Model Test 2
Passage 1
Playing violent video games can have immediate and lasting effects on a person’s thoughts and behavior，new research show.In fact，researchers report that the interactive and increasingly graphic nature of some video games makes them“potentially more dangerous”than violence-charged television and movies.
Psychologists Anderson and Dill conducted two studies.In one study of 227 college students，the investigators found that students who more frequently played violent video games during junior high and high school were more likely to have engaged in“aggressive behavior”.A second study in which 210 college students played either a violent or non-violent video game revealed that the violence-packed game increased subjects’aggression immediately afterwards.
In the first study，the investigators questioned students on their natural levels of aggression and irritability，and their delinquent（犯法的）behavior—for instance whether they had bit other students in the past year.The investigators found that students with aggressive personalities and those who more often played violent video games were more prone to real-life aggression.Students who considered themselves aggressive were also more likely to play violent video games.Since aggressive people may seek out violet games，coming to the conclusion that the video games caused real-life delinquency is too risky.
However，the second study lined video-game violence with immediate increases in aggression.Anderson and Dill had students play either a violent game or a nonviolent game and let the students believe they were playing against an opponent in another room.After completing the video game，participants played a competitive-reaction game with their imaginary opponents.In this game the winner was allowed to publish the loser with a noise blast（响亮的噪音）.The researchers found that students who were fresh from the violent video game blasted their opponents longer than those who played the nonviolent game.
Because video games show short-term and long-term effects，Anderson and Dill suppose that video-game violence influences behavior not by arousing aggressive feelings，but by teaching players to find“aggressive solutions”to problems.Unlike TV，many video games demand that player identify with the aggressor and actively participate in violence.
1.According to the passage，violent video games may be more dangerous than violent movies or TV programs because video games____.
A.tend to be more violent
B.lay more emphasis on violent acts
C.require active involvement of players
D.arouse aggressive feelings more quickly
2.The purpose of the first study was to try to establish a cause-effect relationship between____.
A.aggressive personality and real-life violence
B.violent behavior in the past and violent behavior at present
C.aggressive personality and more involvement in playing violent video games
D.more involvement in playing violet video games and aggressive behavior
3.In order to find out the short-term effect of violent video game，researchers____.
A.asked game players to blast the loser in the violent video games
B.observed the behavior of game players when playing violent video games
C.put game players into a real fight in a small room with aggressive opponents
D.observed game players’reaction to their imaginary opponents in competitive games
4.Which of the following statements is NOT true，according to the passage？
A.Violent video games arouse aggressive feelings in game players.
B.Violent video games inevitably result in delinquent behavior of game players.
C.Violent video games teach players to solve problems in an aggressive ways.
D.Violent video games have short-term and long-term effects on game players.
5.The best title of this passage can be____.
A.Effects of Violent Video Games
B.Video Games Increase Crimes
C.Video Games and Psychology
D.New Research Findings of Video Games
Passage 2
The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine.From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century，it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness，and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical treatments of disease.After the discovery of antibiotics，a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness.In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections and diseases，the fact that the body’s own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and its course was largely ignored by medical researchers.
It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease first led 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influences physical illness，and now research in the same field—including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health—is proving the contrary.New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain，a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly.Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain，and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system.These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress.Disruption of this communication network in any way，whether inherited or through drugs，toxic substances or surgery，exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against：infectious，inflammatory，autoimmune，and associated mood disorders.
The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove profound.They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders，as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies，and vice versa.They also help to substantiate the popularly held impression（still discounted in some medical circles）that our state of mind can influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatory diseases.
The brain’s stress response system is activated in threatening situations.The immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules.These two response systems are the body’s principal means for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis.A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintaining it.
When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened，a repertoire of molecular，cellular and behavioral responses comes into play.These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish a steady state.They can be specific to the foreign invader or a particular stress，or they can be generalized and nonspecific when the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold.The adaptive response may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease.We are just beginning to understand the interdependence of the brain and the immune system，how they help to regulate and counterregulate each other and how they themselves can malfunction and produce disease.
6.The passage supplies information to suggest that____.
A.it has always been the belief of both physician and patient that one’s state of mind can affect physical disease
B.the popular belief that stress exacerbates inflammatory illness has always been discredited by the doctors
C.the discovery of antibiotics sheds light on people’s understanding of the mind-body interaction in disease
D.there is a new understanding of the communication between the brain and immune system
7.Which of the following best states the mind-body interaction in disease？
A.The brain and immune systems send signals to each other.
B.The immune and central nervous systems are organized in very different ways to affect the course of illness.
C.Disruption of the communication of the brain and immune system can cure certain disease.
D.The immune system and the brain share a lot of hormones to facilitate their communication.
8.Which of the following statements about clinical significance of the new findings can be best supported by the passage？
A.The responsive stress is genetically determined.
B.The treatment of immune maladies can be consciously controlled.
C.Psychoactive drugs may in some cases be used to treat inflammatory diseases.
D.Social interactions can lessen psychological stress and alter immune responses.
9.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage？
A.Taking the cure at a mountain sanatorium doesn’t work for the treatment for many chronic diseases.
B.The relaxing effects of hot-springs spa can help restore the communication between the brain and immune system.
C.The disruption of the brain’s stress response reduces the body’s response.
D.Depression is also associated with inflammatory disease.
10.According to the passage，in order to maintain an internal steady state called homeostasis，____.
A.sometimes the stress response needs to go to the extreme
B.the stress response has to bar the foreign pathogens from the body
C.both the stress and immune responses need to be regulated
D.the immune system promotes physiological and behavioral changes
Passage 3
Genetically modified crops and foods having been launched by big companies bent on taking over agriculture，this new breakthrough in science poses a new problem—whether it’s safe for people to eat them.Experts say that much of the current angst over genetically modified foods is unnecessary.If research and development are allowed to continue，the products will be there for all to appreciate.
New varieties of rice and other crops，resistant to insects and diseases，will have replaced those cultivated today.Farmers will no longer lose substantial proportions of their harvests.The impact of these advances will be felt in the less developed countries.Health benefits will also come from plants genetically engineered to be more balanced nutritionally than those that have evolved through natural selection or been bred by traditional methods.
The potential medical spin-offs from plant biotechnology are considerable.A new generation of more potent vaccines，many against illness for which no vaccines have been available，will be grown in plants such as maize and bananas.
Malnutrition could be banished.Biotechnology can improve efficiency of food production and generate more nourishing crops.
Throughout the world，gardeners，vegetarians，and consumers will benefit from plant varieties resistant to spoilage，foods which reduce our dependence on animals，and cheaper and/or tastier products.
We should not，however，overlook potential hazards in altering our diets by genetic engineering.As with all other applications of science to human welfare，biotechnology is likely to have risks.Mistakes will probably be made.
Nevertheless，any analysis of the new techniques for ferrying genes between plants must surely conclude that they are being applied and controlled more stringently than any technology ever before.
Nearly 25 years ago，when scientists first learned to combine DNA from different sources，commentators warned of the iniquity of“opening Pandora’s box”.Among their horrific forecast were unstoppable epidemics and worldwide pestilence.None of these has come to pass，partly because genetic manipulation has not proved inherently dangerous.
In addition，regulatory committees have been set up to ensure that experiments are conducted in appropriately safe conditions.
The regulators’task is not simply to allow research to go ahead unless potential hazards are obvious.It is to consider risks that could come to light later.Will a gene，introduced into rape to protect it against virus attack，also make the pollen grains more likely to cause hay fever？All proposals have to survive positive vetting of this sort before they are sanctioned.
Genetic engineering is far more precise—and thus predictable—than the gene movements which occur in nature.When plants fertilize and cross-fertilize in the wild，large numbers of genes are transferred in a haphazard fashion.
Biotechnology allows individual genes to be moved with precision from one plant to another.It is much easier to know how one gene will work in its new setting.The likelihood of unexpected consequences and the margin of error are correspondingly reduced.
There is a chance，however remote，that a gene introduced into a particular plant at one time and location might have adverse consequences if it eventually gets into another plant distant in space and time.
Given the astronomical amount of random gene transfer which occurs through the biosphere such extreme caution is unwarranted.I believe most food producers—and eaters—would agree.
11.The expression“spin-offs”in Para.3 refers to____.
A.by-products B.by-work
C.side effects D.consequences
12.In his defense of genetic technology，the author shows us the benefits produced by genetic technology EXCEPT in____.
A.high-tech B.health
C.medicine D.agrarian production
13.Despite the possibility of introduction of a gene into a particular plant at one time and location，the author contends that such extreme caution about genetic technology is unwarranted because____.
A.there are regulatory committees
B.in labs gene ferrying is being applied and controlled stringently
C.genetic engineering is far more precise than the natural gene movements
D.the possibility of such an event is too small
14.According to your common sense，which of the following techniques does not belong to the field of genetic engineering？
A.Cloning. B.Artificial insemination.
C.Invitro fertilization. D.Heart bypasses.
15.What is your understanding of the quotation of the Creek myth“opening Pandora’s box”？
A.Something appears valuable，but is actually a curse.
B.A box contains all the evils and miseries.(https://www.daowen.com)
C.Some media argue that the combination DNA from different sources would cause a lot of problems and plagues that did not exist or were not known before.
D.Pandora possessed a gift that was never to be opened.When it was，all the evils of the world were released.
Passage 4
People from around the world flock to the United States expecting to find a better life.But to scientists’surprise，a growing body of evidence indicates that increasing familiarity with U.S.culture and society renders immigrants and their children far more susceptible to many mental and physical ailments，even if they attain financial success.
The latest study of this phenomenon，directed by epidemiologist William A.Vega of the University of Texas，San Antonio，finds much higher rates of major depression，substance abuse，and other mental disorders in U.S.-born Mexican-Americans compared with both recent and long-standing Mexican-American immigrants.This pattern held regardless of education or income levels.
Vega’s results appear at the same time as the release of a national report on declining physical and mental health in children of immigrant families.A panel convened by the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine，both in Washington，D.C.，reviewed previous studies and concluded that assimilation into a U.S.lifestyle may undermine the overall health of immigrant children much more than being poor does.
In contrast，studies of nonimmigrant U.S.residents usually link poverty to poor physical and mental health.
“The material on immigrant health shocked me when we first reviewed it，”says panel member Arthus M.Kleinman，a psychiatrist and anthropologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston.“Vega’s study is consistent with the panel’s conclusion that immigrants’health deteriorates with assimilation to U.S.society，declining toward general U.S.norms，”says Kleinman.Other studies have indicated that citizens of many countries，including Mexico，are healthier overall than U.S.citizens.
Vega’s team interviewed 3，012 adults of Mexican origin，ages 18-59，living Fresno County，Calif.Of that number，1，810 people identified themselves as immigrants.Interviews were in English or Spanish.Interviewers expressed an interest in health issues only and tried to minimize any tendency of participants to lie—due to U.S.residency concerns—about having immigrated.
Nearly one-half of U.S.-born Mexican-Americans had suffered from at least one of 12 psychiatric disorders at some time in their lives，compared with only one-quarter of the immigrants.Common mental conditions in U.S.-born individuals included major depression，phobias and other anxiety disorders，and substance abuse and dependence.
Prevalence rates for mental disorders were lowest for those who had immigrated within the past 13 years.The higher rates found among immigrants of 13 or more years still fell considerably below those for the native-born group.
16.Vega’s group was surprised to find worse physical and mental health in____.
A.both recent and long-standing Mexican-American immigrants
B.the immigrants who received fewer years of education
C.the financially disadvantaged immigrants
D.U.S.-born Mexican-Americans
17.The scientists found that the immigrants’declining physical and mental health is linked to____.
A.being reluctant to be assimilated into the U.S.lifestyle
B.blending with U.S.culture and society
C.working hard for a better life
D.being poor
18.Vega and Kleinman____.
A.are divided over the phenomenon
B.ascribe the phenomenon to racial discrimination
C.puzzle over the phenomenon
D.seem to see eye to eye on the phenomenon
19.Vega’s team interviewed the immigrants____.
A.for their U.S.residency concerns B.for their identifications
C.for their health issues D.all of the above
20.Which of the following groups is least susceptible to mental disorders？
A.The U.S.-born Mexican-Americans.
B.The immigrants of 13 or more years.
C.The immigrants of financial success.
D.The immigrants of less than 13 years.
Passage 5
Although speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans，the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings，thoughts，and reactions through body positioning，body contact，body odors，eye contact，responsive actions，habits，attitudes，interests，state of health，dress and grooming，choice of life-style，and use of talents—in fact，through everything the individual says or does.
In turn，every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system.An individual screens，selects，regulates，and controls specific aspects of this information through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic；some are subconscious because of habit，block，or lack of development；and some are made by a conscious process.The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness，priority of need，and control of this process.
The person with a behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused，and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts，needs，and emotions，and unable to make himself or herself understood.Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems，he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others，so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay，the messages received are threatening ones.
The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person’s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical，as in deafness，mental retardation，brain tumor，or hardening of the cerebral arteries.However，the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person’s emotional system.
Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occur in childhood before good communicative skills are learned，and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening，it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways，he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.
21.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication____.
A.is characterized by two features，form and meaning
B.is mainly conducted through speech and writing
C.is of two functions，stimulation and response
D.takes two forms，verbal and nonverbal
22.In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with____.
A.communicative ability
B.external and internal messages
C.information and mental processing
D.conscious and subconscious awareness
23.Shut off from the communicative flow，the person with a behavior disorder____.
A.is unable to focus attention on internal problems
B.is isolated in internal problems
C.relays threatening messages
D.all of the above
24.Which of the following is universal according to the passage？
A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.
C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.
25.The passage ends with____.
A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorders
B.the importance of acquiring good communicative skills
C.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocks
D.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhood
Passage 6
Depression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.
Although everyone experiences“the blues”or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well，when everything seems to be an effort，and when efforts lead to frustration，these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired，hungry，lonely，or sick.Rest，good food，talking with friends，some fun，or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist，or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation，when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person， when relatives or friends cannot cheer the person and he or she continues to withdraw，then the person is depressed.
Even such depression is normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb，is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death（such as occurs in wartime），has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany），has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks，or has experienced the death of several family members within a short time is expected to be depressed.
However，there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such an image is usually the result of the psychosocial conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security，love，care，and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.
Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems，acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.
The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts.Yet，in depression，the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.
26.Unlike others，according to the passage，a depressed person____.
A.is likely to recover in a short period of time
B.does not reveal any underlying cause
C.is characteristic of self-hatred
D.tends to stay with“the blues”
27.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members，the author is trying to tell us that____.
A.depression can potentially be detrimental to mental health
B.the severity of depression varies with individuals
C.depression is overwhelmingly prevailing
D.depression is sometimes inescapable
28.Those who present no reason to be depressed，according to the passage，____.
A.need to protect their self-images
B.need a parental role model at home
C.can be helped psychologically to be useful and needed persons
D.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents
29.The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is____.
A.sincerity B.acceptance
C.reassurance D.all of the above
30.Under psychotherapy，the depressed person is encouraged____.
A.to free his or her mind of any thought
B.to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughts
C.to reassure himself or herself of early recovery
D.to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possible