2.1 Classification and Menace of Diabetes Mellitus...
Diabetes mellitus is an unfortunate but common complication of CP and can be observed in up to 26-80%of CP patients and 5-10%of all patients with diabetes mellitus in western populations（Cui and Andersen 2011；Delhaye et al.2014；Rickels et al.2013）.Furthermore，CP patients with early onset of calcific disease，prior partial or total pancreatectomy，ongoing alcohol consumption and long-term duration of CP can be at a higher risk of diabetes mellitus（Rickels et al.2013；Ito et al.2007）.According to the classification of American Diabetes Association，these diabetes mellitus secondary to CP refer to specific types of diabetes mellitus rather than type 1 or 2，classified as pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus（type 3c diabetes mellitus（T3cDM））.Patients with abnormal pancreatic imaging，pancreatic endocrine insufficiency and absence of diabetes-associated antibodies should be recognized as T3cDM（Delhaye et al.2014；American Diabetes Association 2014）.(https://www.daowen.com)
T3cDM is typically characterized by“brittleness”in glycemic control due to loss of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia，inconsistent eating patterns associated with pain and/or nausea，and carbohydrate malabsorption.These features can also result in more frequent treatment-induced hypoglycemia（Cui and Andersen 2011；Rickels et al.2013；Andersen 2012；Ewald and Bretzel 2013）.In addition，in patients with T3cDM，complications such as micro-or macro-angiopathy，nephropathy，retinopathy and neuropathy are as common as those of T1DM（Delhaye et al.2014）.Moreover，the presence of T3cDM serves as an additional risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer，although CP is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer（Andersen et al.2013；Gupte and Forsmark 2014）.