Before You Read
1.In your opinion，what's the relationship between man and environment？
2.As we know，the air is polluted seriously at present in China.What do you think we should do for the fog and haze weather？
3.What are the reasons of water pollution？What should the government do to reduce water pollution？
4.White pollution is becoming more and more serious and even threatening our life.How can we stop people from causing this pollution？
5.Do you think we should take actions to reduce all kinds of pollution？Why？
Reading 1
The Fog and Haze Weather
Thick fog and haze shrouded central and northern parts of China on Friday，with Hebei and Henan provinces among the most polluted areas，monitoring data showed.
（旁注：haze［heɪz］）
（旁注：n.阴霾；薄雾；疑惑）
（旁注：pollute［pə'lu:t］）
（旁注：vt.污染；玷污；败坏）
（旁注：monitor［'mɒnɪtə］）
（旁注：n.监视器；监听器；监控器）
An air quality report from the Ministry of Environmental Protection〔1〕ranked Handan，Baoding and Shijiazhuang in Hebei and Zhengzhou in Henan as the top four most-polluted cities among 120 monitored nationwide.
The Air Pollution Index〔2〕in the four cities reached 500，the maximum on the index，on Friday.An API reading below 50 indicates excellent air quality，50 to 100 indicates healthy air，and readings above 100 mean polluted air.
（旁注：maximum［'mæksɪməm］）
（旁注：n.［数］极大；最大量）
（旁注：indicate［'ɪndɪkeɪt］）
（旁注：vt.表明；指出；预示）
The bad weather is expected to continue，with cold fronts expected in mid-January，Ma Xuekuan，chief weather forecaster at the National Meteorological Center〔3〕，told China Daily〔4〕on Friday.
“Recent wet air，increasing pollutants and little wind mean haze formed easily.When cold snaps bring winds，haze and fog will be blown away，”Ma said.
（旁注：increase［ɪn'krɪ:s］）
（旁注：v.增加；增大）
The haze brought traffic problems in Henan，with eight expressways in the province closed on Thursday because visibility was below 200 meters.No accidents or casualties due to the haze have been reported so far.
（旁注：visibility［vɪzɪ'bɪlɪtɪ］）
（旁注：n.能见度；可见性）
（旁注：casualty［'kæʒjuəltɪ］）
（旁注：n.意外事故；伤亡人员）
Experts and residents in the worst-hit areas such as Shijiazhuang are becoming increasingly worried about the air pollution brought by frequent winter haze.
（旁注：frequent［'frɪ:kw（ə）nt］）
（旁注：adj.频繁的；时常发生的）
“Small particles in the air can cause heart disease，stroke，respiratory illness，birth defects and cancer，”said Zhou Rong，director of the Greenpeace climate and energy project.
（旁注：particle［'pɑ:tɪk（ə）l］）
（旁注：n.颗粒）
（旁注：stroke［strəuk］）
（旁注：n.中风）
（旁注：respiratory［rɪ'spɪrət（ə）rɪ］）
（旁注：adj.呼吸的）
（旁注：defect［dɪ'fekt］）
（旁注：n.缺点；缺陷；不足之处）
Shijiazhuang has been enveloped by haze and fog since Sunday，according to the local weather bureau.
（旁注：envelope［'envələup］）
（旁注：n.信封；封皮；包膜）
“I have rarely seen haze persist for so long.The air smells like burnt coal，and I have to cover my nose，”said Li Ning，a worker in his 30s.“I really want to know if the haze has any impact on my health，”he added.
（旁注：persist［pə'sɪst］）
（旁注：v.坚持；持续；固执）
（旁注：impact［'ɪmpækt］）
（旁注：n.影响；效果）
Yang Ping，a doctor at Hebei Provincial People's Hospital，said there has been an increase in child and elderly patients since the haze started to affect Shijiazhuang on Sunday.
A report by Greenpeace and Peking University's School of Public Health〔5〕said an estimated 8,572 premature deaths occurred in Shanghai，Guangzhou，Xi' an and Beijing in 2012 because of high levels of PM 2.5 pollution.The report called for regional coal consumption to be capped.
（旁注：premature［'premətʃuə］）
（旁注：n.早产儿；过早发生的事物）
（旁注：occur［ə'kə:］）
（旁注：vi.发生；出现；存在）
（旁注：consumption）
（旁注：［kən'sʌmpʃən］）
（旁注：n.消费；消耗；肺痨）
PM 2.5 refers to particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter，which can enter the lungs and bloodstream.Haze often means increased PM 2.5 density.
（旁注：diameter［daɪ'æmɪtə］）
（旁注：n.直径）
Chen Wanqing，deputy director of the National Central Cancer Registry〔6〕，under the Ministry of Health〔7〕，said that lung cancer is rising sharply in China and tends to affect young people，but did not explain why.
（旁注：density［'densɪtɪ］）
（旁注：n.密度）
Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau〔8〕warned residents to avoid staying outdoors for long after widespread haze reached the capital on Thursday night.
Zhang Lin，a weather forecaster at the Beijing Meteorological Bureau〔9〕，told China Daily the city will see a bright weekend，with the haze ending on Friday afternoon.
China has taken various measures to fight air pollution.Since Jan 1，a total of 74 major cities have been required to issue daily reports on air quality by adopting more extensive monitoring standards，such as the PM 2.5 level.
（旁注：deputy［'depjutɪ］）
（旁注：n.代理人，代表）
（旁注：issue［'ɪʃu:］）（旁注：v.发布；发行）
（旁注：adopt［ə'dɒpt］）
（旁注：v.采取；接受；收养）
（旁注：extensive［ɪk'stensɪv］）（旁注：adj.广泛的；大量的）
In December，the authorities decided to spend 350 billion yuan（$56 billion）to lower the level of harmful particles in the air in 117 cities by at least 5%from 2011 to 2015.
（旁注：harmful［'hɑ:mful］）
（旁注：adj.有害的；能造成损害的）
Language Focus
1.be expected to：期望做某事；被期待做某事
e.g.:Nobody can be expected to know everything，or even a tiny fraction of everything.
没有人能够期望了解一切，甚至是一小部分。
Furthermore，a new machine can be expected to behave as the old one it replaced，once it has converged to an ideal state.
而且，一旦新机器收敛到一种理想状态，就可以期望它像它所替换的旧机器那样工作。
2.blow away：吹走；驱散；留下深刻印象
e.g.:Everyone I met overwhelmed me and blew me away.
我遇到的每个人都让我很感动，可以说给我留下了深刻的印象。
The storms cause respiratory illness，destroy crops and blow away precious topsoil.
沙尘暴引发呼吸道疾病、毁坏庄稼，并吹走了宝贵的地表土。
3.due to：由于；应归于
e.g.:This variation is not all due to censorship.
这种变异并非仅仅是由于审查。
Due to the internal rebellion within the army.
这是由于军队内部的反叛行为。
4.according to：根据；取决于；据……所说
e.g.:Prices vary according to the quantity ordered.
价格根据所订数量而变化。
Guanxi even replaces the significance of the business contract in China，according to the pair.
根据这对夫妇的说法，“关系”在中国甚至可以取代商业合同的重要性。
5.have an impact on：对……有影响
e.g.:Plus interest:what will have an impact on the property sector？
加息：将会对房地产行业产生怎样的影响？
Unnecessary expenses will by no means have an impact on our company's benefits.
不必要的开支毫无疑问地会影响我们公司的利益。
6.because of：因为；由于
e.g.:His business went under because of competition from the large corporations.
由于大公司的竞争，他的生意陷入了困境。
There were fewer temporary engineers to plug in in that city because of low pay.
由于报酬低，该城市雇用到的临时工程师就更少了。
7.less than：小于；少于；不到
e.g.:I'm sure he will be hunted down in less than a week.
我敢保证他一定会在一个星期内被捉拿归案。
Spend less than you earn，go without until you have the money.
一定要多挣少花，如果没有那么多钱，就不要行动。
8.avoid doing：避免做某事；逃避……
e.g.:It was a convenient（and altruistic）excuse to avoid doing what she really wanted to do.
这真的是一个方便又无私的方法，避免了让自己做一些傻事。
You'd better avoid going out on your own at night.
你最好避免夜间独自出门。
9.take measure：采取措施
e.g.:The next step is to take measure of where you have control.
下一步便是对你所控制的部分采取相应措施。
We must take measure to protect the crops from insect pests.
我们必须采取措施保护庄稼，使之不受虫害。
10.be required to：被要求……
e.g.:Insurers would now be required to pay for obesity screening and counseling.
现在，保险公司需要支付肥胖筛查和咨询的费用。
You are required to follow the guidelines I lay out below.
请遵照我在下面列的原则。
11.decide to：决定
e.g.:Decide to speak your life into existence，if you do，your life will never，ever，ever be the same.
决定将你的生活说成存在，如果这样做，你的生活将绝不可能永远不变。
It all depends on what you decide to believe.
这一切都取决于你决定要相信什么。
Related Background Information
Smog（雾霾）
雾霾，是雾和霾的组合词，主要由二氧化硫、氮氧化物和可吸入颗粒物这三项组成，常见于城市。雾霾是特定气候条件与人类活动相互作用的结果。高密度人口的经济及社会活动必然会排放大量细颗粒物（PM 2.5），一旦排放超过大气循环能力和承载度，细颗粒物浓度将持续积聚，此时如果受静稳天气等影响，极易出现大范围的雾霾。雾霾天气是一种大气污染状态，雾霾是对大气中各种悬浮颗粒物含量超标的笼统表述，尤其是PM2.5（空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5微米的颗粒物）被认为是造成雾霾天气的“元凶”。中国不少地区把阴霾天气现象跟雾一起作为灾害性天气预警预报，统称为“雾霾天气”。
Reading Comprehension
Decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write“T”for True and“F”for False.
1.Thick fog and haze shrouded central and northern parts of China on Friday.（ ）
2.According to the passage，Hebei and Henan provinces are the most polluted areas.（ ）
3.Beijing，Baoding ，Xi' an and Zhengzhou are regarded as the top four most-polluted cities among 120 monitored nationwide.（ ）
4.The Air Pollution Index in the four cities reached 400 on Friday.（ ）
5.An API reading below 50 indicates excellent air quality，50 to 100 indicates healthy air，and readings above 100 mean polluted air.（ ）
6.The haze brought traffic problems in Hebei，with eight expressways in the province closed on Thursday because visibility was below 200 meters.（ ）
7.Experts and residents are not worried about the air pollution brought by frequent winter haze.（ ）
8.Small particles in the air can cause heart disease，stroke，respiratory illness，birth defects and cancer.（ ）
9.PM 2.5 refers to particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter，which can enter the lungs and bloodstream.（ ）
10.China has not taken various measures to fight air pollution.（ ）
Reading 2
Water Pollution
Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water.The sources of water pollution are categorized as being a point source or a non-point source of pollution.Point sources of pollution occur when the polluting substance is emitted directly into the waterway.A pipe spewing toxic chemicals directly into a river is an example.A non-point source occurs when there is runoff of pollutants into a waterway，for instance，the fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by surface runoff.Next，we will introduce the specific sources of water pollution.
（旁注：adversely［əd'və:slɪ］）
（旁注：adv.不利地；逆地；反对地）
（旁注：categorize［'kætəgəraɪz］）
（旁注：v.分类）
（旁注：substance［'sʌbst（ə）ns］）
（旁注：n.物质；实质）
（旁注：emit［ɪ'mɪt］）
（旁注：v.发出；放射；发行）（旁注：toxic［'tɒksɪk］）
（旁注：adj.有毒的；中毒的）
Farming
Farms often use large amounts of herbicides and pesticides，both of which are toxic pollutants.These substances are particularly dangerous to life in rivers，streams and lakes，where toxic substances can build up over a period of time.
（旁注：herbicide［'hə:bɪsaɪd］）
（旁注：n.［农药］除草剂）
Farms also frequently use large amounts of chemical fertilizers that are washed into the waterways and damage the water supply and the life within it.Fertilizers can increase the amounts of nitrates〔10〕and phosphates〔11〕in the water，which can lead to the process of eutrophication〔12〕.
Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the waterways.This sudden introduction of organic material increases the amount of nitrogen〔13〕in the water，and can also lead to eutrophication.
（旁注：livestock［'laɪvstɒk］）
（旁注：n.牲畜；家畜）
（旁注：graze［greɪz］）
（旁注：v.放牧；吃草；擦伤）
Business
Waste and sewage generated by industry can get into the water supply，introducing large organic pollutants into the ecosystem〔14〕.Many industrial and power plants use rivers，streams and lakes to dispose of waste heat.The resulting hot water can cause thermal pollution.Thermal pollution can have a disastrous effect on life in an aquatic ecosystem as temperature increases decrease the amount of oxygen〔15〕in the water，thereby reducing the number of animals that can survive there.Water can become contaminated with toxic or radioactive materials from industry，mine sites and abandoned hazardous waste sites.
（旁注：dispose［dɪ'spəuz］）
（旁注：v.处理；处置；安排）
（旁注：thermal［'θə:m（ə）l］）
（旁注：adj.热的；热量的；保热的）
（旁注：disastrous［dɪ'zɑ:strəs］）
（旁注：adj.灾难性的；悲伤的）
（旁注：aquatic［ə'kwætɪk］）
（旁注：adj.水生的；水栖的）
（旁注：contaminate）
（旁注：［kən'tæmɪneɪt］）
（旁注：v.污染；弄脏）
（旁注：hazardous［'hæzədəs］）
（旁注：adj.有危险的；冒险的）
Acid precipitation is caused when the burning of fossilfuels emits sulfur dioxide〔16〕into the atmosphere.The sulfur dioxide reacts with the water in the atmosphere，creating rainfall which contains sulfuric acid.As acid precipitation falls into lakes，streams and ponds it can lower the overall pH of the waterway，killing vital plant life，thereby affecting the whole food chain〔17〕.It can also leach heavy metals from the soil into the water，killing fish and other aquatic organisms.Because of this，air pollution is potentially one of the most threatening forms of pollution to aquatic ecosystems.
（旁注：precipitation）
（旁注：［prɪ.sɪpɪ'teɪʃ（ə）］）
（旁注：n.［化学］沉淀；沉淀物）
（旁注：potentially［pə'tenʃəlɪ］）
（旁注：adv.可能地；潜在地）
Homes
Sewage generated by houses or runoff from septic tanks into nearby waterways，introduce organic pollutants that can cause eutrophication.Fertilizers，herbicides and pesticides used for lawn care can runoff and contaminate the waterway.As with agricultural fertilizers，home fertilizers can lead to the eutrophication of lakes and rivers.
（旁注：generate［'dʒenəreɪt］）
（旁注：v.使形成；发生；生殖）
（旁注：septic［'septɪk］）
（旁注：adj.败血症的）
（旁注：sewage［'su:ɪdʒ］）
（旁注：n.污水；下水道；污物）
Improper disposal of hazardous chemicals down the drain introduce toxic materials into to the ecosystem，contaminating the water supplies in a way that can harm aquatic organisms.
Leaks of oil and antifreeze from a car on a driveway can be washed off by the rain into nearby waterways，polluting it.
（旁注：antifreeze［'æntɪfrɪ:z］）
（旁注：n.［助剂］防冻剂）
In a word，water pollution results from various reasons.however，the fresh water on the earth is so limited that we must take measures to stop the water from being polluted.Otherwise，we will have to face water crisis soon.
（旁注：crisis［'kraɪsɪs］）
（旁注：n.危机；危险期）
Language Focus
1.The sources of water pollution are categorized as being a point source or a non-point source of pollution.
——水污染的来源被归类为点源或非点源污染。
*句中be categorized as意为“被归类为……”，as在这里作介词“作为……”后面跟名词或动名词形式，即be categorized as+n./v-ing形式。
e.g.:WPARs can be categorized as system and application WPARs.
WPAR可以分为系统和应用程序两类。
Responsibility rules can be categorized as responsibility due to either fault or intention.
归责原则有过错责任与严格责任之分。
2.amounts of：大量的，前面可以用large/vast等词进行修饰，与large number of，packs of为近义
词。an amount of表示相当数量的；一些。
e.g.:Earthworms consume large amounts of soil，and produce a rich humus，perfect in texture.
蚯蚓吃下大量土壤，排出富有肥力、质地优良的腐殖质。
Not only do you need the energy，but most people get amounts of calcium at breakfast.
不仅仅是因为需要能量，还因为大多数人从早餐中获得大量的钙。
3.Farms often use large amounts of herbicides and pesticides，both of which are toxic pollutants.
——农场经常使用大量的除草剂和杀虫剂，这两种物质都是有毒污染物。
*句中…both of which引导非限定性定语从句。英语中介词+which/whom往往来引导非限定性定语从句。
e.g.:I won't forget the days in which we worked together.
我不会忘记我们一起工作的日子。
The boy about whom they often talk is very kind.
他们经常谈论的那个孩子非常善良。
4.result in：导致，结果是
result from：起因于；由……造成
e.g.:They result in poor capital allocation.
他们导致资本配置不当。
Some would say her problems result from over-attention as a child.
有人会说她的问题是因为小时候受关注过多造成的。
5.lead to：导致；通向
e.g.:This can lead to significant distress，but have no fear！
这可能导致巨大的压力，但是不要害怕！
Any system that cedes those rights will lead to anarchy.
任何割让那些权利的体制都将导致政治混乱。
6.As acid precipitation falls into lakes，streams and ponds it can lower the overall pH of the waterway，killing vital plant life，thereby affecting the whole food chain.
——由于酸性沉淀物落入湖泊，溪流和池塘，它可以降低水的总体pH值，从而杀死重要的植
物，从而影响整个食物链。
*as在句中作连词表示“由于，因为”；as本身也可以作介词表示“作为，当作”。
e.g.:As this question is of great importance，we will discuss it once again.
由于这个问题非常重要，我们将再次讨论。
As a teacher，she is very strict with her students.
7.Because of this，air pollution is potentially one of the most threatening forms of pollution to aquatic ecosystems.
——因此，空气污染可能是对水生生态系统最具威胁性的污染形式之一。
*句中one of+最高级+名次复数表示“最……之一”。
e.g.:He is one of the best teachers in our school.
他是我们学校最优秀的是老师之一。
China is one of the biggest countries in the world.
中国是世界上最大的国家之一。
Related Background Information
Water pollution（水污染）
水污染是由有害化学物质造成水的使用价值降低或丧失。污水中的酸、碱、氧化剂，以及铜、镉、汞、砷等化合物，苯、二氯乙烷、乙二醇等有机毒物，会毒死水生生物，影响饮用水源。
Water resources（水资源）
地球上水的面积占地球表面的70%，其中海水占97.3%，可用淡水只有2.7%。在近3%的淡水中，77.2%存在于雪山冰川中，22.4%为土壤中和地下水（降水与地表水渗入），只有0.4%为地表水，地表水指河流、湖泊、冰川等水体。中国大小河川总长42万公里，湖泊7.56万平方公里，水资源总量28000亿立方米，人均2300立方米，只占世界人均拥有量的1/4，居第121位，为13个贫水国之一。
Eutrophication（富营养化）
富营养化是一种氮、磷等营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。在自然条件下，随着河流夹带冲积物和水生生物残骸在湖底的不断沉降淤积，湖泊会从平营养湖过渡为富营养湖，进而演变为沼泽和陆地，这是一种极为缓慢的过程。但由于人类的活动，将大量工业废水和生活污水以及农田径流中的植物营养物质排入湖泊、水库、河口、海湾等缓流水体后，水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖，使生物量的种群种类数量发生改变，破坏了水体的生态平衡。
Reading Comprehension
Make the best choice according to what you have read.
1.What kind of sources can the sources of water pollution be categorized as？
A.A point source of pollution.
B.A non-point source of pollution.
C.A point source or a non-point source of pollution.
D.None of the above.
2.According to the passage，what are the specific sources of water pollution？
A.Agriculture.B.Business.
C.Homes.D.All of the above.
3.What are the reasons that agriculture caused water pollution？
A.Farms often use large amounts of herbicides and pesticides，both of which are toxic pollutants.
B.Farms frequently use large amounts of chemical fertilizers that are washed into the water ways.
C.Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the waterways.
D.All of the above.
4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage？
A.Waste and sewage generated by industry cannot get into the water supply.
B.Many industrial and power plants use rivers，streams and lakes to dispose of waste heat.
C.Water can become contaminated with toxic or radioactive materials from industry，mine sites and abandoned hazardous waste sites.
D.None of the above.
5.As acid precipitation falls into lakes，streams and ponds，_______.
A.it cannot lower the overall pH of the waterway，killing vital plant life
B.it can lower the overall pH of the waterway，killing vital plant life
C.it can lower the overall pH of the waterway，not killing vital plant life
D.it can increase the overall pH of the waterway，killing vital plant life
6.Sewage generated by houses or runoff from septic tanks into nearby waterways，introduce organic pollutants that can cause_______.
A.eutrophication B.oligotrophication
C.nutrition D.the overall of pH raised
7._______of hazardous chemicals down the drain introduce toxic materials into to the ecosystem，contaminating the water supplies in a way that can harm aquatic organisms.
A.Proper disposal B.Improper disposal
C.Simple disposal D.None of the above.
8.Which kind of pollution is potentially one of the most threatening forms of pollution to aquatic ecosystems？
A.Noise pollution.B.Light pollution.
C.Air pollution.D.White pollution.
9.Which of the following statements is true？
A.The fresh water on the earth is so limited that we need to stop it from being polluted.
B.The fresh water on the earth is so limitless that we do not need to stop it from being polluted.
C.The fresh water on the earth is so limitless that we can pollute it casually.
D.The fresh water on the earth is so limited that we do not need to stop it from being polluted.
10.In your opinion，at present，water pollution is_______in our country.
A.not serious B.very serious
C.normal D.None of the above.