Treatment
（1）Acute renal failure
Treat the underlying cause，catheterize to monitor urine volume.
Reduce hyperkalemia through the following ways：
①10 mL of 10%calcium gluconate infused over 3～5 minutes.
②10 units of soluble insulin dissolve in 50 mL of 50%dextrose iv.
③100 mL of 8.5%sodium bicarbonate iv for 3～5 minutes.
④Give aerosol inhalation salbutamol or albuterol.
⑤20～50g kayexalate every 6 hours.
Indications of dialysis（acronym A，E，I，O，U）：
A—Acidosis.
E—Electrolyte imbalance especially serum potassium＞6.5mmol/L.
I—intoxication by dialyzable compounds e.g.lithium，aminophyline.
O—Fluid Overload.(https://www.daowen.com)
U—Signs of Uremia e.g.pericarditis，gastritis，encephalopathy etc.
（2）Chronic Renal Failure
①Use Gault-Conkroft equation to calculate CrCl.
Ie.（140-age）×wt in kg÷serum Cr（mg/dL）×72（×0.85 in females）.
②If CrCl＞15mL/min，control symptoms+treat underlying cause.
③If CrCl＜15mL/min and no other contraindications，then the patients should carry out hemodialysis.
④If patient is accepted for hemodialysis，he/she will need a central venous access.Patient will need to have a recent（＜3 months）test for hepatitis B and HIV.
Abbreviations
SOB（Short of breath）：呼吸短促
GIT（gastrointestinal）：胃肠的
MPs（malaria parasite）：疟原虫检查
CrCl：血肌酐清除率
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