2.摘要

摘要是论文的窗口，一篇论文能否吸引读者的关注，摘要起着非常重要的作用。想要写好摘要，首先就要知道什么是摘要。摘要是对论文的内容和要点不加注释和评论的简短陈述，是一个具有独立性和完整性的短文。如第2章所述，摘要多放在最后撰写，以保证其准确性。研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和研究结论构成了摘要的四要素。研究目的是要告诉读者为什么要开展此项研究，开展此项研究的目的是什么？重点是什么？研究方法是要告诉读者，主要通过什么研究手段和方式来实现这个研究目的。研究方法中，主要是介绍研究对象、研究工作的原理、条件以及完成研究工作所需要的手段等。研究结果中，需要告诉读者，在运用这些研究方法后，研究工作取得了哪些新发现和成果，包括通过调研、实验、观察取得的数据和结果，并剖析其不理想的局限部分。最终，得出研究结论，即通过对这个课题的研究发现所得出的重要结论，包括研究证实的观点、预测其在临床运用中的意义。

不同的期刊对摘要的要求不同，通常情况下，摘要的字数在250字左右。字数太少很难说明问题；字数多了又显得冗长。类似地，不同的期刊对摘要的格式要求也不同，包括结构式摘要和非结构式摘要（如第2章第1节所述）。

对于结构式摘要，需要给出研究目的、方法、结果、结论等字眼。研究目的（Aim，Purpose或Objective）常采用句式是：To investigate...。研究方法（Materials and methods）需要给出研究所用的动物种类、给药方式及检测手段等，简单清晰地介绍研究工作所采用的方法。研究结果（Results）多采用一般过去时描述，常用高频句式是：Our results revealed that...。结论（Conclusion）多采用一般现在时描述，常用高频句式是：Our results suggest that...。如示例3-6所示。

示例3-6　结构式摘要(https://www.daowen.com)

Aim of study：The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of WB on collagen-induced mouse arthritis and explored the underlying mechanism.Materials and methods：DBA/1 mice were used to establish a type II collagen-induced arthritis（CIA）model.From the day of arthritis onset，mice were treated daily by gavage with either total glucosides of paeony（TGP，0.37 g/kg/d）or WB at a lower（1.11 g/kg/d，WBL）or higher dose of（3.33 g/kg/d，WBH）for 8 weeks.The severity of arthritis，levels of cytokines，and the activation of signaling pathways were determined.Results：Our results revealed that WB treatment effectively alleviated inflammatory symptoms and prevented bone erosions and joint destruction.It obviously decreased the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α，IL-6，and IL-17α，while increased the concentration of antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10.Interestingly，the proportion of splenic Treg cells were increased significantly.In vitro experiments showed that WB inhibited the differentiation of osteoclasts.Consistently，the mRNA levels of tartrateresistant acid phosphatase（TRAP）and cathepsin K（CtsK），and the activation of NF-κB and JAK-STAT3 signaling pathways in the paws of CIA mice were inhibited by WB treatment.On the other hand，up-regulation of osteogenic genes Runx2，Osterix mRNA，and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway along with a decreased receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand（RANKL）expression was found in WB treated mice.Conclusion：Our results suggest that the therapeutic effect of Wang-bi tablet could be attributed to its inhibitory activity on NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathwaymediated osteoclast differentiation，and its enhancement on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-mediated osteoblast functions.

许多期刊对论文摘要的结构没有特定要求，并不需要提供诸如Aim，Methods，Results和Conclusion这样的小标题，但是它仍需要包含研究涉及的这4种要素。这种非结构式摘要通常会用1～2句话介绍研究背景，然后提出研究目的或者拟解决的问题。这种形式的摘要还会把方法和结果写在一起，介绍通过……技术取得……发现。如示例3-7所示，本文提供了非结构式摘要。

示例3-7　非结构式摘要

Emerging evidence indicates that osteoclasts direct osteoblastic bone formation.MicroRNAs（miRNAs）have a crucial role in regulating osteoclast and osteoblast function.However，whether miRNAs mediate osteoclast-directed osteoblastic bone formation is mostly unknown.Here，we show that increased osteoclastic miR-214-3p associates with both elevated serum exosomal miR-214-3p and reduced bone formation in elderly women with fractures and in ovariectomized（OVX）mice.Osteoclast-specific miR-214-3p knock-in mice have elevated serum exosomal miR-214-3p and reduced bone formation that is rescued by osteoclasttargeted antagomir-214-3p treatment.We further demonstrate that osteoclast-derived exosomal miR-214-3p is transferred to osteoblasts to inhibit osteoblast activity in vitro and reduce bone formation in vivo.Moreover，osteoclast-targeted miR-214-3p inhibition promotes bone formation in ageing OVX mice.Collectively，our results suggest that osteoclast-derived exosomal miR-214-3p transfers to osteoblasts to inhibit bone formation.Inhibition of miR-214-3p in osteoclasts may be a strategy for treating skeletal disorders involving a reduction in bone formation.