1.1 Development and Application of Large Diameter ...
The idea of underwater tunnel construction was first proposed by British engineer Abel Mathieu in 1802，but the British-French war in 1803 failed to implement the plan.In the 1940s，French engineer Mare Isambard Brunel successfully constructed the first underwater pedestrian tunnel crossing the Thames River in London by using open manual shield in Britain，marking the birth of underwater shield tunnel.Since then，shield tunnel technology has gradually been widely used in underwater tunnel construction projects.Janes Heary Greathead first applied the compressed air method to the shield construction in 1886，and then the underwater tunnel of the Yibei River in Hamburg，Germany was successfully constructed by the compressed air shield in 1911.In the 1960s，the UK pioneered the slurry pressure shield，and in the 1970s，Japan made great progress in the slurry pressure shield.At the same time，a more novel earth pressure balance shield emerged，and the shield tunnel has been greatly developed in the stability control and excavation efficiency of the excavation face.At the same time，the emergence of new shield also makes underwater tunnel construction technology greatly enriched and improved.
In the mid-1990s，foreign underwater shield tunnels entered a period of rapid development and construction，and began to build strait tunnels.The five most representative underwater shield tunnels are the British-French Strait Tunnel completed in 1993（49.5 km long，8.4 m in diameter），the Danish Stobel Strait Tunnel completed in 1995（7.26 km long，8.5 m in diameter），the Tokyo Bay Crossing Highway Tunnel completed in 1996（9.6 km long，13.9 m in diameter），the fourth Yibei River Tunnel completed in 2003（2.56 km long，13.8 m in diameter）and the Dutch Green Heart Tunnel completed in 2005（7.16 km long，14.5 m in diameter）.Up to now，nearly one thousand underwater tunnels have been built for various purposes in the world，among which hundreds of large-diameter underwater shield tunnels（diameter＞10 m）have been built，mainly in the United States，the United Kingdom，Japan，Denmark，Iceland and other countries.
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J.Chen et al.，Construction Technology of Large Diameter Underwater Shield Tunnel，Key Technologies for Tunnel Construction under Complex Geological and Environmental Conditions，https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5896-9_1
In 1966 and 1984，Dapu Road cross-river tunnel with an outer diameter of 10.22 m and Yan'an East Road cross-river tunnel with an outer diameter of 11.30 m were built in Shanghai respectively，which opened the history of large underwater tunnel construction by shield method in China.In the 1990s，Shanghai built three crossriver tunnels with an outer diameter of 11.0 m，including the South Yan'an East Road Tunnel，the Dalian Road Tunnel and the Fuxing East Road Tunnel.
Since the twenty-first century，a large number of large-scale cross-river shield tunnels have been put into construction，covering railway，highway，urban subway and other fields of use.The construction scale and construction technology of underwater tunnels in China have been promoted to a new height.Some representative large-diameter underwater shield tunnels built in China are shown in Table 1.1.At present，dozens of large-diameter underwater tunnels have been built in Shanghai，Nanjing，Wuhan，Hangzhou，Guangzhou and other places in China，including Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel（11.0 min outer diameter，3630 m in length，and two-way four lanes），Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel（15 m in outer diameter，8740 m in length，and two-way six lanes），Hangzhou Qiantang River Tunnel（15 m in outer diameter，4250 m in length，and two-way six lanes），Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel（14.5 m in outer diameter，3905 m in length，and two-way six lanes），Guangzhou-Shenzhen Port Shiziyang Tunnel（10.8 m in outer diameter，9340 m in length，and two-way single lanes），and Wuhan Sanyang Road Yangtze River Tunnel（15.2 m in outer diameter，and 2.59 m in length）.Other representative tunnels that have been built are Qiantangjiang Tunnel，Qingchun Road，Hangzhou，which opened in December 2010（11.3 m in diameter，3765 m in length，four lanes in two directions），and Shouxihu Tunnel，Yangzhou，which opened in September 2014（14.5 m in diameter，2230 m in length，four lanes in two directions）.Most of these projects are distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.In the process of construction，they have passed through complex and changeable strata from muddy silty clay to silty sand and gravel，and then to the upper soil and lower rock，and the upper soft and lower hard composite strata.They have encountered various technical problems and accumulated many valuable key technologies.
Table 1.1 Some representative large diameter underwater tunnels built in China
