4.4.5 采取相关举措,注重知识产权保护
知识产权问题是所有公共数字文化资源整合项目面临的最大难题之一,主要包括三个方面:第一,在公共数字文化资源整合过程中,需要尊重他人的知识产权,避免侵权;第二,需要保护经过整合而成的享有知识产权的作品,防止他人侵权;第三,需要抵挡知识产权保护主义的扩张,寻求著作权主体与公众之间的利益平衡。为了解决知识产权问题,国外的公共数字文化资源整合项目均采取了相关措施。这些措施主要包括:出台保护知识产权的有关政策,维护公共数字文化信息资源环境的有序化;在网站发布免责声明与用户法律责任承担条款等,使用户在利用数字文化资源的同时承担知识产权侵权风险,防止他人侵权;对抗知识产权保护主义对公有领域作品的冲击,并促进公众对公有领域作品的合理利用;采用创作共用协议(ceative commons public license)实现著作权主体与公众之间的利益平衡。具体到不同的项目,采取的相关措施又不尽相同。例如,世界数字图书馆项目通过在网站发布“世界数字图书馆法律公告”[80]防止侵权与被侵权,该公告主要包括一般免责声明、关于版权和收藏、隐私权政策、记存信息的跟踪、链接到WDL网站等几部分。Europeana通过制定《公有领域宪章》(Public Domain Charter)[81]、《公有领域使用指南》(Public Domain Usage Guidelines)[82]、《孤儿作品指令》(Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on Certain Permitted Uses of Orphan Works)[83]等相关政策法规,采用创作共用许可协议等举措平衡各方利益。
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