3.2 Innovation ecosystem types
Though the literature does not yield a firm typology of innovation ecosystems，the term is mentioned in several contexts：
（1）Corporate innovation ecosystems.Corporate innovation ecosystems consist of suppliers，users，partners，and other contributors to an OEM's open innovation process.Government departments，industry associations，and other stakeholders have an impact on the ecosystem's functioning.
（2）Regional and national innovation ecosystems.Besides adding“eco”to the RIS label，these works emphasize the open innovation and more specific role assignments noted above.
（3）Digital innovation ecosystems.Customers，users and developers can build synergistic relationships，generating network externalities which increase the values of both hardware and software innovations.Thus，a digital innovation ecosystem can mean the apps，platforms，and distributors that make the technology viable.Further examples include“Apple's Health Kit ecosystem”and“mobile ecosystems”.
（4）City-based innovation ecosystems and innovation districts.These are planned by municipalities with the help of universities.They tend to focus on new and small companies，and may start with hopeful real estate development rather than active business development.Assuch，they are little different from the technopolis initiatives of long standing.
（5）High-tech SMEs centered ecosystems.The best known such ecosystem is Chinese Taiwan's manufacturing ecosystem.The manufacturing capability of the small province is mostly in the hands of SMEs.
（6）The managers of some incubators and accelerators claim their services and facilities combine to create hyper-local innovation ecosystems.
（7）University-based ecosystems.Most university initiatives focus on the entrepreneurial subset of the innovation ecosystem，and call it an entrepreneurial ecosystem.