1.3 沘江流域的研究进展
山区矿山类型多样,不同矿山开采方式及开采规模迥异,加之地理位置、地形和局部气候条件等因素的影响,导致重金属含量的空间分布及迁移过程存在区域差异性。首先,山区实测数据匮乏,矿山开发对河流重金属含量影响的定量研究难以开展。而精确估算从矿山源区释放出的重金属元素进入河流中污染通量能更好地评估矿山开发对山区河流重金属污染物的贡献。其次,强降雨过程是矿山河流中重金属迁移和运输的主要传输动力。以往矿区河流重金属的研究主要是针对低流量和低流速条件,而对强降雨条件下矿区河流重金属的迁移特征及迁移过程的研究相对有限,明晰强降雨过程对矿山重金属迁移过程的影响极为重要。
云南是我国有色金属资源基地的主体区,该区也是长江、珠江、红河、澜沧江、怒江、伊洛瓦底江等大河流域的上游或源头地区,河流水质安全对我国长江中下游以南地区和境外中南半岛国家的生态安全保障至关重要。澜沧江—湄公河是流经6个流域国的一条重要的国际河流,流域内蕴藏着丰富的水能资源和矿产资源(何大明等,2014)。沘江是澜沧江—湄公河上游的一条重要支流,其上游分布着亚洲最大的铅锌矿(兰坪铅锌矿),地处中国西南边疆高海拔山区,是云南省重要的有色金属生产基地(艾志敏等,2002),且是中国乃至亚洲目前已探明的最大铅锌矿。该流域所在的兰坪县属于云南省划定的23个污染重点区之一,重金属污染问题备受关注。受局部地形气候影响,短时强降雨较多,流域内土壤侵蚀、滑坡和泥石流频发。兰坪铅锌矿的开采加剧了矿区水土流失,导致大量重金属污染物进入河流,对沘江乃至澜沧江干流河段的水环境及水域生态构成威胁(李瑞萍等,2010;缪福俊等,2011)。据调查,兰坪铅锌矿目前大部分仍是露天开采,废矿石依旧露天堆放在矿区附近。尾矿主要存放在哨上和温庄尾矿库,但是在强降雨作用下矿区复垦的土壤中重金属离子可能会释放出来(Ciszewski,2019)。同时,以往开采所产生的重金属污染物仍遗留在流域内的土壤和河流沉积物中。综上所述,沘江流域重金属污染的隐患是客观存在的,但目前尚未开展矿区重金属污染物至沘江的实时监测及迁移研究,对矿区重金属污染物的迁移过程认知不清。同时,兰坪铅锌矿的开发对流域土壤及河流中重金属含量的影响问题不利于流域生态环境管理及污染修复治理等工作的决策。
兰坪金顶矿区因其范围小、堆积巨量金属而备受国内外学者的关注(朱志军等,2019)。矿山80%以上是露天开采,造成矿区水土流失加剧。沘江属于山区河流,局部地区因强对流作用,易骤发暴雨洪水,具有历时短、雨强大等特点,使小流域短时内出现陡涨陡落的洪水过程。主开采区金顶矿区地势陡峻,易于汇水,加之沘江的河流径流量小,净水能力差,导致流域重金属污染问题更加严重。流域内已有研究主要围绕土壤、水、植物等单一介质中重金属分布规律及污染评价进行(李瑞萍等,2010;赵筱青等,2012)。但仅从低流量、低流速条件下河流重金属的分布特征难以认清矿区重金属污染物迁移过程,无法定量评估矿山开采对河流重金属含量的贡献。在流域尺度上,尚未开展沘江重金属污染物迁移特征及兰坪铅锌矿山对河流重金属含量贡献等的相关研究。虽然兰坪铅锌矿开采所产生的重金属污染是复合的(如Pb、Zn、Cd和As等),但因铅锌开采量最大,造成流域内Pb和Zn重金属含量最高。因此,为更好地评估兰坪铅锌矿山开采对沘江河流健康的影响,本书以Pb和Zn为研究对象,从流域尺度上开展沘江流域铅锌重金属含量变化及定量影响研究。研究结果可为矿区生态治理和生态修复、河流生态保护等提供依据,并为其他大型矿区生态保护和有效管理提供参考。
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