浙江大学2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（阅读部分）
Section IV Reading Comprehension（20 marks，1 mark each）
Directions：There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk，the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning.Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place.One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning”.This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with，or followed by，a reward or punishment.It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love，for he learns that this person provides food and comfort.Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
The second kind of learning is called“operant conditioning”.This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments.For example，if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet，she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother.Thus，the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
Every day，we grow and have new experiences.We constantly learn by reading，watching television，interacting with some people，and so forth.This learning affects our emotions.Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others？If a person is nice to us，cares about us，we learn to associate this person with positive feelings，such as joy，happiness，and friendliness.On the other hand，if a person is mean to us，does not care about us，and even deliberately does things to harm us，we learn to associate this person with negative feelings，such as unhappiness，discomfort，and anger.
1.The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to____.
A.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C.give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learning
D.discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced
2.If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person，you will learn through that telling jokes to this person is fun，and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A.classical conditioning B.operant conditioning
C.neither of them D.some other sorts of conditioning
3.If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog，he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals.This is a typical example of learning through____.
A.classical conditioning B.operant conditioning
C.both of them D.neither of them
4.In the third paragraph，the author is____.
A.discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B.talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C.concentrating on learning by reading，watching television，interacting with people，and so on
D.using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
5.In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss____.
A.definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
B.the third kind of learning
C.further examples of learning through operant conditioning
D.none of the above
Passage Two
Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives？If so，then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks.Both products have been known to kill people.The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad as or worse than the hazards of smoking too many cigarettes.All right then，let’s pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country.Let’s put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer—alcoholism.
But wait.We’ve already tried that.For 13 years，between 1920 and 1933，there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States.They were shut down—abolished by an amendment to the Constitution（to 18th）and by a law of Congress（the Volstead Act）.After January 20，1920，there was supposed to be no more manufacturing，selling，or transporting of“intoxicating liquors”.Without any more liquor，people could not drink it.And if they did not drink it，how could they get drunk？There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism.It was all very logical.And yet prohibition of liquor，beer，and wine did not work.Why？
Because，law or no law，millions of people still liked to drink alcohol.And they were willing to take risks to get it.They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law.And gangs of liquor smugglers made it easy to buy an illegal drink—or two or three.They smuggled millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders.Drinkers were lucky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor.Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a result of prohibition.Instead，people drank more alcohol than ever—often poisoned alcohol.
1.Which of the following was NOT a reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act？
A.There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.
B.There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.
C.Without liquor，people would not drink.
D.People would not become drunk or create a public nuisance.
2.During Prohibition，illegal alcohol was____.
A.sold openly
B.no longer a temptation
C.a major factor in the passage of the Volstead Act
D.brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders
3.During Prohibition，people____.
A.lived in fear of the law
B.were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquor
C.recklessly endangered their communities
D.were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them
4.When enacting the prohibition law，government officials assumed that____.
A.every American would buy alcohol illegally
B.all criminal activities would cease
C.patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohol
D.the social threat from drunkenness would decline
5.It can be inferred from the passage that____.
A.the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibition
B.the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness
C.during Prohibition，most Americans stopped drinking
D.laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages
Passage Three (https://www.daowen.com)
As people continue to grow and age，our body systems continue to change.At a certain point in your life，your body system will begin to weaken.Your joint may become stiff.It may become more difficult for you to see and hear.The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury.In order to live longer，we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives.
Many factors contribute to your health.A well-balanced diet plays an important role.The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor.Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another.But scientists studying senescence want to know：Why do people grow old？They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life.
There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches.Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living.Physical activity may lessen，but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world.
What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon.Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly，life spans may one day be measured in centuries，rather than in years！
1.When people become aging，they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury，“bounce back”here means____.
A.to improve in health after one’s disease and injury
B.to run fast
C.to recover from disease and injury
D.to jump after recovering
2.In order to live longer，____.
A.we should postpone the process of aging
B.we should try to do some exercise
C.we have to try to be on a diet
D.we should keep in high spirits
3.Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence？
A.They may be able to find better ways to improve our life.
B.If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age，there will be hope for extending the length of life.
C.They want to find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature lives.
D.They want to increase the general ability of our bodies.
4.Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living，because____.
A.they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside world
B.they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around them
C.they have come through the battle of life safely
D.they consider their life has been a successful one
5.According to the passage，“spans”means____.
A.a long period of time
B.a length of time
C.a long distance from one place to another
D.longevity
Passage Four
Any country has a good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible，since one of its greatest resources is an active population.No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health.
This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries.In Britain this has developed into a“Welfare State”in which all citizens，rich and poor alike，can get most health treatment free.The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.
As three decades have shown，such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service.The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated.This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors，nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine.The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it.
However，a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves.Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to.Because they have so many patients，doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like，and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time.In fact，some wealthy people feel that they should pay，and so free more money for treatment to others.
1.In the author’s view，Britain is a Welfare State in that____.
A.all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some sense
B.poor，unlike the rich，could enjoy free medical treatment
C.health service is highly developed in Britain
D.Britain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health
2.We can infer from the passage that____.
A.the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by Britain
B.the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in Britain
C.an active population is the greatest resource in Britain
D.all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service
3.The best title for the passage would be____.
A.A Welfare State
B.Importance of the Health Service
C.Disadvantages of the Health Service
D.The Health Service
4.The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because____.
A.their doctors can give them more time leave from work
B.those doctors have better medical instruments
C.they might save some money for the poor
D.their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients
5.The word“abused”（Para.4）means.
A.destroyed B.used in the wrong way
C.ignored D.wasted