骨骼肌热休克蛋白家族
2 骨骼肌热休克蛋白家族
有很多种HSPs能在骨骼肌内表达[1],这些HSPs从8k Da到110k Da按分子量和功能可以分为几个家族 (见表1)。在应激状态下骨骼肌细胞合成的热休克蛋白可占到细胞总蛋白含量的20%[2],其中最主要的热休克蛋白是小热休克蛋白、HSP70、HSP60和HSP90。
表1 主要HSPs家族
续表
注: 引自Luc HEH. et al.[3]
m HSP75,线粒体HSP75; HIF-1,hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1低氧诱导转录因子1; MKBP,myotonic dystrophy protein kinase强直性肌营养不良蛋白激酶。
2.1 小热休克蛋白
泛素 (ubiquitin) 可能是最小的热休克蛋白,其分子量约8k Da,据报道泛素在人类骨骼肌有丰富表达[4]。泛素是一种结构上高度保守的蛋白质,其在维持染色质结构和帮助蛋白质的降解、清除中发挥重要作用。很多细胞内的蛋白被降解时首先被泛素结合进行共价修饰。应激后泛素水平的增高有利于保持细胞内结构的稳定和变性蛋白质的清除[5]。有研究表明,大鼠骨骼肌内还含有HSP20,蛋白含量占到细胞总蛋白的1.3%,而且其表达与肌肉的收缩尤其是与慢肌的收缩有关[6]。
较多的研究表明HSP27不仅存在于人的骨骼肌,而且有同系物 (HSP25) 存在于大鼠的骨骼肌[7][8]。HSP27在非应激条件下位于细胞浆,在应激时移位于细胞核内。这个蛋白在正常细胞有相对低水平的表达,但在应激条件下有10~20倍的诱导表达。HSP27的主要功能包括稳定微丝[9][10][11]和细胞因子信号转导[12]。
在骨骼肌内的另一个重要的小热休克蛋白是αB-晶体蛋白 (αB-crystallin)。α-crystallin分两个亚型: αA和αB[13]。αA-crystallin主要存在于眼睛晶状体,而αB-crystallin在很多组织都有连续表达,而且在生理应激条件下其表达上调。两个晶体蛋白分享同样基因,被称为基因分享作用[14]。αB-crystallin 也与HSP27分享结构同源性[15]。研究已证明αB-crystallin是分子伴侣,能阻止变性的蛋白质的聚集,或有利于变性蛋白质的重新折叠[16]。最近的研究数据表明,分子伴侣αB-crystallin在离心运动导致的肌纤维损伤后的结构再重建过程中有重要作用[17]。αB-crystallin和中间丝蛋白desmin相互作用预防应激诱导的中间丝蛋白聚集[18]。在离体进行的实验中证明HSP27与αB-crystallin能够与微丝相互作用,在应激过程中小热休克蛋白与丝蛋白的作用明显增强,阻止了丝与丝之间的非正常性的聚集[19]。在αB-crys-tallin基因敲除的小鼠动物模型可发生以desmin聚集和肌肉降解后期发作为特征的骨骼肌疾病[20]。这种疾病在人类是一种非常罕见的家族性疾病,症状表现为肌肉疼痛和肌肉萎缩。动物研究说明了αB-crystallin对中间丝蛋白 (desmin) 有保护作用[21]。上述研究支持αB-crystallin在维持肌肉结构完整性方面有重要作用。
2.2 热休克蛋白70
在真核细胞,HSP70家族主要由四个成员组成,分子量为72k Da的诱导型,又称HSP70和分子量为73k Da的组成型,又称HSC70; 分子量75k Da和78k Da的蛋白,又称为葡萄糖调节蛋白 (glucose-regulated protein,GRP75和GRP78)。GRP75和GRP78不被热休克诱导表达,而是被糖原损耗、钙离子内流或干扰糖基化的因素所诱导,GRP78存在于肌浆网/内质网,对肌浆网分泌蛋白的折叠、组装起分子伴侣作用[22]。GRP75专门存在于线粒体,在蛋白前体跨过线粒体膜和蛋白前体进入线粒体后的蛋白折叠、装配以及稳定过程中发挥作用[23]。
这个家族的成员结构上都含有一个ATP和肽结合区域,当遇到变性 (错误折叠) 或新生 (没有折叠) 的蛋白时,它们会经过肽结合区域与这些蛋白结合,阻止蛋白—蛋白的非正常聚集。有人研究证实,热应激会损伤RNA聚合酶,而HSP70会解聚和激活损伤的蛋白质。HSP的ATP水解产生的能量主要供与HSP结合的蛋白质被释放出来时使用[24]。HSP70家族也调节细胞蛋白质的合成,它们与细胞内的蛋白质相互作用,帮助它们折叠、装配和稳定新合成的多肽,因此HSP70家族被称为“分子伴侣”。
HSP70家族中被广泛研究的两个蛋白是HSP72和HSC73[25]。HSC73分子量73k Da,在大多数非应激细胞都有表达,而在应激条件下只能轻微诱导合成[26]。HSC73能与变性或非折叠的前核糖体结合,可能有利于蛋白复性[27]。有证据表明在HSC73缺乏时,核糖体转位速度放慢,这样就延长了蛋白合成的速率。另外, HSC73可能影响肌肉的能量代谢[28]。相对于HSC73、HSP72在非应激细胞低量存在,主要被外界或体内应激刺激诱导合成[29][30][31]。在应激条件下,HSP72可在胞浆快速合成,并迁移到细胞核与核结构或核蛋白结合[32],有研究建议HSP70是有利于蛋白成熟的重要调节因子。大量研究表明HSP70在骨骼肌可诱导合成。HSP70被热休克或其他应激刺激原诱导合成不仅具有器官或组织特异性[33],而且是肌纤维类型特异的[34][35][36][37]。HSP70的细胞保护作用已被大量的研究所证明,而且有趣的是整体高热诱导的HSP70表达能使心肌细胞抗缺血损伤能力增强,提示HSP70的保护作用可能具有交叉保护的特性[38],即热休克诱导的保护可保护缺血、ROS造成的损伤,缺血预处理诱导的保护可防止热损伤。
Black&Subjeck (1991) 认为HSC70在非应激条件下在细胞内发挥分子伴侣作用 (图1),而HSP70在应激条件下合成增多,主要是保护细胞不受外来因素的影响,保持细胞内环境稳定[39]。
图1 HSP70分子伴侣作用简图
HSP70帮助蛋白合成 (synthesis)、折叠 (folding)、降解(degradation)、跨膜转位 (translocation arcoss membrance)。
Locketal. 发现HSP70主要分布在Ⅰ型肌纤维 (比目鱼肌),而在Ⅱ型肌纤维 (白腓肠肌) 中含量非常低,几乎测不到。在混合型肌肉中,HSP70的含量也大致和Ⅰ型肌纤维的含量呈正比[40]。Lock et al. 认为,HSP70在Ⅰ型肌纤维内含量多,主要是由于Ⅰ型肌纤维在平时生活中使用的较多,为了保持肌细胞内环境的稳定需要较多的HSP70在此发挥作用。作者认为这可能与Ⅰ型肌纤维中含有基础含量较多的活性氧 (ROS)有关。
早在1982年,Jones et al. 比较了疲劳刺激后的快肌和慢肌的强直收缩力大小,发现快肌趾长伸肌 (EDL) 比慢肌比目鱼肌受影响更大,更容易疲劳,而且EDL恢复也比比目鱼肌慢[41]。Brooks et al. (1995) 研究了快肌EDL和快肌胫骨前肌 (TA),去皮离心收缩刺激时都表现为功能下降,然而,完整的TA在离心收缩时却比DEL表现出较好的抗损伤能力[42]。
在一个系列的试验中,Kolbeck et al. (1997)[43]比较了从2月龄小鼠身上分离下来的完整的趾长伸肌 (EDL)、比目鱼肌(soleus)、和胫骨前肌 (TA) 的收缩能力,使用一个低频刺激引起疲劳的方案,他们发现EDL在5min的低频刺激后强直收缩力降低最多,在20min的恢复期恢复最少。Soleus强直收缩力受影响较少,而TA强直力降低最少。HSP72在全部的试验条件下表达水平较低。而HSC73在EDL表达最低,在Soleus较高,在TA表达最高。这些结果建议骨骼肌的抗损伤、抗疲劳能力是直接与肌肉中的HSP70含量相关的。作者由此推断,可能正是由于胞浆中含量较高的HSC73,被氧化或部分变性的肌浆网SR可能被快速的稳定,从而阻止了兴奋—收缩脱偶联的发生,保证了肌肉收缩功能的正常。然而,HSP70 与肌浆网 Ga2+-ATPase (SERCA) 相互作用的直接证据还需要进一步研究。
最近A.Russell Tupling et al. (2004)[44]研究了HSP70是否能结合到肌浆网Ga2+-ATPase(SERCA) 上阻止热应激引起的SERCA的失活。由于多年来人们还不知道HSP70能与SERCA相互作用,阻止氧化应激引起的SERCA失活导致的兴奋—收缩脱偶联。为了探讨这种可能性,他们制备了来自快肌纤维的肌浆网(SR) 膜,把SR膜与纯化的HSP70进行一段时间的孵育,然后在能引起巯基氧化、使SERCA1a不稳定的温度37℃和41℃下培育。研究人员发现 HSP70 结合到了 SERCA1a 上,阻止了SERCA1a失活。试验使用HEK-293细胞也确认了在哺乳动物细胞两种蛋白质能够相互作用。研究结论认为,HSP70能够结合SERCA1a,并且这种结合与热应激的温度有关,HSP70保护SERCA1a功能稳定是依靠稳定核苷结合 (N) 区域。
2.3 HSP60和HSP90
骨骼肌在应激条件下还产生HSP60。HSP60位于线粒体,有证据表明HSP60合成后以“前体蛋白”的形式存在于胞浆,然后转移到线粒体逐渐演化为它的成熟状态。HSP60有利于进入线粒体的蛋白的折叠和组装,在应激条件下稳定已存在的蛋白质,正是由于HSP60的分子伴侣样活动,它被列为分子伴侣。HSP60和GRP75一样,在肌肉内的含量多少与肌肉内的线粒体数量成正比例关系,最近研究表明,在超长距离的耐力训练后骨骼肌中的HSP60和GRP75表达增加,与线粒体酶的活动相一致[45]。
HSP90是一个由三个蛋白组成的家族: 两个紧密相关的亚型 HSP90α 和 HSP90β 存在于胞浆,一个糖原调节蛋白(GRP94)。HSP90主要位于胞浆、核和肌浆网[46],且在很多类型的细胞中都含有HSP90[47][48]。HSP90的另一个重要特点是与裸露的类固醇激素受体结合[49],包括雌激素、雄激素、黄体酮、糖皮质激素受体等[50][51]。HSP90在调节激素受体的活动中起重要作用; 在激素缺乏时,HSP90与激素受体结合维持其在一个失活状态,当激素存在时,HSP90-受体复合体分离,允许受体结合到DNA上。[52]
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