Model Test 3

Model Test 3

Passage 1

Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when，in retrospect，we see how truly strange they are.

When I was a psychiatric resident，we had a faculty member who was famous for his messy office：stacks of papers and old journals covered every chair and table as well as much of the floor.One day，as I walked past the open office door with one of my supervisors，he murmured mildly，“Odd duck.”And that was as far as anyone seemed to reflect on this peculiar state of affairs within an institution staffed by psychiatrists.Eventually，the faculty member had to be given another office in which to see patients.

Not surprisingly，the psychiatric diagnostic manual does not list“messy room”in the index.But it does mention a tantalizing symptom：inability“to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value”.It comes under the diagnosis obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，an obscure cousin of the more famous obsessive-compulsive disorder.

I was barely aware of the diagnosis.Every era has mental disorders that for cultural or scientific reasons become popular.In Freud’s day it was hysteria.Currently，depression has moved to center stage.But other ailments go relatively ignored，and this disorder was one.

It came with a list of additional symptoms that appeared to be peculiar：anxiety about spending money，excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities，rigidity about following rules，perfectionism in doing tasks—at times to the point of interfering with finishing them.

In moderation，the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis.Relentless work orientation and perfectionism may even be assets in rule-and detail-oriented professions like accounting or law.

But when the symptoms are too intense or pervasive，they become crippling.Beneath the seemingly adaptive behaviors lies a central disability.People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions.They lack the internal sense of completion that most of us experience at the end of a choice or a task，even one as simple as throwing something out or making a purchase.In obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，this feeling occurs only after endless deliberation and revision，if at all.

The need to come up with the“correct”answer，the best purchase or the perfect proposal leads to excess rumination over each decision.It can even lead to complete paralysis.For such people，rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent premade decisions.Open-ended assignments，like writing papers，are nightmares.

For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation.The picture leaps out from the previously disorganized background.But undoubtedly，at times we can become too reductionistic，seeing patterns where none exist：sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.

1.Which of the following best describes people’s attitude towards the faculty member？

A.They disliked him，and that’s why he got his separate room to see patients.

B.They thought he was a little strange，but didn’t pay much attention to his behavior.

C.They were interested in his behavior，as they were all psychiatrists.

D.They thought he had some mental retardedness.

2.The popular mental disorder of current time，according to the author，is____.

A.hysteria B.depression

C.messiness D.obsessive compulsive disorder

3.The reason why symptoms of the“obsessive-compulsive disorder”go unnoticed is that____.

A.they are highly thought of according to law

B.some of the mild symptoms fit in with a workaholic culture

C.they have a low profile

D.they take a long time to become intense or pervasive

4.Rules are godsend to persons with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder because____.

A.they do not involve decision-making

B.they are open-ended assignments

C.they lead to complete paralysis

D.they are made by others

5.From the last paragraph we can see that the author’s view is that____.

A.a messy room is just a messy room

B.a messy room is an indication of the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

C.psychiatrists should pay attention to a messy room

D.psychiatrists should see patterns of seemingly disorganized behaviors，but shouldn’t be too reductionistic

Passage 2

Cancer has always been with us，but not always in the same way.Its care and management have differed over time，of course，but so，too，have its identity，visibility，and meanings.Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw.Premodern cancer is a lump，a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges.The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome，and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors（oncos）and malignant ones（carcinos）.In the second century A.D.，Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic，an excess of melancholy or black bile，one of the body’s four“humors”，brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances.Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out，but the prognosis was known to be grim.Describing tumors of the breast，an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C.concluded：“There is no treatment.”

The experience of cancer has always been terrible，but，until modern times，its mark on the culture has been light.In the past，fear coagulated around other ways of dying：infectious and epidemic diseases（plague，smallpox，cholera，typhus，typhoid fever）；“apoplexies”（what we now call strokes and heart attacks）；and，most notably in the nineteenth century，“consumption”（tuberculosis）.The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded，but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is.This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is“the modern disease par excellence”，and that Mukherjee calls it“the quintessential product of modernity”.

At one time，it was thought that cancer was a“disease of civilization”，belonging to much the same causal domain as“neurasthenia”and diabetes，the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence.In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries，some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes.William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text“Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by“excessive fear，grief，religious melancholy”.In the nineteenth century，reference was repeatedly made to a“cancer personality，”and，in some versions，specifically to sexual repression.As Susan Sontag observed，cancer was considered shameful，not to be mentioned，even obscene.Among the Romantics and the Victorians，suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement；cancer death was nothing of the sort.“It seems unimaginable，”Sontag wrote，“to aestheticize”cancer.

6.According to the passage，the ancient Egyptians____.

A.called cancer the crab

B.were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant ones

C.found out the cause of cancer

D.knew about a lot of malignant tumors

7.Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage？

A.Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer.

B.In the past，people did not fear cancer.

C.Cancer death might be considered as a badge of refinement.

D.Some physicians believed that one’s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer.

8.Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called“the modern disease”？

A.Modern cancer care is very effective.

B.There is a lot more cancer now.

C.People understand cancer in radically new ways now.

D.There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world.

9.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because____.

A.they are as fatal as cancer

B.they were considered to be“disease of civilization”

C.people dread them very much

D.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life

10.As suggested by the passage，with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree？

A.The care and management of cancer have development over time.

B.The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different times.

C.Cancer’s identity has never changed.

D.Cancer is the price paid for modern life.

Passage 3

The smell from an old lady’s armpits can raise your spirits，a scientist in Pennsylvania claims.Her work also suggests that in contrast，the scent of a young child does nothing to improve your mood.

Studies using animals have shown that smell is vital for conveying information.Rodents can detect and transmit fear through smell，for instance，and animals often identify a high-ranking member of a group by its smell.A recent study has shown that people can distinguish the body odor of both happy and fearful people.But the impact of body odor on people’s mood has hardly been explored at all.

Denise Chen of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia hoped to find out more.So she recruited 30 volunteers in six different categories：girls and boys aged between three and eight，young adult women and men in their early twenties and elderly women and men in their seventies.The volunteers all gave samples of their body odor by strapping a gauze pad under each armpit and keeping it there for 10 hours.

The participants were not allowed to use any perfumes or deodorants，or eat strong-smelling foods，in the four days before the samples were collected.They could shower，but only with unscented soap and shampoo.Odors were also collected from the homes of all the donors and combined into a neutral control smell.

Chen then asked 308 university students to complete a 36-part questionnaire that assessed how positive their mood was.Then they smelled the gauze pads from one of the gauze pads from one of the six categories of people—without being told what the smells were.After this，the students answered the questionnaire a second time，this time with the questions shuffled.

People who had inhaled the samples taken from old women’s armpits respond significantly more positively，Chen found.“Old women had an uplifting effect”，she says.The smell of young men，on the other hand，produced a depressive effect.In general，Chen will report in a future issue of the journal Physiology and Behavior.

Jeannette Haviland，of Rutgers University in New Jersey，who also worked on the project，says it’s possible that hormones make the body of young people signal aggression.But hormonal changes may make the odor of older people，especially women，signal that they are approachable.Alternatively，it could be that women in their golden years are generally happy，and that their odor can transmit this mood.“The air-borne chemicals that we collected from them—l’eau de grandmere（smell of grandmother）—may indicate that state，”says Haviland.

11.It can be inferred from the passage that____.

A.there has been little literature on the impact of body odor upon people’s moods

B.human beings can convey as much information through odor as animals

C.the relation between odor and mood has never been explored before

D.it is more beneficial to sniff an old lady than to smell a child

12.Chen tried to collect the samples of body odor____.

A.among three groups of volunteers B.for four consecutive days

C.unaffected D.at random

13.The participants answered the questionnaire the second time and their answers____.

A.reflected their improved moods

B.revealed alterations in their moods

C.represented six categories of mood

D.were scrambled so as to assure objectivity

14.The students felt good when they sniffed the samples of body odor from.

A.people in good mood B.young men

C.old ladies D.children

15.Haviland tried to prove the relation between____.

A.hormones and body odors B.body odors and lifestyles

C.moods and lifestyles D.all of the above

Passage 4(https://www.daowen.com)

Many adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye，but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest.So，what exactly is the right amount of sleep？Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality.Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.

By getting less than six hours of sleep a night，you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure.When you sleep，your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time.But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break.In constantly doing so，your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure.And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleep.The less sleep you get，the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones，and over time，sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones，leading to elevated blood pressure.

We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness.But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick？Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions，but researchers have also found a direct correlation between“modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response.So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night，and maintaining a healthy diet.You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that a bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.

During deep REM sleep，your muscles（except those in the eyes）are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams.Unfortunately，this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire，resulting in sleep paralysis.Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle，but the body remains in its immobilizing state.This can be quite a frightening sensation because，while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness，it has no control over your body，leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness，fear and panic.Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives，but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations，as well.

For a second，imagine all of your memories are erased；every birthday，summer vacation，even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost，because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought，but that is what a life without sleep would be like.Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain，and without it，our ability to consolidate memories，learn daily tasks，and make decisions is impaired by a large degree.Research has revealed that REM sleep，or dream-sleep，helps solidify the“fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.

16.According to the passage，what is the meaning of“sleep deprivation”？

A.To sleep for an average period of time.

B.To sleep deeply without dreaming.

C.To sleep less than needed.

D.To sleep modestly.

17.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3？

A.When everyone else gets a fever，those with sleep deprivation will be able to sleep longer.

B.When everyone else gets a fever，those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.

C.Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.

D.Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.

18.Why is there the so-called“sleep paralysis”？

A.It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.

B.It occurs when your brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.

C.Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.

D.Because your body，immobilized when dreaming，may still be unable to move even when your brain is woken up.

19.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph？

A.Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.

B.Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.

C.You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.

D.Long-term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.

20.What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage？

A.High blood pressure，a toughened immune system，sleep paralysis，and memory loss.

B.Blood pressure，immune system，sleep paralysis，and long term memory.

C.Blood pressure，immune system，the brain and the body，and memory.

D.High blood pressure，a weakened immune system，sleep paralysis，and memory loss.

Passage 5

Cultural norms so completely surround people，so permeate thought and action，that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest.As one observer put it，if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things，but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject；if fish were to become curious about the world，it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water.For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted，unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact.Human beings，in a similarly way，occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed.So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.

As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings，they are imprisoned within them.These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched.Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors，or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures，both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.

It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds.Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism.But，in fact，few attain this broader vision.Some，of course，have little opportunity for wider cultural experience，though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates.Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar，seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values.Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are；such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events.And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.

Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit，but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome.One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood，long before he is capable of comprehending either of them.To survive，each person masters the perceptual orientations，cognitive biases，and communicative habits of his own culture.But once mastered，objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.

21.The examples of birds and fish are used to____.

A.show that they，too，have their respective cultures

B.explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the sea

C.illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing them

D.demonstrate the similarity between man，birds，and fish in their ways of thinking

22.The term“parochialism”（Line 3，Para.3）most possibly means____.

A.open-mindedness B.provincialism

C.superiority D.discrimination

23.It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that.

A.everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they can

B.the obstacles to overcoming cultural parochialism lie mainly in people’s habit of thinking

C.provided one’s brought up in a culture，he may be with bias in making cultural evaluations

D.childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture

24.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？

A.Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.

B.People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.

C.People’s visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural differences exist.

D.If cultural norms are something tangible，they won’t be so confining.

25.The passage might be entitled“____”.

A.How to Overcome Cultural Myopia

B.Behavioral Patterns and Cultural Background

C.Harms of Cultural Myopia

D.Cultural Myopia—a Deep-rooted Collective Neurosis

Passage 6

When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace，scientists immediately get to work，trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes， success is achieved，as medical science is able to isolate the parasite，germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it.In the most serious of cases，in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk，it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination，so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.

The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that，if it is encountered，one can fight it off naturally.To accomplish this，a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment，so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally，in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.This makes sure that，should the patient later come into contact with the real problem，his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it，having already done so before.

There are dangers inherent in the process，however.On occasion，even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle，resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine，designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers.Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it.Thus，if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today，3000 Americans would be left dead.

Fortunately，the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s，ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America.In the event of a reintroduction of the disease，however，mandatory vaccinations may resume，resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination.The process，which is truly a blessing，may indeed hide some hidden cures.

26.How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to Paragraph Two？

A.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.

B.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.

C.By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.

D.By introducing the disease to the body.

27.What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate？

A.The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.

B.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.

C.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.

D.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.

28.The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because____.

A.saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few

B.some vaccines，such as the smallpox vaccine，have negative side effects

C.they don’t always work

D.while many lives are saved，some are actually killed by the vaccine

29.The best title for the passage would be____.

A.The Smallpox Vaccine：An Analysis

B.How Vaccines Work

C.Vaccines：Methods and Implications

D.A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines

30.The main purpose of the passage is to____.

A.convince the readers that vaccines are not as safe as many think

B.educate the readers on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers

C.educate the readers on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinations

D.present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine