注释

注释

第1章 人类历史上的战争

1 Carl von Clausewitz,On War(tr.J.J.Graham),London,1908,I,p.23

2 Luke 7:6-8,Authorised Version

3 Address to the Michigan Military Academy,19 June 1879,in J.Wintle,The Dictionary of War Quotations,London,1989,p.91

4 R.Parkinson,Clausewitz,London,1970,pp.175-6

5 R.McNeal,Tsar and Cossack,Basingstoke,1989,p.5

6 A.Seaton,The Horsemen of the Steppes,London,1985,p.51

7 Parkinson,op.cit.,p.194

8 Seaton,op.cit.,p.121

9 Ibid.,p.154

10 Parkinson,op.cit.,p.169

11 G.Sansom,The Western World and Japan,London,1950,pp.265-6

12 W.St Clair,That Greece Might Still Be Free,London,1972,pp.114-15

13 Marshal de Saxe,Mes rêveries,Amsterdam,1757,1,pp.86-7

14 P.Contamine,War in the Middle Ages(tr.M.Jones),Oxford,1984,p.169

15 M.Howard,War in European History,Oxford,1976,p.15

16 L.Tolstoy,Anna Karenin,London,1987,pp.190-5

17 M.Howard,Clausewitz,Oxford,1983,p.35

18 P.Paret,Understanding War,Princeton,1992,p.104

19 P.Paret,Clausewitz and the State,Princeton,1985,pp.322-4

20 M.Howard,op.cit.,p.59

21 Carl von Clausewitz,On War(tr.M.Howard and P.Paret),Princeton,1976,p.18

22 Ibid.,p.593

23 M.Sahlins,Tribesmen,New Jersey,1968,p.64

24 S.Engleit,Islands at the Centre of the World,New York,1990,p.139

25 M.Wilson and L.Thompson(eds.),Oxford History of South Africa,Vol I,Oxford,1969

26 K.Otterbein,‘The Evolution of Zulu Warfare’,in B.Oget(ed.)War and Society in Africa,1972

27 Wilson and Thompson,op.cit.,pp.338-9

28 G.Jefferson,The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom,London,1979,pp.9-10,12

29 E.J.Krige,The Social System of the Zulus,Pietermaritzburg,1950,Chapter 3 passim

30 Wilson and Thompson,op.cit.,p.345

31 Ibid.,p.346

32 D.Ayalon,‘Preliminary Remarks on the Mamluk Institutions in Islam’,in V.Parry and M.Yapp(eds.),War,Technology and Society in the Middle East,London,1975,p.44

33 Ayalon,ibid.,pp.44-7

34 D.Pipes,Slave Soldiers and Islam,New Haven,1981,p.19

35 P.Holt,A.Lambton and B.Lewis(eds.),The Cambridge History of Islam,Cambridge,1970,Vol.IA,p.214

36 H.Rabie,‘The Training of the Mamluk Faris’,in Parry and Yapp,op.cit.,pp.153-63

37 D.Ayalon,Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom,London,1956,p.86

38 Ibid.,pp.94-5

39 Ibid.,p.70

40 A.Marsot,Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali,Cambridge,1982,pp.60-72

41 N.Perrin,Giving Up the Gun,Boston,1988,p.19

42 R.Storry,A History of Modern Japan,London,1960,pp.53-4

43 J.Hale,Renaissance War Studies,London,1988,pp.397-8

44 Sansom,op.cit.,p.192

45 Storry,op.cit.,p.42

46 Perrin,op.cit.,pp.11-12

47 I.Berlin,The Crooked Timber of Humanity,New York,1991,p.51

48 Ibid.,pp.52-3

49 Clausewitz(tr.Graham),op.cit.,p.25

50 J.Shy‘Jomini’,in P.Paret,Makers of Modern Strategy,Princeton,1986,p.181

51 A.Kenny,The Logic of Deterrence,London,1985,p.15

52 J.Spence,The Search for Modern China,London,1990,p.395

53 Ibid.,p.371

54 B.Jelavich,History of the Balkans(Twentieth Century),Cambridge,1983,p.270

55 F.Deakin,The Embattled Mountain,London,1971,p.55

56 N.Beloff,Tito's Flawed Legacy,London,1985,p.75

57 K.McCormick and H.Perry,Images of War,London,1991,pp.145,326,334

58 Deakin,op.cit.,p.72

59 M.Djilas,Wartime,New York,1977,p.283

60 Spence,op.cit.,p.405

61 A.Horne,A Savage War of Peace,London,1977,pp.64,537-8

62 R.Weigley,The Age of Battles,Bloomington,1991,p.543

63 J.Mueller,‘Changing Attitudes to War.The Impact of the First World War’,British Journal of Political Science,21,pp.25-6,27

插曲1:对作战的限制

1 Mariner's Mirror,Vol.77,no.3,p.217

2 A.Ferrill,The Origins of War,London,1985,pp.86-7

3 See J.Guilmartin,Gunpowder and Galleys,Cambridge,1974,especially Chapter 1,for argument that the galley's usefulness was not immediately extinguished by the appearance of cannon

4 J.Keegan,The Price of Admiralty,London,1988,p.137

5 O.Farnes,War in the Arctic,London,1991,pp.39 ff.

6 See‘Adrianople’in index of R.and T.Dupuy,The Encyclopedia of Military History,London,1986

7 J-P.Pallud,Blitzkrieg in the West,London,1991,p.347

8 J.Keegan,The Second World War,London,1989,p.462

9 Punch,1853,quoted in T.Royle,A Dictionary of Military Quotations,London,1990,p.123

10 The Times Atlas(Comprehensive Edition),London,1977,plate 5

11 I.Berlin,Karl Marx,Oxford,1978,p.179

12 A.Van der Heyden and H.Scullard,The Atlas of the Classical World,London,1959,p.127,and C.Duffy,Siege Warfare,London,1979,pp.204-7,232-7

13 N.Nicolson,Alex,London,1973,p.10

14 See A.Fraser,Boadicea's Chariot,London,1988

第2章 石

1 J.Groebel and R.Hinde(eds.),Aggression and War,Cambridge,1989,pp.xiii-xvi

2 A.J.Herbert,‘The Physiology of Aggression’,in ibid.,p.67

3 Ibid.,pp.68-9

4 R.Dawkins,The Selfish Gene,Oxford,1989

5 A.Manning,in Groebel and Hinde,op.cit.,pp.52-5

6 Groebel and Hinde,op.cit.,p.5

7 A.Manning,in Groebel and Hinde,op.cit.,p.51

8 R.Clark,Freud,London,1980,p.486 ff.

9 K.Lorenz,On Aggression,London,1966

10 R.Ardrey,The Territorial Imperative,London,1967

11 L.Tiger,Men in Groups,London,1969

12 M.Harris,The Rise of Anthropological Theory,London,1968,pp.17-18

13 D.Freeman,Margaret Mead and Samoa,Cambridge,Mass.,1983,pp.13-17

14 Ibid.,Chapter 3

15 Harris,op.cit.,p.406

16 A.Kuper,Anthropologists and Anthropology,London,1973,p.1817 Ibid.,pp.207-11

18 A.Mockler,Haile Selassie's War,Oxford,1984,p.219

19 A.Stahlberg,Bounden Duty,London,1990,p.72

20 H.Turney-High,Primitive War:Its Practice and Concepts(2nd edition),Columbia,SC,1971,p.5

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.,p.55

23 Ibid.,p.142

24 Ibid.,p.14

25 Ibid.,p.253

26 Ibid.,p.v

27 R.Ferguson(ed.),Warfare,Culture and Environment,Orlando,1984,p.8

28 M.Mead,‘Warfare is Only an Invention’,in L.Bramson and G.Goethals,War:Studies from Psychology,Sociology,Anthropology,New York,1964,pp.269-74

29 R.Duson-Hudson,in Human Intra-specific Conflict:An Evolutionary Perspective,Guggenheim Institute,New York,1986

30 Ferguson,op.cit.,pp.6,26

31 M.Fried,M.Harris and R.Murphy(eds.),War:The Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression,New York,1967,p.132

32 Ibid.,p.133

33 Ibid.,p.128

34 US News and World Report,11 April 1988,p.59

35 W.Divale,War in Primitive Society,Santa Barbara,1973,p.xxi

36 A.Vayda,War in Ecological Perspective,New York,1976,pp.9-42

37 Ibid.,pp.15-16

38 Ibid.,pp.16-17

39 J.Haas(ed.),The Anthropology of War,Cambridge,1990,p.172

40 P.Blau and W.Scott,Formal and Informal Organisations,San Francisco,1962,pp.30-2

41 M.Fried,Transactions of New York Academy of Sciences,Series 2,28,1966,pp.529-45

42 J.Middleton and D.Tait,Tribes Without Rulers,London,1958,pp.1-31

43 R.Cohen,‘Warfare and State Formation’,in Ferguson,op.cit.,pp.333-4

44 P.Kirch,The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms,Cambridge,1984,pp.147-8

45 Ibid.,p.81

46 Ibid.,pp.166-7

47 Vayda,op.cit.,p.115

48 Kirch,op.cit.,pp.209-11

49 Vayda,op.cit.,p.80

50 Turney-High,op.cit.,p.193:‘The Caytes of the Brazilian coast ate every wrecked vessel's crew.At one meal they ate the first Bishop of Bahia,two Canons,the Procurator of the Royal Portuguese Treasury,two pregnant women and several children.’

51 Ibid.,pp.189-90

52 I.Clendinnen,Aztecs,Cambridge,1991,pp.87-8

53 R.Hassing,‘Aztec and Spanish Conquest in Mesoamerica’,in B.Ferguson and N.Whitehead,War in the Tribal Zone,Santa Fe,1991,p.85

54 Ibid.,p.86

55 Clendinnen,op.cit.,p.78

56 Ibid.,p.81

57 Ibid.,p.116

58 Ibid.,p.93

59 Ibid.,pp.94-5

60 Ibid.,pp.95-6

61 Ibid.,pp.25-7

62 I.Clendinnen,Ambivalent Conquests,Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan,1515-70,Cambridge,1987,pp.144,148-9

63 J.Roberts,The Pelican History of the World,London,1987,p.21

64 Ibid.,p.31

65 H.Breuil and R.Lautier,The Men of the Old Stone Age,London,1965,p.71

66 Ibid.,p.69

67 Ibid.,p.20

68 Ibid.,p.69

69 A.Ferrill,op.cit.,p.18

70 W.Reid,Arms Through the Ages,New York,1976,pp.9-11

71 Breuil and Lautier,op.cit.,p.72

72 C.Robarchak,in Papers Presented to the Guggenheim Foundation Conference on the Anthropology of War,Santa Fe,1986;also Robarchak,in Haas,op.cit.,pp.56-76

73 H.Obermaier,La vida de nuestros antepasados cuaternanos en Europa,Madrid,1926

74 F.Wendorf,in F.Wendorf(ed.),The Prehistory of Nubia,II,Dallas,1968,p.959

75 Ferrill,op.cit.,p.22

76 M.Hoffman,Egypt Before the Pharaohs,London,1988,pp.87-977 Roberts,op.cit.,p.51

78 J.Mellaert,‘Early Urban Communities in the Near East,9000-3400 BC’,in P.Moorey(ed.),The Origins of Civilisation,Oxford,1979,pp.22-5

79 H.de la Croix,Military Considerations in City Planning,New York,1972,p.14

80 Y.Yadin,The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands,London,1963,p.34

81 Mellaert,op.cit.,p.22

82 B.Kemp,Ancient Egypt.Anatomy of a Civilisation,London,1983,p.269

83 S.Piggott,‘Early Towns in Europe’,in Moorey,op.cit.,pp.3,44

84 H.Thomas,An Unfinished History of the World,London,pp.19,21

85 J.Bottero et al.(eds.),The Near East:The Early Civilisations,London,1967,p.44

86 Ibid.,p.6

87 Roberts,op.cit.,p.131

88 Hoffman,op.cit.,pp.331-2

89 Kemp,op.cit.,pp.168-72

90 Ibid.,pp.223-30

91 Ibid.,p.227

92 Yadin,op.cit.,pp.192-3

93 Kemp,op.cit.,pp.43,225

94 Hoffman,op.cit.,p.116

95 W.Hayes,‘Egypt from the Death of Ammanemes Ⅱ to Seqenenre II’,in Cambridge Ancient History(3rd edition),Vol.II,Part 1,p.73

96 Kemp,op.cit.,p.229

97 The first of the intermediate periods(2160-1991 BC)between the Old and Middle Kingdoms is held to have been an era of warmaking between local strongmen:a text of the period(quoted Bottero,op.cit.,p.337)reads,however,as follows:‘I armed my bands of recruits and went into combat...There was no one else with me but my own troops,while[the mercenaries from Nubia and elsewhere]were united against me.I returned in triumph,my whole city with me,with no losses’;scarcely evidence that Egyptian domestic warfare was hard-fought.

98 Bottero,op.cit.,pp.70-1

99 W.McNeill,The Pursuit of Power,Oxford,1983,p.5

100 J.Laessoe,People of Ancient Assyria,London,1963,p.16

101 Yadin,op.cit.,p.130

102 G.Roux,Ancient Iraq,New York,1986,p.129

103 P.J.Forbes,Metallurgy in Antiquity,Leiden,1950,p.321

104 Ibid.,p.255 and fig.49

105 W.McNeill,A World History,New York,1961,p.34

106 R.Gabriel and K.Metz,From Sumer to Rome,New York,1991,p.9

插曲2:防御工事

1 D.Petite,Le balcon de la Côte d'azure,Marignan,1983,passim

2 A.Fox,Prehistoric Maori Fortifications,Auckland,1974,pp.28-9

3 F.Winter,Greek Fortifications,Toronto,1971

4 N.Pounds,The Mediaeval Castle in England and Wales,Cambridge,1990,p.69

5 S.Johnson,Roman Fortifications on the Saxon Shore,London,1977,p.5

6 Kemp,op.cit.,pp.174-6

7 S.Piggott,‘Early Towns in Europe’,in Moorey,op.cit.,pp.48-9

8 A.Hogg,Hill Forts of Britain,London,1975,p.17

9 Piggott,op.cit.,p.50

10 W.Watson,in Moorey,op.cit.,p.55

11 S.Johnson,Late Roman Fortifications,London,1983,p.20

12 E.Luttwak,The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire,Baltimore,1976,pp.96,102-4

13 B.Isaac,The Limits of Empire,Oxford,1990;A.Horne,A Savage War of Peace,London,1987,pp.263-7

14 Q.Hughes,Military Architecture,London,1974,pp.187-90

15 C.Duffy,Siege Warfare,London,1979,pp.204-7

16 J.Fryer,The Great Wall of China,London,1975,p.104;A.Waldron The Great Wall of China,Cambridge,1992,pp.5-6

17 O.Lattimore,‘Origins of the Great Wall’,in Studies in Frontier History,London,1962,pp.97-118

18 J.Needham,Science and Civilisation in China,I,Cambridge,1954.p.144

19 S.Johnson,Late Roman Fortifications,Maps 25,44,46

20 P.Contamine,War in the Middle Ages,Oxford,1984,p.108

21 Ibid.,p.46

22 Pounds,op.cit.,p.19

23 Winter,op.cit.,pp.218-19

24 Yadin,op.cit.,pp.158-9,393,409

25 S.Runciman,A History of the Crusades,I,Cambridge,1951,pp.231-4

26 Pounds,op.cit.,p.115

27 Ibid.,p.213

第3章 肉

1 A.Azzarolli,An Early History of Horsemanship,London,1985,pp.5-6

2 S.Piggott,The Earliest Wheeled Transport,London,1983,p.87

3 Ibid.,p.39

4 Azzarolli,op.cit.,p.9

5 R.Sallares,The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World,London,1991,pp.396-7

6 Piggott,op.cit.,pp.64-84

7 W.McNeill,The Rise of the West,Chicago,1963,p.103

8 A.Friendly,The Dreadful Day,London,1981,p.27

9 Yadin,op.cit.,pp.150,187

10 J.Guilmartin,op.cit.,p.152;P.Klopsteg,Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow,Evanstown,1947

11 Yadin,op.cit.,p.455

12 Y.Garlan,War in the Ancient World,London,1975,p.90

13 O.Lattimore,op.cit.,pp.41-4

14 Piggott,op.cit.,pp.103-4

15 H.Creel,The Origins of Statecraft in China,Chicago,1970,pp.285-6

16 Guilmartin,op.cit.,p.157

17 Lattimore,op.cit.,p.53

18 Cambridge Ancient History,Vol.II,Part 1,Cambridge,1973,pp.375-6

19 Laessoe,op.cit.,pp.87,91

20 Cambridge Ancient History,Vol.II,Part 1,pp.54-64

21 J.Gernet,A History of Chinese Civilisation,Cambridge,1982,pp.40-5

22 H.Saggs,The Might That Was Assyria,London,1984,p.197

23 Ibid.,pp.199,255

24 Ibid.,p.100

25 Ibid.,p.101

26 Ibid.,p.258

27 Creel,op.cit.,pp.258,265

28 Ibid.,p.259

29 Ibid.,pp.266,264

30 Robert Thurton,‘The Prince Consort in Armour’,in M.Girouard,The Return of Camelot,New Haven,1981;Hubert Lanzinger,‘Hitler in Armour’,in P.Adam,The Arts of the Third Reich,London,1992

31 Yadin,op.cit.,pp.100-3;Cambridge Ancient History,Vol.II,Part 1,pp.444-51

32 Yadin,op.cit.,pp.103-14

33 Ibid.,pp.218-21

34 McNeill,The Rise of the West,p.15

35 Saggs,op.cit.,p.169

36 J.Saunders,The History of the Mongol Conquests,London,1991,pp.9-10

37 Ibid.,p.14;Gernet,op.cit.,pp.4-5

38 W.McNeill,The Human Condition,Princeton,1980,p.47

39 D.Maenchen-Helfen,The World of the Huns,Berkeley,1973,p.187

40 Ibid.,p.267

41 Ibid.,p.184

42 Ibid.,p.180

43 J.Jakobsen and R.Adams,‘Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture’,Science,CXXVIII,1958,p.257

44 L.Kwantem,Imperial Nomads:A History of Central Asia,500-1500,Leicester,1979,p.12

45 A.Jones,The Later Roman Empire,284-602,Oxford,1962,p.157

46 J.Bury,A History of the Later Roman Empire,1927,1,p.300,n.3

47 R.Lindner,‘Nomadism,Horses and Huns’,Past and Present,92(1981),pp.1-19

48 J.Lucas,Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army,New York,1987,p.149

49 Marquess of Anglesey,A History of British Cavalry,Ⅳ,London,1986,p.297

50 Maenchen-Helfen,op.cit.,pp.152-3

51 P.Ratchnevsky,Genghis Khan,Oxford,1991,p.155

52 Kwantem,op.cit.,p.21;the Ephthalites appear to have spoken Tocharian,an extinct Indo-European language

53 Saunders,op.cit.,p.27

54 Ibid.

55 J.Keegan,The Mask of Command,London,1988,p.18

56 Ferrill,op.cit.,p.70

57 A.Hourani,A History of the Arab Peoples,London,1991,p.19(https://www.daowen.com)

58 Koran 9:125

59 P.M.Holt and others,Cambridge History of Islam,Vol.IA,Cambridge,1977,pp.87-92

60 Cambridge History of Islam,op.cit.,p.42

61 Sallares,op.cit.,p.27

62 D.Hill,‘The Role of the Camel and the Horse in the Early Arab Conquests’,in Parry and Yapp,op.cit.,p.36

63 Ibid.,pp.57-8

64 Cambridge History of Islam,op.cit.,p.60

65 Ibid.

66 Pipes,op.cit.,pp.109-13

67 Ibid.,p.148

68 Saunders,op.cit.,p.37

69 Kwantem,op.cit.,p.61

70 Cambridge History of Islam,op.cit.,p.150

71 Ratchnevsky,op.cit.,p.109

72 Kwantem,op.cit.,pp.12-13

73 Chen Ya-tien,Chinese Military Theory,Stevenage,1992,pp.21-30

74 Gernet,op.cit.,p.309

75 Ibid.,p.310

76 Ratchnevsky,op.cit.,pp.194-5

77 Kwantem,op.cit.,p.188

78 Ratchnevsky,op.cit.,pp.4-5

79 B.Manz,The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane,Cambridge,1989,p.4

80 Saunders,op.cit.,pp.196-9

81 Kwantem,op.cit.,p.192

82 Ibid.,p.108

83 Saunders,op.cit.,p.66

84 Ratchnevsky,op.cit.,pp.96-101

85 Cambridge History of Islam,op.cit.,p.158

86 Kwantem,op.cit.,p.159;S.Shaw,History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey,Vol.II,Cambridge,1976,p.184

87 D.Morgan,‘The Mongols in Syria’,in P.Edburg(ed?),Crusade and Settlement,Cardiff,1985,pp.231-5

88 P.Thorau,‘The Battle of Ain Jalut:A Re-examination’,in ibid.,pp.236-41

89 Ibid.,p.238

90 Manz,op.cit.,pp.14-16

91 B.Spuler,The Mongols in History,London,1971,p.80

92 Shaw,op.cit.,I,p.245

93 Ratchnevsky,op.cit.,pp.153-4

94 See Keegan,Mask of Command,esp.Chapter 2

95 C.Duffy,Russia's Military Way to the West,London,1981,p.2

96 J.Fairbank,‘Varieties of Chinese Military Experience’,in F.Kierman and J.Fairbank,Chinese Ways in Warfare,Cambridge,Mass.,1974

97 Ibid.,p.7

98 Ibid.,p.15

99 Ibid.,p.14

100 Gernet,op.cit.,p.493

插曲3:军队

1 Parkinson,op.cit.,p.176

2 J.Elting,Swords Around a Throne,London,1989,Chapters 18-19

3 H.Roeder(ed.),The Ordeal of Captain Roeder,London,1960

4 N.Jones,Hitler's Heralds,London,1987,passim

5 S.Andreski,Military Organisation and Society,London,1968

6 W.McNeill,Plagues and People,New York,1976

7 Andreski,op.cit.,p.33

8 Ibid.,pp.91-107,75-90

9 Ibid.,p.26

10 Seaton,op.cit.,p.57

11 Andreski,op.cit.,p.27

12 Ibid.,p.37

13 M.Lewis,The Navy of Britain,London,1948,pp.128-44

14 G.Jones,A History of the Vikings,Oxford,1984,p.211

15 Manz,op.cit.,p.17

16 Ratchnetsky,op.cit.,p.66

17 Hourani,op.cit.,pp.139-40

18 S.Blondal,The Varangians of Byzantium,Cambridge,1978,p.230-5

19 P.Mansel,Pillars of Monarchy,London,1984,p.1

20 Garlan,op cit.,p.95

21 M.Mallet,Mercenaries and their Masters,London,1974,pp.60-1

22 L.Keppie,The Making of the Roman Army,London,1984,p.17

23 P.Paret(ed.),Makers of Modern Strategy,p.19

24 W.Doyle,The Oxford History of the French Revolution,1989,pp.204-5

第四章 铁

1 R.J.Forbes,Metallurgy in Antiquity,London,1950,p.380

2 Ibid.,pp.418-19

3 R.Oakeshott,The Archaeology of Weapons,London,1960,pp.40-2

4 N.Sandars,The Sea Peoples,London,1985,pp.56-8

5 P.Greenhalgh,Early Greek Warfare,Cambridge,1993,pp.10-11

6 Ibid.,pp.1-2

7 N.Hammond,A History of Greece to 322 BC,Oxford,1959,p.73

8 Ibid.,p.81

9 Ibid.,p.99

10 Ibid.,p.100

11 Ibid.,p.101

12 V.Hanson,The Western Way of War,New York,1989

13 V.Hanson,Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece,Pisa,1983,p.59

14 Ibid.,pp.50-4

15 Ibid.,p.42

16 Ibid.,pp.67-74

17 Hanson,Western Way,p.6

18 Ibid.,pp.4,34

19 M.Finley and H.Plaket,The Olympic Games,New York,1976,p.19

20 D.Sansome,Greek Athletics and the Genesis of Sport,Berkeley,1988,pp.19,50-3,63

21 M.Poliakoff,Combat Sports in the Ancient World,New Haven,1987,pp.93,96

22 Finley and Plaket,op.cit.,p.21

23 Poliakoff,op.cit.,pp.93-4

24 A.Snodgrass,‘The Hoplite Reform and History’,Journal of Hellenic Studies,85(1965),pp.110-22

25 M.Jameson,‘Sacrifice before Battle’,in V.Hanson(ed.),Hoplites,London,1991,p.220

26 E.Wheeler,‘The General as Hoplite’,in ibid.,pp.150-4

27 J.Lazenby,‘The Killing Zone’,in ibid.,p.88

28 Hanson,Western Way,p.185

29 Ibid.,pp.64-5

30 Ibid.,pp.180-1

31 Ibid.,p.36

32 Ibid.,p.4

33 Roberts,op.cit.,p.178

34 E.Wood,Peasant,Citizen and Slave,London,1981,pp.42-4

35 Hanson,Western Way,pp.10,16

36 Sandars,op.cit.,pp.125-31

37 Garlan,op.cit.,pp.130-1

38 Hammond,op.cit.,pp.289-90

39 Ibid.,pp.661-2

40 Keegan,Mask of Command,pp.78-9

41 Ibid.,p.80

42 Ibid.,p.82

43 Hammond,op.cit.,p.615

44 L.Keppie,op.cit.

45 Hammond,op.cit.,p.236

46 Keppie,op.cit.,p.18

47 W.Harris,War and Imperialism in Republican Rome,Oxford,1979,pp.54-67

48 Ibid.,p.56

49 Ibid.,p.51

50 Ibid.,p.48

51 Keppie,op.cit.,p.18

52 Harris,op.cit.,pp.44-6

53 Ibid.,pp.11-12

54 Keppie,op.cit.,p.53

55 J.Keegan,The Face of Battle,London,1976,p.65

56 G.Watson,The Roman Soldier,London,1985,pp.72-4

57 Van der Heyden and Scullard,op.cit.,p.125

58 Keppie,op.cit.,pp.61-2

59 J.Balsdon,Rome,London,1970,p.91

60 A.Ferrill,The Fall of the Roman Empire,London,1986,p.25

61 Luttwak,op.cit.,pp.191-4

62 D.Breeze and B.Dobson,Hadrian's Wall,London,1976,pp.247-8

63 Balsdon,op.cit.,pp.90-1

64 Ferrill,Fall of the Roman Empire,pp.48-9

65 Ibid.,p.140

66 Ibid.,p.160

67 J.Fuller,The Decisive Battles of the Western World,London,1954,pp.307-29

68 A.Jones,The Decline of the Ancient World,London,1966,pp.297-9

69 Ibid.,p.102

70 J.Beeler,War in Feudal Europe,730-1200,Ithaca,1991,pp.2-5

71 Ibid.,p.17

72 M.Van Crefeld,Technology and War,London,1991,p.18

73 Ibid.,p.20

74 Beeler,op.cit.,pp.228-32

75 Johnson,Late Roman Fortifications,pp.8-16

76 G.Jones,Vikings,pp.182-92

77 Ibid.,p.76

78 H.Cowdray,‘The Genesis of the Crusades’,in T.Murphy(ed.),The Holy War,Columbus,1976,pp.17-18

79 Beeler,op.cit.,p.12

80 Runciman,op.cit.,pp.106-8

81 Ibid.,pp.91-2

82 R.Smail,Crusading Warfare,Cambridge,1956,pp.115-20

83 Ibid.,p.202

84 G.Sainty,The Order of St John,New York,1991,pp.105

85 P.Contamine,War in the Middle Ages,p.75

86 Ewart,op.cit.,pp.283-4

87 Smail,op.cit.,pp.165-8

插曲4:后勤和供应

1 Watson,op.cit.,pp.63-5

2 P.Liddle,The 1916 Battle of the Somme,London,1992,p.39

3 J.Thompson,No Picnic,London,1992,p.89

4 Keegan,Mask of Command,p.134

5 Luttwak,op.cit.,map 2.2

6 C.Callwell,Small Wars:Their Principles and Practice,London 1899,p.40

7 T.Derry and T.Williams,A Short History of Technology,Oxford 1960,p.433

8 R.Chevallier,Roman Roads,London,1976,p.152

9 Piggott,op.cit.,p.345

10 Keegan,Mask of Command,p.114

11 D.Engels,Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army,Berkeley,1978,p.112

12 M.Grant,The Army of the Caesars,London,1974,p.xxiii

13 Derry and Williams,op.cit.,pp.691-5

14 B.Wiley,The Life of Johnny Reb,Baton Rouge,1918,p.92

15 J.McPherson,Battle Cry of Freedom,New York,1988,pp.11-12

16 Ibid.,pp.424-7

17 D.Showalter,Railroads and Rifles,Hamden,1975,p.67

18 J.Edmonds,A Short History of World War Ⅰ,Oxford,1951,pp.9-10

19 J.Piekalkiewicz,Pferd und Reiter im Ⅱ Weltkrieg,Munich,1976,p.4

20 J.Beaumont,Comrades in Arms,London,1980,p.208

21 J.Thompson,The Lifeblood of War,London,1991,p.38

22 McNeill,Pursuit of Power,pp.322,324,329

23 Watson,op.cit.,p.51

24 Derry and Williams,op.cit.,p.269

25 McNeill,Pursuit of Power,pp.166-7

26 Ibid.,p.170

27 Ibid.,p.238

28 Ibid.,p.290

29 A.Milward,War,Economy and Society,1939-45,London,1977,pp.64-9,76

30 D.Van der Vat,The Atlantic Campaign,London,1988,pp.229,270,351

第五章 火

1 Derry and Wells,op.cit.,pp.268-9,514

2 J.Needham,Science and Civilisation in China,I,Cambridge,1954,p.134

3 McNeill,Pursuit of Power,p.39

4 Ibid.,pp.82-3

5 Duffy,Siege Warfare,pp.8-9

6 Ibid.,p.9

7 Ibid.,p.15

8 Ibid.,p.25

9 Ibid.,pp.29-31

10 Mallet,op.cit.,p.253

11 Duffy,Siege Warfare,p.40

12 Ibid.,pp.41-2

13 Ibid.,p.61

14 Ibid.,p.64

15 G.Parker,The Military Revolution,Cambridge,1988,p.17

16 Ibid.,p.17

17 Mallet,op.cit.,pp.254-5

18 Grant,op.cit.,pp.15-16

19 Hale,Renaissance War Studies,p.396

20 J.Hale,War and Society in Renaissance Europe,Leicester,1985,p.96

21 G.Parker,The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road,Cambridge,1972,pp.27-9

22 Guilmartin,op.cit.,p.207

23 Ibid.,pp.251-2

24 Lewis,op.cit.,pp.76-80

25 Guilmartin,op.cit.,pp.8-11

26 Weigley,op.cit.,pp.15-16

27 Ibid.,pp.76-7

28 Watson,op.cit.,pp.57-9

29 C.Duffy,The Military Experience in the Age of Reason,London,1989

30 G.and A.Parker,European Soldiers 1550-1650,Cambridge,1977,pp.14-15

31 Hale,War and Society,p.87

32 A.Corvisier,Armies and Society in Europe,Bloomington,1979,pp.54-60

33 Hale,Renaissance War Studies,pp.285,237-42

34 Weigley,op.cit.,p.44

35 Shaw,op.cit.,Vol.I,pp.113-14

36 B.Lenman,‘The Transition to European Military Ascendancy in India’,in J.Lynn,Tools of War,Chicago,1990,p.106

37 Doyle,op.cit.,pp.67-71

38 J.Galvin,The Minute Men,McLean,1989,pp.27-33

39 J.Lynn,‘En avant:The Origins of the Revolutionary Attack’,in Lynn,op.cit.,pp.168-9

40 Elting,op.cit.,pp.123-56

41 Weigley,op.cit.,p.265

42 Lynn,in Lynn,op.cit.,p.167

43 F.Gilbert,‘Machiavelli’,in P.Paret,Makers of Modern Strategy,p.31

44 B.Liddell Hart,The Ghost of Napoleon,London,1933,pp.118-29

45 McNeill,Pursuit of Power,op.cit.,p.254

46 R.Challener,The French Theory of the Nation in Arms,New York,1955,p.58

47 M.Eksteins,Rites of Spring,New York,1989,p.93

48 C.Jones,The Longman Companion to the French Revolution,London,1989,pp.156,287

49 T.Livermore,Numbers and Losses in the American Civil War,Bloomington,1957,pp.7-8

50 McPherson,op.cit.,p.9

51 Duffy,Experience of War,p.209

52 A.Corvisier,‘Le moral des combattants,panique et enthousiasme’,in Revue historique des armées,3,1977,pp.7-32

53 Elting,op.cit.,pp.30-1,143

54 T.Wilson,The Myriad Faces of War,Cambridge,1986,p.757

55 A.Horne,To Lose a Battle,London,1969,p.26

56 R.Larson,The British Army and the Theory of Armoured Warfare 1918-40,Newark,1984,p.34

57 Keegan,Mask of Command,p.238

58 A.Bullock,Hitler and Stalin,London,1991,p.259

59 Ibid.,p.358

60 C.Barnett(ed.),Hitler's Generals,London,1989,pp.444-5

61 Keegan,Mask of Command,p.235

62 G.Welchman,The Hut Six Story,London,1982,pp.19-20

63 Keegan,Mask of Command,p.302

64 Ibid.,p.286

65 T.Taylor,The Breaking Wave,London,1967,pp.114-15

66 Ibid.,p.97

67 K.Wakefield(ed.),The Blitz Then and Now,London,1988,p.8

68 O.Bartov,The Eastern Front 1941-5,Basingstoke,1985,pp.107-19

69 D.Kahn,Seizing the Enigma,London,1991,pp.245-58

70 W.Murray,Luftwaffe,London,1985,pp.8-12

71 J.Terraine,The Right of the Line,London,1985,p.474

72 R.Spector,Eagle Against the Sun,London,1984,pp.79-82

73 R.Connaughton,The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear,London,1988,pp.166-7

74 Spector,op.cit.,pp.259-67

75 N.Longmate,Hitler's Rockets,London,1985,p.59

76 M.Gilbert,Second World War,London,1989,pp.20-1

77 L.Freedman,The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy,London,1989,p.16

78 Ibid.,p.19

79 Ibid.

80 Ibid.,p.246

81 G.Draper,‘Grotius’Place in the Development of Legal Ideas about War',in H.Bull et al.(eds.),Hugo Grotius and International Relations,Oxford,1990,pp.201-2

82 G.Best,Humanity in Warfare,London,1980,pp.150-1