press,1981),Gwyn Jones,The Norse Atlantic Saga,2nd ed.(New York:Oxford University Press,1986),以及Christopher Morris and D.James Rackham,eds.,Norse and Later Settlement and Subsistence in the North Atlantic(Glasgow:University of Glasgow,1992)。Samuel Eliot Morison的两本书提供了早期欧洲人航行至新大陆极佳的叙述:The European Discovery of America:The Northern Voyages,A.D.500-1600(New York:Oxford University Press,1971),以及The European Discovery of America:The Southern Voyages,A.D.1492-1616(New York:Oxford University Press,1974)。欧洲海外扩张之滥觞讨论于Felipe Fernández-Armesto,Before Columbus:Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic,1229-1492(London:Macmillan Education,1987)。关于史上最著名的航行,哥伦布笔下不容错过的逐日记载,重刊为Oliver Dunn and James Kelley,Jr.,The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America,1492-1493(Norman:University of Oklahoma University Press,1989)。

本书中关于民族间的征服或杀戮大抵客观的讨论,补充资料见这本论北加利福尼亚雅希小部落的灭亡,以及该部落唯一幸存者伊希(Ishi)出现的经典著述:Theodora Kroeber,Ishi in Two Worlds(Berkeley:University of California Press,1961)。以土著语言在美洲及其他地方的消失为题的有Robert Robins and Eugenius Uhlenbeck,Endangered Languages(Providence:Berg,1991),Joshua Fishman,Reversing Language Shift(Clevedon:Multilingual Matters,1991),以及Michael Krauss,“The world's languages in crisis,”Language 68:4-10(1992)。

第19章

论非洲大陆考古学、史前史以及历史的书籍包括Roland Oliver and Brian Fagan,Africa in the Iron Age(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1975),Roland Oliver and J.D.Fage,A Short History of Africa,5th ed.(Harmondsworth:Penguin,1975),J.D.Fage,A History of Africa(London:Hutchinson,1978),Roland Oliver,The African Experience(London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1991),Thurstan Shaw et al.,eds.,The Archaeology of Africa:Food,Metals,and Towns(New York:Routledge,1993),以及David Phillipson,African Archaeology,2nd ed.(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993)。非洲过往语言学与考古学证据之间的关联,总结于Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnansky,eds.,The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History(Berkeley:University of California Press,1982)。疾病的角色讨论于Gerald Hartwig and K.David Patterson,eds.,Disease in African History(Durham:Duke University Press,1978)。

至于食物生产,许多为第4~10章列出的延伸阅读讨论了非洲。同样值得注意的有Christopher Ehret,“On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia,”Journal of African History 20:161-77(1979);J.Desmond Clark and Steven Brandt,eds.,From Hunters to Farmers:The Causes and Consequences of Food Productionin Africa(Berkeley:University of California Press,1984);Art Hansen and Delia McMillan,eds.,Food in Sub-Saharan Africa(Boulder,Colo.:Rienner,1986);Fred Wendorf et al.,“Saharan exploitation of plants 8,000 years B.P.,”Nature 359:721-24(1992);Andrew Smith,Pastoralism in Africa(London:Hurst,1992);以及Andrew Smith,“Origin and spread of pastoralism in Africa,”Annual Reviews of Anthropology 21:125-41(1992)。

关于马达加斯加,入门作品为Robert Dewar and Henry Wright,“The culture history of Madagascar,”Journal of World Prehistory 7:417-66(1993),以及Pierre Verin,The History of Civilization in North Madagascar(Rotterdam:Balkema,1986)。关于马达加斯加殖民源头详细的语言学考证研究为Otto Dahl,Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar(Oslo:Norwegian University Press,1991)。支持印度尼西亚与东非接触的可能音乐证据讨论于A.M.Jones,Africa and Indonesia:The Evidence of the Xylophone and Other Musical and Cultural Factors(Leiden:Brill,1971)。马达加斯加早期聚落的重要证据,来自现已灭绝的动物的定年遗骸,并汇整于Robert Dewar,“Extinctions in Madagascar:The loss of the subfossil fauna,”pp.574-93 in Paul Martin and Richard Klein,eds.,Quaternary Extinctions(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1984)。吊足人胃口的后续遗骸发现报道于R.D.E.MacPhee and David Burney,“Dating of modified femora of extinct dwarf Hippopotamus from Southern Madagascar,”Journal ofArchaeological Science 18:695-701(1991)。人类殖民的滥觞,以古植物学证据评估于David Burney,“Late Holocene vegetational change in Central Madagascar,”Quaternary Research 28:130-43(1987)。

收场白

希腊的环境退化与文明没落之间的关联,请参看Tjeerd van Andel et al.,“Five thousand years of land use and abuse in the southern Argolid,”Hesperia 55:103-28(1986),Tjeerd van Andel and Curtis Runnels,Beyond the Acropolis:A Rural Greek Past(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987),以及Curtis Runnels,“Environmental degradation in ancient Greece,”Scientific American 272(3):72-75(1995)。Patricia Fall et al.,“Fossil hyrax middens from the Middle East:A record of paleovegetation and human disturbance,”pp.408-27 in Julio Betancourt et al.,eds.,Packrat Middens(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1990),则探讨了佩特拉的没落,Robert Adams,Heartland of Cities(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1981),则探讨了美索不达米亚的没落。

讨论中国、印度、伊斯兰世界以及欧洲历史间差异的一段有趣诠释提供于E.L.Jones,The European Miracle,2nd ed.(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987)。Louise Levathes,When China Ruled the Seas(New York:Simon and Schuster,1994),描述了导致中国舰队停航的权力斗争。第16~17章的延伸阅读提供了其他讨论中国早期历史的参考数据。

中亚游牧民对欧亚定居农民复杂文明之影响讨论于Bennett Bronson,“The role of barbarians in the fall of states,”pp.196-218 in Norman Yoffee and George Cowgill,eds.,The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1988)。

混沌理论与历史学之间的潜在关联由Michael Shermer讨论于论文“Exorcising Laplace's demon:Chaos and antichaos,history and metahistory,”History and Theory 34:59-83(1995),该论文也提供了讨论QWERTY键盘之成功的参考文献,而Everett Rogers,Diffusion of Innovations,3rd ed.(New York:Free Press,1983)也收录了这些信息。

1930年那场差点置希特勒于死地的车祸的证词,可在希特勒车内一名乘客奥托·瓦格纳(Otto Wagener)的回忆录中读到。这些回忆录已由Henry Turner,Jr.汇编于Hitler:Memoirs of a Confidant(New Haven:Yale University Press,1978),他之后还在章节中臆测了如果希特勒在1930年就去世了,一切又将会如何发展:“Hitler's impact on history,”in David Wetzel,ed.,German History:Ideas,Institutions,and Individuals(New York:Praeger,1996)。

关心大历史问题的历史学家写的许多杰作包括Sidney Hook,The Hero in History(Boston:Beacon Press,1943),Patrick Gardiner,ed.,Theories of History(New York:Free Press,1959),Fernand Braudel,Civilization and Capitalism(New York:Harper and Row,1979),Fernand Braudel,On History(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980),Peter Novick,That Noble Dream(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988),以及Henry Hobhouse,Forces of Change(London:Sedgewick and Jackson,1989)。

生物学家Ernst Mayr的一些作品讨论了历史性与非历史性学科之间的差异,其中特别点出了生物学与物理学之间的对立,不过他所谈的大都也适用于人类史领域,他的观点可参见其Evolution and the Diversity of Life(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1976)的第25章,以及Toward a New Philosophy of Biology(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1988)的第一、第二章。

有关人类疾病因果关系的论证,流行病学家并非通过人体试验研究,他们利用的方法见下列专著的讨论:A.M.Lilienfeld and D.E.Lilienfeld,Foundations of Epidemiology,3rd ed.(New York:Oxford University Press,1994)。至于从生态学家的观点来运用自然实验,请参看本人的论文:“Overview:Laboratory experiments,field experiments,and natural experiments,”pp.3-22 in Jared Diamond and Ted Case,eds.,Community Ecology(New York:Harper and Row,1986)。Paul Harvey and Mark Pagel,The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991)分析了如何借由物种比较来得出结论。