Introduction
Laboratory safety and management
1.laboratory safety
1.1.Personnel protection
（1）In laboratory，you must wear work clothes at all times.
（2）Appropriate gloves should be worn when handling potentially or accidental contact with blood，body fluids，and other potentially infectious materials or animals.After the gloves are used，they should be disinfected before being removed.Hand washing must follow.
（3）Wash hands after handling infectious materials and animals，and before leaving the lab area.
（4）Safety glasses，masks or other protective equipment must be worn to protect the eyes or face from splash，collision or artificial ultraviolet radiation.
（5）It is strictly prohibited to go out the lab such as dining room，coffee shop，office，library，staff rest area and toilet when you wearing lab clothes.
（6）Open-toe shoes are not allowed in the laboratory.
（7）It is forbidden to eat，drink，smoke，apply makeup and handle contact lenses in the working area of the laboratory.
（8）It is prohibited to store food and drinks in the working area of the laboratory.
（9）The working clothes used in the laboratory shall not be put in the same cabinet as the daily clothes.
1.2.Laboratory work area protection
（1）The laboratory should be kept clean and tidy，and articles irrelevant to the experiment are strictly prohibited.
（2）Potential hazardous material spillage occurs and contamination of the workbench surface must be removed at the end of each day's work.
（3）All contaminated materials，specimens and cultures must be sterile before disposal or clean reuse.
2.Laboratory crisis management
On-site treatment method of accident，when the staff has an accident，such as needling injury，infectious specimen splash and body surface or in the mouth，nose and eyes，or pollution of the laboratory table，etc.these shall be deemed as a safety accident and should be immediately treated with emergency medical treatment（the corresponding treatment method shall be adopted according to the accident situation）.
2.1.Disposal methods of chemical pollution
（1）Flush the infected area with flowing water immediately.
（2）Visit the emergency room immediately and use the medicine according to the different properties of the chemical substance.
2.2.Treatment of needle stick injury
（1）Pinch the injured area，squeeze out the wound blood，not to squeeze back and forth，rinse the wound with running water immediately after being stabbed by a needle or other sharp instrument contaminated with blood or body fluids.
（2）Disinfect the wound with 75% ethanol or iodine tincture and cover it with waterproof dressing.
2.3.Treatment of contaminated skin，mucosa and cornea
（1）In case of accidental contact with blood，body fluids or other chemicals，the skin should be immediately washed with soap and running water.
（2）If blood or body fluids enter the eyes or mouth accidentally，rinse immediately with plenty of water or normal saline.
Usages and precautions of basic laboratory instruments
1.Use of pipette
（1）Apply the liquid transfer aid and do not suck with the mouth.
（2）All pipettes shall be fitted with tampons to reduce contamination of the pipette.
（3）Do not blow gas into the solution containing infectious substances.(https://www.daowen.com)
（4）Infective substances cannot be mixed with pipette repeatedly.
（5）The liquid cannot be blown out of the pipette.
（6）The contaminated pipette should be completely immersed in appropriate disinfectant and soaked for a specified time before dispose.
（7）Containers for discarded pipette should be placed in the biosafety cabinet.
（8）In order to prevent the spread of infectious substances from dropping out of the pipette，a piece of paper containing disinfectant should be disposed on the workbench surface and treated as infectious waste after use.
2.Use of biosafety cabinet
（1）The biosafety cabinet can only be used when it operates normally.
（2）The biological safety cabinet cannot be opened the glass to observe the baffle during use.
（3）Equipment or specimens should be placed as little as possible in the biosafety cabinet，which cannot affect the airflow circulation of the rear pressure exhaust system.
（4）All the work must be carried out in the middle and rear of the workbench surface and can be seen through the glass observation baffle.
（5）Minimize personnel activities behind the operator.
（6）The operator should not repeatedly move out and into the arm to avoid interfering with the airflow.
（7）Do not make the test record book，pipette and other items to block the air grille，because this will interfere with the flow of gas，causing potential pollution of the articles and the exposure of the operator.
（8）75%ethanol should be used to wipe the countertop of the biosafety cabinet before work and after work every day，but it is forbidden to wipe the glass observation baffle with it.
（9）The fan in the biosafety cabinet shall be operated for at least another 5 min before and after the work in the biosafety cabinet starts.
（10）When operating in the biosafety cabinet，text work shall not be carried out.
3.Use of centrifuges
（1）The centrifuge should be operated according to the operation manual.
（2）The centrifugal tube should be inspected for damage before use.
（3）Centrifugal tubes used for centrifugation shall always be firmly covered.In order to prevent liquid overflow，the sample load in the centrifugal tube should not exceed 2/3 of the volume of the centrifugal tube.
（4）Loading，balancing，sealing and opening of centrifugal barrels must be carried out in the biosafety cabinet.
（5）The centrifugal tubes and the cross shaft shall be matched by weight，and shall be balanced correctly after loading the centrifugal tube.
（6）The operating guide shall give the space required to be set aside between the liquid level and the nozzle of the centrifugal pipe.
（7）Empty centrifugal tubes should be balanced with distilled water.
（8）The contamination of the centrifuge barrel，rotor and centrifuge chamber shall be removed after each use.
（9）The centrifugal bucket should be placed upside down to make the equilibrium liquid flow dry after use.
（10）The cavity wall of the rotor part in the centrifuge should be checked every day to see whether it is polluted or dirty.If the pollution is obvious，the centrifuge operation specification should be re-evaluated.
4.Use and maintain of refrigerators and freezers
（1）The refrigerator，low-temperature refrigerator and dry freezer should be defrosted and cleaned regularly，and all items such as ampoules and test tubes broken during storage should be cleaned.Wear thick rubber gloves and face protection when cleaning，and disinfect the inner surface after cleaning.
（2）All containers stored in the refrigerator shall clearly indicate the scientific name of the contents，the date of storage and the name of the storer.Unmarked or used items shall be autoclaved and discarded.
（3）A list of frozen items should be kept.
（4）The refrigerator can not be placed in the flammable solution unless there are explosion-proof measures，this should be marked on the refrigerator door.