Before You Read
1.What's the full name of the UK?
2.What is the UK made up of?
3.Who are the ancestors of the English,the Scots,Welsh and Irish?
4.How do you know the meaning of American national flag?
5.There are many things that symbolize American culture,could you say some of them?(No less than 10 items)
Reading 1
Profile of the UK
Ⅰ.Brief Introduction of the UK
1.Geographical names:the British Isles〔1〕,Great Britain and England.
(旁注:geographical)
(旁注:[dʒɪə'græfɪk(ə)l])
(旁注:adj.地理的)
2.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland〔2〕.
(旁注:official[ə'fɪʃ(ə)l])
(旁注:adj.官方的;正式的)
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands—Great Britain(the larger one)and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.
4.Three divisions on the island of Great Britain:England,Scotland and Wales.
(旁注:division[dɪ'vɪʒ(ə)n])
(旁注:n.部门;分配;分割)
(1)England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest,most populous section.
(旁注:populous['pɒpjuləs])
(旁注:adj.人口稠密的;人口多的)
(2)Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.It has three natural zones(the highlands in the north;the central lowlands;the south uplands).Capital:Edinburgh.
(旁注:zone[zəun])
(旁注:n.地带;地区)
(3)Wales is in the west of Great Britain.Capital:Cardiff.
(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital:Belfast.
5.The Commonwealth〔3〕(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.It was founded in 1931,and has 50 member countries until 1991.
(旁注:commonwealth)
(旁注:['kɒmənwelθ])
(旁注:(旁注:n.联邦)
(旁注:association[ə?səuʃɪ'eʃn])
(旁注:n.协会;联盟)
(旁注:colony['kɒlənɪ])
(旁注:n.殖民地)
Ⅱ.Geographical Position of Britain
(旁注:surround[sə'raund])
(旁注:v.围绕;包围)
(旁注:separate['sepəreɪt])
(旁注:v.分离;分开)
Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea.It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel〔4〕 in the south and the North Sea in the east.
(旁注:channel['tʃæn(ə)l])
(旁注:n.通道;频道;海峡)
Ⅲ.The People
1.Population distribution
Britain has a population of about 57 million and it is very unevenly distributed.90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural.The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English(81.5%),the Scottish(9.6%),the Welsh(1.9%),the Irish(2.4%),the Northern Irish(1.8%)and other peoples(2.8%).
(旁注:distribution)
(旁注:[dɪstrɪ'bju:ʃ(ə)n])
(旁注:n.分布;分配;供应)
(旁注:unevenly[ʌn'ɪvənlɪ])
(旁注:adv.不均衡地)
(旁注:urban['ə:b(ə)n])
(旁注:adj.城市的;住在都市的)
(旁注:rural['ruər(ə)l])
(旁注:adj.农村的)
2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots,Welsh and Irish.The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons〔5〕,the Scots,Welsh and Irish are Celts〔6〕.
(旁注:ancestor['ænsestə])
(旁注:n.祖先)
3.Immigrants
(旁注:immigrant['ɪmɪgr(ə)nt])
(旁注:n.移民;侨民)
About three million people have come to Britain to live and find work since World War Ⅱ.
Language Focus
1.be made up of:由……组成
e.g.:A table could be made up of cylinders for legs and a box for the top.
桌子是由圆柱体的腿和长方体的顶组成的。
Water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.
水是由氢和氧构成的。
2.in the west of:在……的西边
e.g.:Industrial development is being concentrated in the west of the country.
工业开发正集中于国家的西部进行。
Provence is in the south of France.
普罗旺斯位于法国南部。
3.The Commonwealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.
*这是一个that引导的定语从句,由于that在从句中作主语,故不能省略;但如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语成分,则可以省略。
e.g.:I don't like the people that lose their temper easily.
我不喜欢那些容易发脾气的人。(that作主语,不能省略)I don't like the people(that)he is talking with.
我不喜欢和他交谈的人。(that作宾语,可以省略)
4.Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea.
*surrounded是过去分词作后置定语,饰名词country。过去分词作定语时,相当于一个被动语
态的定语从句。所以这个句子可以改写成:Britain is an island country which is surrounded by the sea.
5.separate...from...:分离;把……和……分开
e.g.:Advertising should be separated from the receipt information.
广告应该与数据信息分离开来。
My studio is on the lowest level of the building,separating from the flat,quiet and right off the garden.
我的工作室和公寓是分开的,在这栋楼的底楼,很安静,离花园很近。
6.the difference between A and B:A与B的区别
e.g.:What is the difference between Chinese and American culture?
中美文化差异是什么?
There is no difference between a wise man and a fool when they fall in love.
当聪明的人和愚昧的人恋爱时,他们会变得没有区别。
Related Background Information
Brief History of Britain(英国简史)
公元前,地中海伊比利亚人、比克人、凯尔特人、先后来到不列颠。公元1~5世纪,大不列颠岛东南部为罗马帝国统治。罗马人撤走后,欧洲北部的盎格鲁人、萨克逊人、朱特人相继入侵并定居。7世纪开始形成封建制度,七个王国争雄达200年之久,史称“盎格鲁—撒克逊时代”。1338年至1453年英法“百年战争”,英国先胜后败。1588年击败西班牙“无敌舰队”,树立海上霸权。1640年英国全球第一个爆发资产阶级革命,成为资产阶级革命的先驱。18世纪后半叶至19世纪上半叶,成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家。19世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期,是第一殖民大国,自称“日不落帝国”,一战后开始衰败。英国于1920年设立北爱尔兰郡,并于1921年至1922年允许爱尔兰南部脱离其统治,成立独立国家。二战中经济实力大为削弱,政治地位下降。随着1947年印度和巴基斯坦的相继独立,到60年代,英帝国殖民体系瓦解。1973年1月英国加入欧共体,2019年3月29日正式退出欧盟。
The Relationship of Britain and China(中英关系)
1950年1月,英国政府宣布承认中华人民共和国。1954年6月17日,中英达成互派代办的协议。1972年3月13日,两国签订了升格为大使级外交关系的联合公报。1982年9月,英国首相撒切尔夫人作为英国第一位在职首相访华。1984年12月,撒切尔夫人再访中国,两国共同签署了《关于香港问题的联合声明》。1997年7月1日,中英顺利完成香港回归的政权交接。1998年,两国政府首脑成功互访,并建立了全面伙伴关系。2015年10月,国家主席习近平携夫人彭丽媛对英国进行访问,并在5天的访问期间,成功向英方展示了中华文化的软实力,在不列颠掀起一股强劲的“中国风”。
Reading Comprehension
Decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write“T”for True and“F”for False.
1.The Official name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.( )
2.Ireland is the largest island of The British Isles.( )
3.England,Scotland and Wales are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.( )
4.England is in the north of Great Britain.( )
5.Scotland is in the south of Great Britain.( )
6.Wales is in the west of Great Britain.( )
7.The Commonwealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.( )
8.81.5% of the British population is urban and only 28.5% is rural.( )
9.The ancestors of the Scots,Welsh and Irish are Anglo-Saxons.( )
10.About three million people have come to Britain to live and find work since World War Ⅱ.( )

Reading 2
About the U.S.A
The United States of America,also known as the United States,the US,the U.S.A.,and America,is a country in North America that shares land borders with Canada and Mexico,and a sea border with Russia.Extending from the Atlantic Ocean〔7〕to the Pacific Ocean〔8〕,the United States is a federal republic,with its capital in Washington,D.C.〔9〕,which is in memory of a founding father of the country—George Washington.
National flag:The Stars and Stripes.The strips symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America.The stars represent the 50 states of the Union.White signifies Purity and Innocence;Red,Hardiness and Valor;and Blue,Vigilance,Perseverance and Justice.
National Anthem:the Star-Spangled Banner〔10〕.
Nickname of American people:Uncle Sam
National Day:4 July
Of all states of America,Alaska〔11〕is the largest in area and Rhode Island〔12〕is the smallest.But on the mainland Texas〔13〕is the largest state of the country.
Many things can be the symbols of American culture.The list runs as follows:
1.Statue of Liberty〔14〕
2.White House〔15〕
3.The Bald Eagle(An American Emblem)〔16〕
4.Pentagon〔17〕
5.Empire State Building〔18〕
6.Times Square〔19〕
7.Broadway〔20〕
8.Hollywood〔21〕
9.Disneyland〔22〕federal['fed(ə)r(ə)l]adj.联邦的;同盟的
republic[rɪ'pʌblɪk]
n.共和国;共和政体
stripe[straɪp]n.条纹symbolize['sɪmbəlaɪz]
v.象征;用符号表现
constitute['kɒnstɪtju:t]
v.组成;构成
purity['pjuərɪtɪ]
n.纯洁
innocence['ɪnəsəns]
n.无罪;天真无邪
valor['vælə]
n.英勇;勇猛
vigilance['vɪdʒɪl(ə)ns]
n.警戒,警觉perseverance
[pə:sɪ'vɪər(ə)ns]
n.坚持不懈;毅力
justice['dʒʌstɪS]
n.正义;正直
nickname['nɪkneɪm]
n.绰号;昵称
symbol['sɪmbl]
n.象征;符号
statue['stætʃu]
n.雕像,塑像
liberty['lɪbətɪ]
n.自由
10.Golden Gate Bridge〔23〕
11.Yellow Stone National Park〔24〕
12.The Niagara Fall〔25〕
13.Grand Canyon〔26〕
14.Barbie Doll〔27〕
15.NBA〔28〕
eagle['ɪ:g(ə)l]
n.鹰
empire['empaɪə]
n.帝国
canyon['kænjən]
n.峡谷
Notes
Language Focus
1.known as:被认为是,被称为;以……而著称
e.g.:Jia Pingwa is known as a famous Chinese writer.
贾平凹是中国著名作家。
Compounds derived from plants and animals became known as organic.
来源于动植物的化合物称为有机化合物。
2.extend from:延伸;伸展
e.g.:The spectacular Alps extend from east to west,which qualifies Switzerland as one of the best skiing resorts in the world.
壮观的阿尔卑斯山脉自东向西横贯该国,使得瑞士成为世界上最好的滑雪胜地之一。
3.Extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean,...,which is in memory of...
*extending是现在分词作状语。现在分词用作状语,可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或表示主要动作发生的伴随情况。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
e.g.:Walking slowly across the grass,he pointed the gun at the lion and fired.
他慢慢地走过草地,把枪对准狮子就射击了。
Seeing a large cake flying through the air,the driver pulled up quickly.
司机看见一只大蛋糕在空中掠过,赶紧刹车。
*which is in memory of…是非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用,
缺少也不会影响对全句的理解,它与主句往往用逗号隔开。
e.g.:These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
4.in memory of:纪念
e.g.:She set up an educational fund in memory of her mother.
她为了纪念她母亲而设立了一个教育基金会。
Many university buildings are dedicated in memory of honorable graduates.
许多大学的建筑物是纪念杰出校友的。
Related Background Information
Brief Introduction of the U.S.A(美国简史)
原为印第安人聚居地。15世纪末,西班牙、荷兰、法国、英国等开始向北美移民。1775年爆发了北美人民反对英国殖民者的独立战争。1776年7月4日通过了《独立宣言》,正式宣布建立美利坚合众国。1783年独立战争结束,1787年制定联邦宪法,1788年乔治·华盛顿当选为第一任总统。1812年后完全摆脱英国统治。1862年9月宣布《解放黑奴宣言》后,南部奴隶主发动叛乱,爆发了南北战争。1865年,战争以北方获胜而结束,为资本主义在美国的迅速发展扫清了道路。19世纪初,随着资本主义的发展,美国开始对外扩张。在1776年后的100年内,美国领土几乎扩张了10倍。第二次世界大战后,美国国力大增。
Uncle Sam(山姆大叔)
山姆大叔(英文:Uncle Sam,名字首字母缩写为US)是美国的绰号和拟人化形象,是美国政府或美国的国家化身。一般被描绘成穿着蓝色燕尾服,头戴星条旗纹样的高礼帽,身材高瘦,留着山羊胡子,鹰勾鼻,精神矍铄的老人形象。

据说,“山姆大叔”一名源于1812年美英战争时期,一位居住在纽约州特洛伊,名叫塞缪尔·威尔逊(Samuel Wilson,1766~1854年)的美国人,他在战争中向美国军队供应牛肉,桶上的牌子写的是“EA-US”。EA为公司名,US为生产地美国,而Uncle Samuel(山姆大叔)的缩写恰好也是U.S.,于是就成为了美国的绰号。美国人将“山姆大叔”诚实可靠、吃苦耐劳及爱国主义精神视为自己公民的骄傲和共有的品性。
American National Emblem(美国国徽)
主体为一只胸前带有盾形图案的白头海雕(秃鹰)。白头海雕是美国的国鸟,它是力量、勇气、自由和不朽的象征。盾面上半部为蓝色横长方形,下半部为红、白相间的竖条,其寓意同国旗。鹰之上的顶冠,象征在世界的主权国家中又诞生一个新的独立国家——美利坚合众国;顶冠内有13颗白色五角星,代表美国最初的13个州。鹰的两爪分别抓着橄榄枝和箭,象征和平和武力。鹰嘴叼着的黄色绶带上用拉丁文写着“合众为一”,意为美利坚合众国由很多州组成,是一个完整的国家。

Reading Comprehension
Make the best choice according to what you have read.
1.What is the other name of America?
A.American. B.The United America.
C.The United States of America. D.The States of America.
2.Which country does America share land border with?
A.China and Canada. B.Mexico and Canada.
C.China. D.China and Mexico.
3.Which continent does the United States locate in?
A.North America. B.South America.
C.Oceania. D.Latin America.
4.What is the capital of America?
A.New York. B.Washington D.C..
C.Los Angeles. D.Chicago.
5.Who is the founding father of America?
A.Abraham Lincoln. B.John Fitzgerald Kennedy.
C.Franklin Delano Roosevelt. D.George Washington.
6.What do strips of American national flag symbolize?
A.50 states of the Union. B.13 colonies that originally constituted the U.S.A..
C.American people. D.13 states of the Union.
7.What do stars of American national flag symbolize?
A.13 states of the Union. B.13 colonies.
C.50 states of the Union. D.50 colonies.
8.What day is American Foundation Day?
A.25 December. B.1 October. C.14 July. D.4 July.
9.What is the largest state of American mainland?
A.Alaska. B.Rhode Island.
C.Texas. D.Washington,D.C..
10.Which of the following is Not the symbol of American culture?
A.River Thames. B.Barbie Doll.
C.Statue of Liberty. D.Disneyland.
