二、副词

副词

考点分析

副词和形容词有着千丝万缕的联系,相当比例的副词都是形容词加后缀-ly构成的,但副词在句中的作用却与形容词有较大区别,需细心领会。副词最主要的功能是做状语,用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语,甚至整个句子,这些都是副词不可替代的作用。

副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类:

图示 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。

图示 频率副词,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,hardly,seldom,always,fre-quently等。

图示 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on,in,out,off,somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。

图示 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。

图示 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。

图示 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。

副词的构成:

图示 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时,在加-ly之前,先变-y为-i。如:heavily,busily;以-le结尾时,去-e加-y即可。如:simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y。如:dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally。如:economically,basically等。

图示 由名词、数词、不定代词、介词、短语分别加-ly构成的副词。如:weekly,firstly,mostly,overly,matter-of-factly等。

图示 由各种词类加前缀a-或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词。如:alike,around,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。

图示 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向……”。如:backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。

图示 有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等。如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。

图示 有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。

如:We had an early breakfast./We had breakfast early.

early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。

图示 有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。

如1:fair/fairly

fair意为“公平地”,用在某些词组中,放在动词后;fairly意为“相当地”,一般修饰形容词和副词,它并不表示很高程度。

如2:high/highly

high指的是高矮的“高”;highly表示很高的程度,往往表示抽象意义的“高”,有时相当于very much。

在博士研究生英语入学考试中,副词题相对较少,对副词的测试主要集中在以下两个方面:

图示 副词词义辨析;

图示 副词与动词或形容词的搭配使用。

技巧点拨

副词主要修饰动词或形容词,考生应从被它修饰的动词或形容词入手,来确定答案。

(1)根据由空缺处副词修饰的动词,来确定正确答案。

例如:

Some people either____avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them.

A.violently B.enthusiastically C.sincerely D.deliberately

分析:根据句子结构,空格填入的副词修饰动词avoid。选项中能与avoid搭配的副词最有可能的是deliberately(故意地)。

(2)如果空缺处的副词用以修饰后面的形容词,则该形容词的语义在确定答案时往往起着关键性作用。

例如:

Although the national government has introduced some new laws on this subject,it is the state governments that are____responsible for pollution control.

A.precisely B.primarily C.progressively D.preliminarily

分析:本题中空格填入的副词修饰形容词responsible。根据句意,应当是“由政府主要负责污染的控制”,即答案为primarily。

(3)把这些副词的词义和用法与句子具体的语境结合。

典型真题

例1:

“Gangnam Style”,the____popular song from South Korean recording artist PSY has just become the most watched video on YouTube ever.(北京大学2013年)

A.sanely B.insanely C.rationally D.insatiably

【名师点评】B。形近副词词义辨析。sanely“心智健全地,稳健地”;insanely“疯狂地”;rationally“理性地”;insatiably“不知足地,贪得无厌地”。选项中,只有insanely和popular搭配符合逻辑。故答案为B。

例2:

The development of these gene technologies may be far in the future,but the moral and social issues raised by them should be discussed____for once a technology has been invented,it may be difficult to stop or control.(北京航空航天大学2012年)

A.presently B.summarily C.seriously D.hesitantly

【名师点评】A。副词词义辨析。presently“目前,不久”;summarily“概要地,立刻”;seriously“认真地,严重地”;hesitantly“迟疑地,踌躇地”。根据句意,空格填入的词应与in the future相对,故答案为A。

例3:

Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading,and their scores have improved only.(北京大学2014年)

A.marginally B.marvelously C.martially D.markedly

【名师点评】A。marginally“少量地,最低限度地”;marvelously“不可思议地,令人惊讶地”;martially“勇敢地,好战地”;markedly“明显地,显著地”。前句提及学生在测试中阅读的分数远远低于平均分,由此可知,空格处所在句子的语境应为:他们的分数提高得很少。选项中符合语境的只有A。

例4:

Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by external influences.(浙江大学2013年)

A.instantaneously B.simultaneously C.spontaneously D.unanimously

【名师点评】C。近义副词词义辨析。根据句中的Although,表示句意有个转折,空格处所填单词和external形成对比。后半句强调“梦”受到“外部影响”,暗示了空格处的单词应该是表示“不是受外部所影响的,是自发产生的”。选项中,只有spontaneously(自发地,自然地,本能地)符合,故答案为C。instantaneously“即刻,突如其来地”;simultaneously“同时发生地,同时进行地,同步地”;unanimously“无异议地,全体一致地”。

例5:

Language,culture,and personality may be considered____of each other in thought,but they are inseparable in fact.(吉林大学2012年)(https://www.daowen.com)

A.indistinctly B.separately C.irrelevantly D.independently

【名师点评】D。形近副词词义辨析。根据句中Language,culture,and personality提供的信息,空格填入的词应与each other为意思相近的词。选项中,independently意为“独立地,单独地”,强调与别人关系不大,故答案为D。indistinctly“不清楚地,分不清地”,强调因看不清而无法弄清;separately“分离地”,强调可以分开;irrelevantly“无关地,不相干地”,强调没有相互关系。

例6:

I have no doubt that____all of these people were taught in school that the earth revolves around the sun.(四川大学2012年)

A.virtually B.remarkably C.ideally D.preferably

【名师点评】A。副词词义辨析。句中的earth revolves around the sun是事实,只有选项中的virtually符合句意,故答案为A。remarkably“显著地;非常地”;ideally“理想地;观念上地”;preferably“较好地;宁可地”。

例7:

The realization of all the potential profits____depends on sufficient spending by employers,by the government or by those purchasing exports.(中国科学院2010年10月)

A.intimately B.universally C.ultimately D.instinctively

【名师点评】C。副词词义辨析。intimately“紧密地,直接地”;univerally“通用地,万能地”;ultimately“最后地,极限地”;instinctively“本能地”。根据句意,“最终决定”应该是ultimately。故答案为C。

例8:

Since his retirement,Peter Smith,who was____a teacher,has written four novels.(厦门大学2013年)

A.lately B.usually C.formerly D.already

【名师点评】C。副词词义辨析。lately“近来,最近”,usually“通常,大抵”,formerly“从前,以前”,already“早已,已经”。根据句意,以前是老师。故答案为C。

例9:

The Chinese language differs____from the English language because of their different writing system and pronunciation.(上海交通大学2009年)

A.considerably B.consistently C.confidently D.continually

【名师点评】A。形近副词词义辨析。根 据 句 中different writing system and pronunciation判定,空格应该是说明Chinese language和English language之间的差别程度。选项中,只有considerably(相当地,十分地)符合要求,故答案为A。consistently“一贯地,始终如一地”;confidently“自信地,确信地”;continually“不断地,连续地”。

例10:

In the past ten years skyscrapers have developed____in Chicago and New York City.(四川大学2011年)

A.homogeneously B.simultaneously C.spontaneously D.harmoniously

【名师点评】B。副词词义辨析。homogeneously“同类地,同性质地”;simultaneous-ly“同时地”;spontaneously“自然地,自发地”;harmoniously“协调地,和谐地”。根据句意,Chicago和New York City“同时”耸立起了摩天大楼,故答案为B。

例11:

The ideological make-up of the unions is now____different from what it had been.(四川大学2010年)

A.violently B.severely C.extremely D.radically

【名师点评】D。副词词义辨析。violently“猛烈地,剧烈地”;severely“严肃地;严厉地;剧烈地”;extremely“极其地”;radically“根本地,基本地”。根据句意:协会的意识形态和之前相比发生了根本的变化,故答案为D。

实战演练

1.Mary became____homesick and critical of the United States,so she fled from her home in west Bloomfield to her hometown in Austria.

A.increasingly B.completely C.absolutely D.sincerely

2.Losses caused intentionally or____by the lessee shall be borne by the lessee.

A.fussily B.slovenly C.negligently D.discreetly

3.She remains confident and____untroubled by our present problems.

A.indefinitely B.infinitely C.optimistically D.seemingly

4.While admitting that this forecast was____uncertain,the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf.

A.anyhow B.somehow C.somewhat D.anyway

5.Some analysts remain skeptical and predict the market will only recover____by the middle of next year.

A.marginally B.martially C.markedly D.marvelously

6.If you are in a position at work or socially where you want to make the best possible impression upon others,begin your project____and complete it as soon as possible.

A.promptly B.presently C.quickly D.directly

7.In fact,we have been hearing it for several years,so it is____surprising that it still comes up so often and that there are still so many misconceptions about it.

A.as B.and C.somehow D.somewhat

8.The third source of monopoly is control of an essential,or a____valuable,input to the production process.

A.enough B.adequately C.amply D.sufficiently

9.In the past decade skyscrapers have developed____in this newly emerging city.

A.homogeneously B.simultaneously C.spontaneously D.anonymously

10.At first the company refused to purchase the equipment,but this decision was revised.

A.subsequently B.successively C.predominantly D.preliminarily

【名师点评】

1.A。副词词义辨析。increasingly“越来越,日益”;completely“完全地”;absolutely“绝对地”;sincerely“真诚地”。根据句意“玛丽越来越思乡,越来越对美国挑剔……”,increasingly是正确答案,故答案为A。

2.C。副词词义辨析。fussily“大惊小怪地,小题大做地”;negligently“疏忽地,粗心大意”;slovenly“懒散地,不修边幅地”;discreetly“谨慎地,小心地”。根据or判断,空格处填入的副词应与intentionally意思相对,故答案为C。

3.C。副词词义辨析。indefinitely“不确定地,不明确地”;infinitely“无限地,无穷地”;optimistically“乐观地”;seemingly“表面上地”。根据句中连词and判定,只有optimistically能与confident并列。虽然seemingly也可与untroubled搭配,但与confident并列就不妥了,故答案为C。

4.C。副词词义辨析。选项中的副词或有some或有any,而且在意义上或多或少有相似之处。anyhow“无论如何”;somehow“不知如何”;somewhat“有些,一点”;anyway“无论如何,总之”。根据句意为:虽然科学家们承认这次预报有点不太确定,但他们警告说,不要认为这是无中生有,故答案为C。

5.A。副词词义辨析。marginally“在边缘上;勉强地”;marvelously“奇迹般地,奇异地”;martially“好战地,勇敢地”;markedly“明显地,显著地”。根据空格前的only判定,只有marginally符合题意,故答案为A。

6.A。副词词义辨析。presently“目前”;directly“直接地”;quickly“很快地”,指动作本身很快;promptly“立刻”。根据句中as soon as possible表明此处是说在很短的时间内,故只有promptly符合逻辑和句意。

7.D。副词词义辨析。从题干中可以看出此空应填入一个副词,因此可排除as和and。somehow意为“以某种方式;通过某种途径;不知怎的”,不符题意。somewhat意为“有点;稍微”,符合题意,故答案为D。

8.D。副词词义辨析。enough常可与sufficient互换,它除表示“足以满足需要的”外,还含有“数量很多,使人感到心满意足”的意思;adequately“充分地”,指“足够符合特定(有时可指最低)的资格、分量、才能等”,着重符合一个客观要求或标准;amply“广泛地,充足地,详细地,丰富地,详尽地”;sufficiently“十分地,充分地”,常用于正式文体中。根据句中monopoly提供的语境,只有sufficiently与valuable搭配合理,故答案为D。

9.B。副词词义辨析。homogeneously“同一地,一致地,清一色地”;simultaneously“同时发生,同时存在”;spontaneously“自然地,本能地”,指自然发生而非由于外部强制或刺激的结果;anonymously“不具名地,化名地”。根据句中的主语skyscrapers判定,能与developed搭配的副词只有simultaneously符合,故答案为B。

10.A。副词词义辨析。subsequently“后来”;successively“不断地,连续地”;predominantly“大多数,主要地”,一般用在比较正式的文体中;preliminarily“开端,初步地”。根据句中的but判断,空格处应填入与At first在时间上对应的副词,只有subsequently放在这里合适,其他三项都不合题意,故答案为A。