注释
注释
前言
1.Carl Sagan,The Demon-Haunted World:Science as a Candle in the Dark(New York:Ballantine Books,1997),12.
2.Nicholas Kristof,“Professors,We Need You!,”New York Times,Feb.14,2014.
第1章
1.加速度是速度的变化量。加速度和速度都是矢量,这意味着它们都有方向。因此,即使速度的大小(速率)保持不变,速度方向的改变也一样是加速度。
2.关于狭义相对论,Chad Orzel的How to Teach Relativity to Your Dog(New York:Basic Books,2012)写得深入浅出。如果你想了解其蕴含的数学原理,那么Leonard Susskind和Art Friedman写的Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory:The Theoretical Minimum(New York:Basic Books,2017)将会是一个很好的选择。
3.我得说明一下,我并不是在试图告诉你某一事物的存在意味着什么,那是个相当棘手的问题。根据狭义相对论,我在文中提到的观点是关于什么东西以相同的方式存在的一种陈述。你大可以绕过这个结论,争辩说,没有任何东西不存在于你所在的地方,所以光不需要通过传播就能让你看到它。不过我们抛开这些不谈,严格来说,正文中的陈述意味着只有你的大脑中才有东西存在,而我们大多数人所说的“存在”一词都不是这个意思。
4.John Lloyd于2012年7月16日在BBC广播4频道进行的演讲“The Infinite Money Cage:Parallel Universes”。
5.至少也是在量子力学仍然被认为是决定论的时候。牛顿力学在一些微妙的情况下是非决定论的,而拉普拉斯对此并不知情。
6.Pierre-Simon Laplace,Essai philosophique sur les probabilités(Paris:Courcier,1814;Paris:Forgotten Books,2018再版).译者为Frederick Wilson Truscott和Frederick Lincoln Emory(New York:Wiley,1902).
7.Richard Feynman,“Messenger Lectures at Cornell:The Character of Physical Law,Part 6:Probability and Uncertainty”(1964).你可以在YouTube上面找到这段视频,链接是youtube.com/watch?v=Ja0HSFj8Imc,这句话位于演讲的第八分钟。
8.Sean Carroll,“Even Physicists Don't Understand Quantum Mechanics,”New York Times,Sept.7,2019。
9.Adam Becker,What Is Real?The Unfinished Quest for the Meaning of Quantum Physics(New York:Basic Books,2018);Philip Ball,Beyond Weird:Why Everything You Thought You Knew about Quantum Physics Is Different(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2018);以及Jim Baggott,Quantum Reality:The Quest for the Real Meaning of Quantum Mechanics—a Game of Theories(New York:Oxford University Press,2020).
10.Eugene Wigner,“The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,”Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 13(1960):1-14.
第2章
1.我还想到了一些其他的例子,参见Debika Chowdhury,Jérôme Martin,Christophe Ringeval,and Vincent Vennin,“Assessing the Scientific Status of Inflation after Planck,”Physical Review D 100,no.8(Oct.24,2019):083537,arXiv:1902.03951[astro-ph.CO].
2.量化研究当然不止这一种,而是多种多样,令人眼花缭乱。这一研究领域被称为几何形态计量学(morphometrics),如果你想了解更多相关的信息,不妨去维基百科搜搜看。
3.Anna Ijjas and Paul J.Steinhardt,“Implications of Planck 2015 for Inflationary,Ekpyrotic and Anamorphic Bouncing Cosmologies,”Classical and Quantum Gravity 33(2016):044001,arXiv:1512.09010[astro-ph.CO].
4.Lawrence Krauss,A Universe from Nothing:Why There Is Something Rather than Nothing(New York:Free Press,2012).
5.Niayesh Afshordi,Daniel J.H.Chung,and Ghazal Geshnizjani,“Cuscuton:A Causal Field Theory with an Infinite Speed of Sound,”Physical Review D 75(2007):083513,arXiv:hepth/0609150.
6.Ghazal Geshnizjani,William H.Kinney,and Azadeh Moradinezhad Dizgah,“General Conditions for Scale-Invariant Perturbations in an Expanding Universe,”Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 11(2011):049.
7.Tomasz Konopka,Fotini Markopoulou,and Simone Severini,“Quantum Graphity:A Model of Emergent Locality,”Physical Review D 77(2008):104029,arXiv:0801.0861[hep-th].
8.David Hume,A Treatise of Human Nature,ed.Lewis Amherst Selby-Bigge(Oxford,UK:Clarendon Press,1896).
9.Bertrand Russell,The Problems of Philosophy(New York:Barnes & Noble,1912).
10.“Wikipedia:Getting to Philosophy,”维基媒体基金会(Wikimedia Foundation)最后更新于2021年12月29日。链接:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Getting_to_Philosophy.
其他意见(1)
1.Liam Fox,“Bananas-for-Sex Cult Leader on the Run,”abc.net.au,Sept.15,2009.
2.Meredith Bennett-Smith,“Lawrence Krauss,Physicist,Claims Teaching Creationism Is Child Abuse and‘Like the Taliban,’”HuffPost,Feb.14,2013.
3.Stephen Hawking,A Brief History of Time(New York:Bantam Books,1988).
第3章
1.事实上,先前研究热力学的物理学家早就已经讨论过,宇宙需要一个低熵的初始条件来再现我们的观测结果,但“初始条件假说”这个术语是David Albert在Time and Chance(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2000)一书中创造的。
2.Roger Penrose,Cycles of Time:An Extraordinary New View of the Universe(London:Bodley Head,2010).
3.Sean Carroll,From Eternity to Here:The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time(New York:Penguin,2010).
4.Julian Barbour,The Janus Point:A New Theory of Time(London:Bodley Head,2020).
5.关于欧拉-马歇罗尼常数,你可以在Julian Havil的Gamma:Exploring Euler's Constant(Princeton University Press,2003)中获取更多信息。
6.David Bohm,Wholeness and the Implicate Order(Abingdon,UK:Routledge,1980).我不认为博姆自己是这样理解隐序和显序的。然而,我相信我用这些概念从隐藏的差异中区分出容易识别的东西这一做法与他的想法很接近。
7.Isaac Asimov,“The Last Question,”The Best of Isaac Asimov(Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1974).
8.Rudolf Carnap,“Intellectual Autobiography,”in Paul Arthur Schilpp,ed.,The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap(Chicago:Open Court,1963).
9.Fay Dowker,“Causal Sets and the Deep Structure of Spacetime,”in Abhay Ashtekar,ed.,100 Years of Relativity—Spacetime Structure:Einstein and Beyond(Singapore:World Scientific,2005),arXiv:gr-qc/0508109.
10.N.David Mermin,“Physics:QBism Puts the Scientist Back into Science,”Nature 507(2014):421-23.
11.Lee Smolin,“The Unique Universe,”Physics World,June 2,2009,physicsworld.com/a/the-unique-universe.
12.这是我几年前写的一首歌的歌词,链接:youtube.com/watch?v=I 0laAhvHKE。
13.G.M.Wang et al.,“Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales,”Physical Review Letters 89,no.5(Aug.2002):050601.
14.引自Lisa Grossman,“Quantum Twist Could Kill Off the Multiverse,”New Scientist,May 14,2014.
15.Sean M.Carroll,“Why Boltzmann Brains Are Bad,”in Shamik Dasgupta,Ravit Dotan,and Brad Weslake,eds.,Current Controversies in Philosophy of Science(London:Routledge,2020),arXiv:1702.00850[hep-th].
16.托马斯·库恩(Thomas Kuhn)在他的著作The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1962)中使用了同样的例子来说明范式的转移,但是我所想表达的观点与他不同。
第4章
1.很长一段时间以来,天体物理学家都认为最重的元素是在超新星爆发中产生的,但根据最新的研究成果,更好的假设是,重元素是在中子星合并中产生的。参见Darach Watson et al.,“Identification of Strontium in the Merger of Two Neutron Stars,”Nature 574(Oct.2019):497-500.
2.Fred Adams and Greg Laughlin,The Five Ages of the Universe(New York:Free Press,1999).
3.David Wisniewski,Robert Deutschländer,and John-Dylan Haynes,“Free Will Beliefs Are Better Predicted by Dualism Than Determinism Beliefs across Different Cultures,”PLOS ONE 14,no.9(Sept.11,2019):e0221617.
4.Philip W.Anderson,“More Is Different,”Science 177,no.4047(Aug.4,1972):393-96.
5.更详细的描述参见C.P.Burgess,“Introduction to Effective Field Theory,”Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 57(2007):329-62,arXiv:hep-th/0701053.
6.人们还向我提出了其他一些类似的反例——例如,像边界值或是拓扑约束这样的全局条件。但这些都可以用微观的术语来定义。正如我再三强调的,如果你想证明还原论是失败的,那就必须找到一个不能从微观物理学中推导出来的例子。我在由Anthony Aguirre,Brendan Foster,and Zeeya Merali等人编纂的What Is Fundamental?(New York:Springer,2019),85-94.所收录的“The Case for Strong Emergence”一文中对此进行了更加细致的讨论。
7.Kirsty L.Spalding et al.,“Retrospective Birth Dating of Cells in Humans,”Cell 122,no.1(Aug.2005):133-43.
8.Zenon W.Pylyshyn,“Computation and Cognition:Issues in the Foundations of Cognitive Science,”Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3,no.1(Mar.1980):111-69.
9.Gerard't Hooft,The Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics(New York:Springer,2016).
其他意见(2)
1.David Deutsch,The Fabric of Reality:The Science of Parallel Universes—and Its Implications(New York:Viking,1997)and The BeginnirngofInfinity:ExplanationsThatTransformthe World(New York:Penguin,2011).
2.有关图灵可计算性更详细的介绍,参见David Deutsch,“Quantum theory,the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer,”The Royal Society.A40097-117(1985).
3.Jaegwon Kim,“Making Sense of Emergence,”Philosophical Studies 95,no.1-2(Aug.1999):3-36;以及“Emergence:Core Ideas and Issues,”Synthese 151,no.3(Aug.2006):547-59.
第5章
1.上述两个例子参见Anil Ananthaswamy,“Spin-Swapping Particles Could Be‘Quantum Cheshire Cats,’”Scientific American,May 6,2019以及George Musser,“Quantum Paradox Points to Shaky Foundations of Reality,”Science,Aug.17,2020.
2.Philip Ball,Beyond Weird:Why Everything You Thought You Knew about Quantum Physics Is Different(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2018).
3.Albert Einstein,letter to Max Born on March 3,1947,in Albert Einstein Max Born Briefwechsel 1916-1955(Munich:Nymphenburger Verlangshandlung,1991).
4.我们称之为“无信号定理”(non-signaling theorem)或“不可通信定理”(no-communication theorem),大多数教科书以及维基百科上都有关于这一定理的介绍。关于这一定理的研究可以追溯到Giancarlo Ghirardi,Alberto Rimini,and Tullio Weber,“A General Argument against Superluminal Transmission through the Quantum Mechanical Measurement Process,”Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 27,no.10(1980):293-98.
5.Sabine Hossenfelder and Tim Palmer,“How to Make Sense of Quantum Physics,”Nautilus,Mar.12,2020;以及“Rethinking Superdeterminism,”Frontiers in Physics 8(May 6,2020):139,arXiv:1912.06462.
6.apps.apple.com/us/app/universe-splitter/id329233299.
7.Dave Levitan,“Carson rewrites laws of thermodynamics,”Philadelphia Inquirer,Sept.25,2015,链接:inquirer.com/philly/news/politics/factcheck/SciCheck_Carson_rewrites_laws_of_thermodynamics.html.
8.“Ben Carson in 2012 speech:The Big Bang Is a Fairytale”,链接:youtube.com/watch?v=DJo7R0OfC5M.
9.Lawrence Krauss在Lawrence Krauss,“Ben Carson's Scientific Ignorance,”New Yorker,Sept.28,2015.中评价了卡森的演讲,并指出了其中出现的错误。
10.Nick Bostrom,“Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?”Philosophical Quarterly 53,no.211(Apr.2003):243-55.
11.Elon Musk,in“Joe Rogan & Elon Musk—Are We in a Simulated Reality?,”Sept.7,2018,链接:youtube.com/watch?v=0cM690CKArQ.
12.Corey S.Powell,“Elon Musk Says We May Live in a Simulation.Here's How We Might Tell If He's Right,”NBC News,Oct.2,2018.
13.Zohar Ringel and Dmitri L.Kovrizhin,“Quantized Gravitational Responses,the Sign Problem,and Quantum Complexity,”Science Advances 3,no.9(Sept.2017):e 1701758.
14.Silas R.Beane,Zohreh Davoudi,and Martin J.Savage,“Constraints on the Universe as a Numerical Simulation,”European Physical Journal A 50,no.9(Oct.2012):148.
第6章
1.Jorge Luis Borges,The Garden of Forking Paths(New York:Penguin,2018);original:“El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan,”(Buenos Aires:Sur,1941).
2.Ludwig Wittgenstein,Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus](London:Kegan Paul,1922).
3.philpapers.org/surveys.
4.Immanuel Kant,The Critique of Practical Reason,ed.Mary J.Gregor(New York:Cambridge University Press,1997);William James,“The Dilemma of Determinism,”Unitarian Review,Sept.1884,in The Will to Believe(New York:Dover,1956);以及Wallace I.Matson,“On the Irrelevance of Free-Will to Moral Responsibility,and the Vacuity of the Latter,”Mind 65,no.260(Oct.1956):489-97.
5.John Martin Fischer et al.,Four Views on Free Will(Hoboken,NJ:Wiley-Blackwell,2007).
6.Jenann Ismael,How Physics Makes Us Free(New York:Oxford University Press,2016).
7.Philip Ball,“Why Free Will Is beyond Physics,”Physics World,Jan.2021.
8.Sean Carroll,“Free Will Is as Real as a Baseball,”Discover,July 13,2011.
9.Ivar R.Hannikainen et al.,“For Whom Does Determinism Undermine Moral Responsibility?Surveying the Conditions for Free Will across Cultures,”Frontiers in Psychology 10(Nov.5,2019):2428.
10.John F.Donoghue,“When Effective Field Theories Fail,”ProceedingsofScience,InternationalWorkshoponEffectiveField Theories 09,001(Feb.2-6,2009),arXiv:0909.0021[hep-ph].
11.Mile Gu et al.,“More Really Is Different,”Physica D:Nonlinear Phenomena 238,no.9-10(May 2009):835-39,arXiv:0809.0151[cond-mat.other];以及Toby S.Cubitt,David Perez-Garcia,and Michael M.Wolf,“Undecidability of the Spectral Gap,”Nature 528,no.7581(Dec.2015):207-11.
12.我在由Anthony Aguirre,Brendan Foster,and Zeeya Merali等人编纂的What Is Fundamental?(New York:Springer,2019),85-94.所收录的“The Case for Strong Emergence”一文中对此进行了更加细致的讨论。
13.Rachel Louise Snyder,“Punch after Punch,Rape after Rape,a Murderer Was Made,”New York Times,Dec.18,2020.
14.Azim F.Shariff and Kathleen D.Vohs,“What Happens to a Society That Does Not Believe in Free Will?,”Scientific American,June 1,2014.
15.Emilie A.Caspar et al.,“The Influence of(Dis)belief in Free Will on Immoral Behavior,”Frontiers in Psychology 8,article 20(Jan.17,2017).
16.Francis Crick,The Astonishing Hypothesis:The Scientific Search for the Soul(New York:Scribner,1995).
其他意见(3)
1.Stuart Hameroff,“How Quantum Brain Biology Can Rescue Conscious Free Will,”Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 6(Oct.2012):93.
2.Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose,“Consciousness in the Universe:A Review of the‘Orch OR’Theory,”Physics of Life Reviews 11,no.1(Mar.2014):39-78.
3.Max Tegmark,“Importance of Quantum Decoherence in Brain Processes,”Physical Review E 61,no.4(May 2000):4194-206,arXiv:quant-ph/9907009.
4.Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose,“Reply to Seven Commentaries on‘Consciousness in the Universe:Review of the“Orch OR”Theory,’”Physics of Life Reviews 11,no.1(Dec.2013):94-100.
第7章
1.John Baez,“How Many Fundamental Constants Are There?,”University of California-Riverside,College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences,Department of Mathematics,Apr.22,2011,链接:math.ucr.edu/home/baez/constants.html.
2.粒子物理学家在要求建造下一个更大的粒子对撞机时使用了类似的论证。在这种情况下,他们认为需要解释为什么希格斯玻色子的质量恰好是这个样子。这被称为自然性论证(argument from naturalness)。我在Lost in Math:How Beauty Leads Physics Astray(New York:Basic Books,2018)一书当中详细解释了这一点。
3.Luke A.Barnes et al.,“Galaxy Formation Efficiency and the Multiverse Explanation of the Cosmological Constant with EAGLE Simulations,”Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 477,no.3(Jan.2018).
4.他们在论文中实际采用的术语是“度量”(measure)。度量通常可以为抽象空间赋予权重——例如,所有可能的常数组合而成的空间。就我们讨论的目的而言,它的含义与概率分布是一样的。
5.Geraint F.Lewis and Luke A.Barnes,A Fortunate Universe:Life in a Finely Tuned Cosmos(Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2016).
6.严格来说,“任意”这个词是不准确的,因为无限范围的概率分布无法归一化为1。因此,严格的说法应该是“自然常数可以取分布在许多数量级上的值”。不过这无关紧要,重点在于,任何先验都不可能得到合理的解释。
7.Dan Kopf,“The Most Important Formula in Data Science Was First Used to Prove the Existence of God,”Quartz,June 30,2018.
8.深入讨论这个问题可能会让我们误入歧途,但所有这些可能的相互作用都可以用图来表示,我们通常称之为费曼图,详见Gavin Hesketh,The Particle Zoo:The Search for the Fundamental Nature of Reality(London:Quercus,2016).
9.有人可能会对26这个数字吹毛求疵,因为它不包括一些可能存在但只是因为对观测结果没有太大影响就被我们设为0的常数。例如,被称为胶子的基本粒子,其质量通常被设为0,因为我们没有实验证据表明这是错的。但是我们也可以把这些质量作为自由变量。严格来说,有无限个可能的常数可以设为0。换句话说,常数很难从它们出现的方程中区分出来。可惜,对于我们当前的理论是否以及如何进一步简化的问题,这些都是相当细枝末节的东西。
10.有些关于自然常数的参考文献与我们自己所掌握的完全不同,但却推导出了复杂的化学过程:Roni Harnik,Graham D.Kribs,and Gilad Perez,“A Universe without Weak Interactions,”Physical Review D 74(Aug.17,2006):035006,arXiv:hep-ph/0604027;Fred C.Adams and Evan Grohs,“Stellar Helium Burning in Other Universes:A Solution to the Triple Alpha Fine-Tuning Problem,”Astroparticle Physics 87(Aug.2016),arXiv:1608.04690(astro-ph.CO);Abraham Loeb,“The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe,”International Journal of Astrobiology 13,no.4(Dec.2013):337-39,arXiv:1312.0613(astro-ph.CO);and Don N.Page,“Preliminary Inconclusive Hint of Evidence against Optimal Fine Tuning of the Cosmological Constant for Maximizing the Fraction of Baryons Becoming Life”(Jan.2011),arXiv:1101.2444[hep-th].
11.Lee Smolin,The Life of the Cosmos(New York:Oxford University Press,1998).
第8章
1.Tod R.Lauer et al.,“New Horizons Observations of the Cosmic Optical Background,”Astrophysical Journal 906,no.2(Jan.2021):77,arXiv:2011.03052[astro-ph.GA].
2.Franco Vazza and Alberto Feletti,“The Quantitative Comparison between the Neuronal Network and the Cosmic Web,”Frontiers in Physics 8(2020):525731.
3.Albert Einstein,letter to Max Born on March 3,1947,in Albert Einstein Max Born Briefwechsel 1916-1955(Munich:Nymphenburger Verlangshandlung,1991).
4.详见George Musser,Spooky Action at a Distance(New York:Scientific American/Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2015).
5.Friedrich W.Hehl and Bahram Mashhoon,“Nonlocal Gravity Simulates Dark Matter,”Physics Letters B 673,no.4-5(Jan.2009):279-82,arXiv:0812.1059[gr-qc].
6.Fotini Markopoulou and Lee Smolin,“Disordered Locality in Loop Quantum Gravity States,”Classical and Quantum Gravity 24,no.15(Mar.2007):3813-24,arXiv:gr-qc/0702044[gr-qc].
7.John Horgan,“Polymath Stephen Wolfram Defends His Computational Theory of Everything,”Scientific American,Cross-Check blog,Mar.5,2017.
8.John Archibald Wheeler,Relativity,Groups and Topology:Lectures Delivered at Les Houches During the 1963 Session of the Summer School of Theoretical Physics,eds.Bryce DeWitt and Cécile DeWitt-Morette(New York:Gordon and Breach,1964),408-31.
9.Deepak Chopra,“The Mystery That Makes Life Possible,”Deepak Chopra.com,Oct.24,2020;Philip Goff,“Panpsychism Is Crazy,but It's Also Most Probably True,”Aeon,Mar.1,2017;以及Christof Koch,“Is Consciousness Universal?”Scientific American Mind,Jan.1,2014.
10.自由意志定理(John Conway and Simon Kochen,“The Free Will Theorem,”Foundations of Physics 36,no.10[Jan.2006]:1441-73,arXiv:quant-ph/0604079)在这里毫无用处。这仅仅是另一个定理中的一条假设,有些人会误导性地称之为“自由意志假设”(free will assumption)。即使事实并非如此,该定理所说的也只是(在某些假设条件下),如果人类有自由意志,那么基本粒子也有自由意志。如果这个定理真的是关于自由意志的,那么由此显然可以得出结论——人类没有自由意志。
11.Giulio Tononi,“An Information Integration Theory of Consciousness,”BioMed Central,BMC Neuroscience 5,no.1(Nov.2004):42.
12.Carl Zimmer,“Sizing Up Consciousness by Its Bits,”New York Times,Sept.20,2010.
13.引自Michael Brooks,“Here.There.Everywhere?”New Scientist 246,no.3280(May 2,2020):40-44.不幸的是,截至我写下这段文字为止,还没有人找到博尔所提到的这种作用。
14.Scott Aaronson,“Why I Am Not an Integrated Information Theorist(or,the Unconscious Expander),”Shtetl-Optimized blog,May 21,2014,链接:scottaaronson.com/blog/?m=201405.
15.Jose L.Perez Velazquez,Diego M.Mateos,and Ramon Guevara Erra,“On a Simple General Principle of Brain Organization,”Frontiers in Neuroscience 13(Oct.15,2019):1106;以及Sophia Magnúsdóttir,“I Think,Therefore I Think You Think I Am,”in Anthony Aguirre,Brendan Foster,and Zeeya Merali,eds.,Wandering Towards a Goal:The Frontiers Collection(New York:Springer,2018).
16.Frank Jackson,“Epiphenomenal Qualia,”Philosophical Quarterly 32,no.127(Apr.1982):127-36.
17.Frank Jackson,“Postscript on Qualia,”Mind,Method,and Conditionals:Selected Essays(London:Routledge,1998),76-79.
其他意见(4)
1.Zeeya Merali,A Big Bang in a Little Room:The Quest to Create New Universes(New York:Basic Books,2017).齐亚花了很多时间和其他人谈论这个话题,她后来写了一篇关于它的综述:Stefano Ansoldi,Zeeya Merali,and Eduardo I.Guendelman,“From Black Holes to Baby Universes:Exploring the Possibility of Creating a Cosmos in the Laboratory,”Bulgarian Journal of Physics 45,no.2(Jan.2018):203-20,arXiv:1801.04539[gr-qc].
第9章
1.Chaoming Song et al.,“Limits of Predictability in Human Mobility,”Science 327,no.5968(Feb.2010):1018-21.
2.Michael Scriven,“An Essential Unpredictability in Human Behaviour,”in Benjamin B.Wolman and Ernest Nagel,eds.,Scientific Psychology:Principles and Approaches(New York:Basic Books,1965),411-25.
3.Hao Wang,“Proving Theorems by Pattern Recognition—Ⅱ,”Bell System Technical Journal 40,no.1(Jan.1961):1-41.
4.Robert Berger,“The Undecidability of the Domino Problem,”Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 66(Providence,RI:American Mathematical Society,1966).
5.Alan Turing,“On Computable Numbers,with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,”Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society,series 2,no.42(1937):230-65.
6.Lawrence C.Paulson,“A Mechanised Proof of Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems Using Nominal Isabelle,”Journal of Automated Reasoning 55,no.1(June 2015):1-37.
7.参见《斯坦福哲学百科全书》(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)中的“哥德尔不完备性定理”(Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem)条目,链接:plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedelincompleteness.
8.Tim N.Palmer,Andreas Döring,and Gregory Seregin,“The Real Butterfly Effect,”Nonlinearity 27,no.9(Aug.2014):R123.
9.John M.Ball,“Finite Time Blow-up in Nonlinear Problems,”in Nonlinear Evolution Equations:Proceedings of a Symposium Conducted by the Mathematics Research Center,the University of Wisconsin-Madison,October 17-19,1977,Michael G.Crandall,ed.(Cambridge,MA:Academic Press,1978),189-205.
10.量子理论的波函数是线性的,而混沌需要非线性理论。拉格朗日量(Lagrangian)通常是在场算符中的非线性函数,但是它们必须针对特定的波函数进行求值。量子混沌领域中所定义的混沌与其他领域中的都不一样。
11.Clay Mathematics Institute,“Millennium Problems”,链接:claymath.org/millennium-problems.
12.引自Samuel Gibbs,“Elon Musk:Artificial Intelligence Is Our Biggest Existential Threat,”Guardian,Oct.27,2014.
13.引自Arjun Kharpal,“Stephen Hawking Says A.I.Could Be‘Worst Event in the History of Our Civilization,’”CNBC,Nov.6,2017.
14.引自Peter Holley,“Apple Co-founder on Artificial Intelligence:‘The Future Is Scary and Very Bad for People,’”Washington Post,Mar.24,2015.
15.引自Peter Holley,“Bill Gates on Dangers ofArtificial Intelligence:‘I Don't Understand Why Some People Are Not Concerned,’”Washington Post,Jan.29,2015.
16.Stuart Russell,Daniel Dewey,and Max Tegmark,“Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence,”AI Magazine(Winter 2015):105-14,Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence at Future of Life Institute,链接:futureoflife.org/data/documents/research_priorities.pdf?x40372.
17.Carlos E.Perez,“Embodied Learning Is Essential to Artificial Intelligence,”Intuition Machine,Medium.com,Dec.12,2017.
18.Julian Kates-Harbeck,Alexei Svyatkovskiy,and William Tang,“Predicting Disruptive Instabilities in Controlled Fusion Plasmas Through Deep Learning,”Nature 568,no.7753(Apr.2019):526-31.
19.K.Vela Velupillai,“Towards an Algorithmic Revolution in Economic Theory,”Journal of Economic Surveys 25,no.3(July 2011):401-30.
20.Tim N.Palmer,“Human Creativity and Consciousness:Unintended Consequences of the Brain's Extraordinary Energy Efficiency?”Entropy 22,no.3(Feb.2020):281,arXiv:2002.03738[q-bio.NC].
结语
1.Stephen J.Gould,“Nonoverlapping Magisteria,”Natural History 106(Mar.1997):16-22,60-62.