Model Test 4
Passage 1
When most people think about changing their body shape，they usually focus on just losing weight.Books and magazines about dieting are among the most popular in the world.Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy，but losing weight by means of dieting takes time；losing weight too fast can cause great health problems.Dieting means change one’s eating habits to a healthier pattern，but many women mistake the concept of dieting and think that the less one eats，the better.As a result，they lose health as well as weight.
Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that，over a certain period of time，will improve the body’s use of oxygen.Nowadays，aerobic exercise has become a very trendy workout among youths.Not only is performing aerobic exercise interesting，but it is also very beneficial for health.There are different types of aerobics like jogging，swimming，kickboxing，fitness walking，inline skating，bicycling，etc.Aerobics strengthens the heart and lungs.It is also especially popular with women.
But neither of these two methods，dieting and aerobics can help shape the body.To do this，you need to build muscles.So，if a firmer and shapelier body is your goal，60 percent of your exercise routine should involve strengthening moves，and only 30 percent should be aerobic exercises.
For a proper body-shaping routine，you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights.Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise.Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups—for example，chest and biceps，or back，shoulders and triceps.
You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities，like swimming，cycling，walking，running，or inline skating.Plan three to four workouts a week，15 to 20 minutes each，increasing the pace each week.
As you build muscle，you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise.Don’t worry.It’s probably muscle，which is denser than fat.And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue.With more muscle，you can burn more calories，even when you are not exercising.
When you are trying to build muscle，you need two to three servings of protein a day，but the main part of your diet should be carbohydrates.And in order to get the energy you need for a high-intensity workout，you should eat something，especially carbohydrates，an hour or so before your workout.
While weight training will firm and shape your body，it has other benefits too.It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories，leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.
1.Which of the following is NOT true about dieting？
A.Dieting is about changing one’s eating habits.
B.Dieting does not necessarily mean eating less than one used to.
C.Dieting does not necessarily mean losing weight.
D.Losing weight is bound to cause great health problems.
2.“Workouts”include all the following EXCEPT____.
A.bicycling B.dieting
C.weight training D.aerobic exercise
3.Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions given in the passage？
A.Exercise should be done for each major group of muscles.
B.When you do weight-training，the weights you have should be as heavy as possible.
C.Go on a proper diet for muscle-building.
D.Muscle-building exercise should be combined with aerobic activities.
4.Which of the following is NOT true？
A.Muscle-building exercise results in weight gain，but that is not a problem to worry about.
B.Muscle helps one keep fit.
C.Improved muscle strength can lead to a higher quality of life.
D.Weight training helps shape your body.
5.What’s the ultimate purpose of strength-training with weights？
A.To increase the pace of your aerobic exercise.
B.To burn more calories and lose weight.
C.To build muscle and lose weight.
D.To shape your body and make your life more enjoyable.
Passage 2
Got milk？Be very afraid.Or preferably，a bit skeptical.Some folks are about to try to convince you that milk is toxic.But the real question is，what’s more dangerous to your health：milk，or celebrities and activists embarked on the latest trendy crusade（改革）？This month marks the publicity-pumped debut of the Anti Dairy Coalition，a band of physicians，self-described“Holly wood personalities”and others who decry what they call“the health and nutritional risks of consuming dairy products”.
The coalition，including its spokes—Jeremiah，writer George Plimpton，would have you believe that milk causes heart disease，cancer，infections，asthma，allergies and tuberculosis.Robert Cohen，founder of the ADC（and author of milk：The Deadly Poison），writes：“The Fountain of Youth and cure to illness can be obtained by giving up milk.”
Hyperbole aside，the ADC is spotlighting a question hotly debated by everyone from nutritionists to parents.Many patients ask doctors whether they should give up milk，like that supermodel they saw interviewed on TV.And to be sure，the ADC’s overwrought claims do have some scientific basis.
Take heart disease.Foods like butter，cheese，ice cream and whole milk are packed with saturated fat（饱和脂肪），which blocks arteries（动脉）and can lead to heart attacks.That’s why most nutritionists advise switching to low-fat or skim milk and eating more yogurt and cottage cheese than Haagen-Dazs and Bric.Even skim milk，though，can trigger allergies in some people，including infants，who in any case will get more iron and other key nutrients from breast milk or formula.
So must you flee from milk entirely？Yes，says Cohen，who holds that skim milk is the devil’s brew.It’s full of—are you sitting down—protein.And here’s where the ADC starts twisting the facts to reach wild conclusions.Allergies are frequently triggered by proteins （true）；asthma is an allergic condition（true）；it’s been increasing dramatically（true）；doctors don’t know the cause（true）；therefore，the protein in milk must be the culprit（罪魁祸首）？
A similar leap of illogic assumes that because women in the Netherlands，Denmark，Norway and Sweden consume lots of milk and also suffer high rates of breast cancer；the former must cause the latter.Another clunker is Cohen’s claim that widespread lactose intolerance（乳糖不耐症）—the inability to digest dairy products—means milk is of little use as a source of calcium.In fact，many cases of lactose intolerance are mild and interfere only slightly with calcium uptake.Many people intolerant of milk can easily digest yogurt.And lactase tablets（乳糖分解酵素片）can make dairy products digestible even in severe cases.
If milk isn’t the perfect food，it’s still got some big things going for it.It’s an inexpensive source of calcium，protein，potassium and other vitamins and minerals.And unlike other sources of calcium，such as，say，steamed kale，milk is a food kids will eat.The ADC feels that milk is the root of most human maladies（疾病），but I can point to other single-issue obsessive who insist the villain is meat or wheat or sugar or some other substance that our species has long and happily consumed.I often learn something by examining their claims.But I keep coming back to the mainstream nutritionists，who emphasize a balanced diet and advise moderation in all things.
6.The ADC holds that drinking milk will cause the following diseases EXCEPT____.
A.breast cancer B.diabetes C.heart disease D.lung disease
7.The writer thinks that milk____.
A.is toxic and we should give it up
B.is very nutritious and we should consume it as much as possible
C.is the most ideal food
D.has its pluses and minuses and we should consume it sensibly
8.It is clear from the passage that____.
A.the writer is of the same opinion about milk with the ADC
B.the writer regards milk as the root of most human diseases
C.the writer advises people to stay out of trouble with milk
D.the writer’s opinion about milk differs greatly from the ADC’s
9.According to the passage，if you suffer from lactose intolerance____.
A.you had better give up milk entirely
B.you should have less milk every day
C.you can take lactase tablets which catalyze（催化）lactose into glucose（葡萄糖）and galactose（半乳糖）
D.you must see a doctor at once
10.We can conclude from the passage that the writer is____.
A.an unprejudiced person B.an opinionated person
C.a worldly person D.a wise but peculiar person
Passage 3
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world，but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent？It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal.Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.Baring the teeth in a hostile way，as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century，may be a universal sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution，Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value.For example，facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies（or friends）in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people.Moreover，people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger，disgust，fear，happiness，and sadness.He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore，a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.All groups，including the Fore，who had almost no contact with Western culture，agreed on the portrayed emotions.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions.The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states.In fact，various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain.The facial-feedback hypothesis argues，however，that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also—work in the opposite direction.According to this hypothesis，signals from the facial muscles（“feedback”）are sent back to emotion centers of the brain，and so a person’s facial expression influences that person’s emotional state.Consider Darwin’s words：“The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it.On the other hand，the repression，as far as possible，of all outward signs softens our emotions.Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will，for example，and frowning to anger？
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis.Causing participants in experiments to smile，for example，leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons（humorous drawings of people or situations）as being more humorous.When they are caused to frown，they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression“keep a stiff upper lip”as a recommendation for handling stress.It might be that a“stiff”lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense，and involves strong muscle tension，facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
11.According to the passage，which of the following effects may stiffening the upper lip have？
A.It first suppresses stress，and then intensifies it.
B.It may cause fear and tension in those who see it.
C.It can damage the lip muscles.
D.It may either heighten or reduce emotional response.
12.The author mentions“Baring the teeth in a hostile way”in order to____.
A.differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it
B.support Darwin’s theory of evolution
C.contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
D.provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
13.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the second paragraph？
A.The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.
B.The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories.
C.The Fore’s facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be the characters in stories.
D.The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of the characters in stories.
14.According to the passage，what effect did Darwin believe repression of all outward signs would have on humans’emotions？
A.They would become less intense.
B.They would last longer than usual.
C.They would become more negative.
D.They would cause problems later.
15.According to the passage，research involving which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis？
A.The long-term effects of repressing emotions.
B.The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments.(https://www.daowen.com)
C.The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons.
D.The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate.
Passage 4
It was a big week for Alzheimer’s disease，and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting，a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer’s worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time.There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer’s，as well as to the baby-boom generation that’s up next.Unless something dramatic happens，the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple，to about 16 million，over the next 50 years.There’s still no cure in sight，but there is progress on several fronts.Among them：
MEGADOSE VITAMINS.Doctors knew vitamins E and C，both antioxidants，help stave off Alzheimer’s，at least in folks who haven’t already developed the disorder.What they didn’t know—but a big study involving 4，740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed—was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses（at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C）could reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s a remarkable 78%.
COMBINATION THERAPY.A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer’s patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain’s chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease.Patients who were being treated with donepezil（sold as Aricept），an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine，were also given memantine （Namenda），a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate.The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone，providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s，according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
BRAIN IMAGING.Finally，scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer’s patients with positron emission tomography（PET）scans to see telltale plaque deposits.Before now，doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died，when the brain could be autopsied.Using the new technique，doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.
None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer’s disease.If you or your loved ones are concerned，the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor.Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer’s，and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early.Also，remember the old adage“use it or lose it”.Mental exercise—reading，doing crossword puzzles，playing chess or Scrabble—is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.
16.From the first paragraph，we learn that____.
A.the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzheimer’s disease
B.recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims
C.the week was very important for Alzheimer’s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS
D.the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer’s disease can be cured
17.The phrase“stave off”（Paragraph 2）most probably means“____.”.
A.get B.treat C.cure D.prevent
18.The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that____.
A.combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment
B.donepezil helps block overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate
C.combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer’s
D.Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately
19.Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzheimer’s？
A.Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.
B.Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.
C.Because it helps doctors see the plaque clearly so that they can operate on the brain.
D.Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.
20.To which of the following is the author likely to agree？
A.Alzheimer’s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.
B.Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.
C.Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer’s from curable memory lapses，which can be treated if found in an early phase.
D.Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.
Passage 5
Fifty is the gateway to the most liberating passage in a woman’s life.Children are making test flights out of the nest.Parents are expected to be roaming in their recreational vehicles or sending postcards of themselves riding camels.Free at last！Women can graduate from the precarious balancing act between parenting and pursuit of a career.That has been the message of my books since I wrote new passages 15 years ago.What I didn’t see coming was the boomerang.
With parents living routinely into their 90s，a second round of care giving has become a predictable crisis for women in midlife.Nearly 50 million Americans are taking care of an adult who used to be independent.Yes，men represent about one third of family caregivers，but their participation is often at a distance and administrative.Women do most of the hands-on care.
It starts with the call.It’s a call about a fall.Your mom has a stroke.Or it’s a call about your dad—he’s run a red light and hit someone，again，but how are you ever going to persuade him to stop driving？Or your husband’s doctor calls with news that your partner is reluctant to tell you：it’s cancer.
When that call came to me，I froze.The shock plunges you into a whirlpool of fear，denial，and feverish action.You search out doctors.They don’t agree on the diagnosis.You scavenge the Internet.The side effects make you worry.You call your brother or sister，hoping for help.Old rivalries flare up.
We’d like to think that siblings would be natural allies when parents falter.But the facts are quite different.Brothers bury their heads in the sand.The farther away a sister lives，the more certain she will call the primary caregiver and Louisiana State universities concluded that siblings are not just inherent rivals，but the greatest source of stress between human beings.
There are many rewards in giving back to a loved one.And the short-term stress of mobilizing against the initial crisis jump-starts the body’s positive response.But this role is not a short race.It usually turns into a marathon，averaging almost five years.But most solitary caregivers will wait until the third or fourth year before sending out the desperate cry，“I can’t do this anymore！”
21.As a writer，the author has for years focused on women’s liberation from____.
A.looking after their children B.taking care of their parents
C.earning a living for their families D.doing housework all day long
22.The word“boomerang”（Paragraph 1）refers to____.
A.husbands and wives giving different care to their weak parents
B.women in their fifties taking all responsibilities for their families
C.the elderly becoming dependent on their middle-aged children
D.family care giving having been shifted onto women’s shoulders
23.To many women，the calls as described would most likely be very____.
A.invigorating B.distressing
C.refreshing D.confusing
24.Your brother or sister would be angry with your request for helping to____.
A.stop the quarrel between your parents
B.find your husband a better doctor
C.deal with your family problems
D.take care of your Mom or Dad
25.According to the author，siblings tend to____.
A.live in different places after they form their own families
B.stand to the same side when arguing with their parents
C.compete with each other for being the primary caregiver
D.shift onto each other the responsibilities for their parents
Passage 6
After years of defensiveness，a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism，a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.
What has triggered this change of heart？It’s partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism，in the UK at least.
Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from antivivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency.Now criticism is coming from researchers too，with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to change.
That is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers.These have been met with support，notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals.This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.
Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with skepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.
The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies，which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research.One by my own organization，the UK’s NC3Rs，found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analyzed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US.
The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximized and that every animal used counts.Better reporting will allow greater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not.One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of information published.
Animal research has been a thorn in the side of researchers for many years.We can’t afford to get this wrong，scientifically，ethically or financially.Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something，either about the quality or value of what is being done.When animal research is funded from the public purse a public mandate is essential.There is much scope for improvement.It is time for scientists—funders，researchers and editors—to use the new guidelines to put our house in order.
26.According to the passage，those who had long blamed animal research are____.
A.those ignorant of science
B.government officials
C.some of the researchers’colleagues
D.antivivisection groups
27.The passage suggests that the change of heart among animal researchers refers to____.
A.their reconsideration of their research
B.their resistance to their greater enemies
C.their giving in to animal right groups
D.their confession to their failures in work
28.The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal research needs to be____.
A.directive B.comprehensive
C.affirmative D.authoritative
29.The UK’s NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animal research____.
A.needs government funding
B.needs publishing guidelines
C.involves some serious problems
D.involves analyses and variations
30.For animal researchers，to put their work under the systematic reviews would be something.
A.new B.hard
C.pleasant D.unthinkable