考点一 词汇同现法
技巧点拨
词汇同现是一种词汇的衔接手段，这种词的同现关系与语篇范围关系密切。一篇特定的语篇必然要围绕某个特定的主题展开，那么与这个主题相关的词汇出现的频率就比较高，比较集中，而其他词汇就不大可能会出现或根本不会出现。同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致，或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。因此，文章的整体导向——这个已知线索可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。
（1）场所同现
场所同现是考博英语完形填空经常考查的一种技巧，要求考生根据短文中出现的场所名词判断与之相关的人物、动作、事件。确定的场所中有相对固定的事物，利用这种生活常识，考生便可轻易锁定答案。
例如：
...Sometimes it may not be so easy to know exactly what is right or wrong.Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is cruel to eat animals，but other argue that they can eat meat and still be kind to animals；some insist that stealing is always wrong，but others think that one does not need to feel so guilty when stealing some food to eat，if he lives in a really poor area and he is____.Rules help us live together in harmony，because they show us the right way to treat others.
A.begging B.starving C.growing D.wandering
分析：B。根据上下文以及前文中的he lives in a really poor area，这里应选starving，
属于场所同现。
（2）因果同现利用语义逻辑关系中的因果关系，结合题目中已给的因或果信息，进行合理推理，确
定相应的果或因信息。
例如：
“Hooray！”shouted the crowd.It was the loudest____I had ever heard at a meet.The first-place runner was two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.
A.cheer B.shout C.cry D.noise
分析：A。句中Hooray，meet，runner，laps，finishing line和cheer，shout为同现词汇，都为赛跑比赛中所用的词汇，尽管选项中有shout一词，但由下文two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line可知，cheer（喝彩声）最为贴切。
（3）结构同现
结构同现是指利用语言结构和形式上的固定搭配关系，同时结合上下文语义，选定固定结构中所缺失的部分为正确选项。
比如：for one thing...for another；either...or；neither...nor...；not only...but also...；one...another...等。
例如：
Sometimes he would invite a student to a game of chess.____，he would join student groups to discuss a variety of subjects agriculture，diving，mathematics.
A.As a matter of fact B.Later on
C.Other times D.In general
分析：C。sometimes与other times为结构上的同现关系，故答案为C。
（4）同义同现
指利用语义学中的同义词和近义词，快速找出空格前或空格后意思相近或相同的词项，与选项所给词进行对比，意思相同或相近者便是正确选项。
例如：
Suddenly，I wanted to write about that，but I wanted to____it down simply for my own joy，not for Mr.Fleagle，my composition teacher.It was a moment I wanted to recapture and hold for myself.I wanted to relive the pleasure of that evening.
A.settle B.put C.take D.let
分析：B。句中write about that与put it down之间构成同义同现关系。故答案为B。
再例如：
All you need is a webcam and your pretty face to access your PC.No more____，confusing passwords to remember or change every few months.
A.simple B.complicated C.special D.useful
分析：B。与confusing（易混的）同现的单词，应当是complicated（复杂的），共同修饰passwords，属于同义同现。
典型真题
例1：
This demonstrates that interaction with other human beings is necessary for proper language development.Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language 52 than any innate capacities.（浙江大学2012年）
52.A.acquisition B.appreciation C.requirement D.alternative
【名师点评】A。同义同现。本句中的this和even more basic分别指代上句的interaction with other human beings和necessary，此处所填词对应上文中的language development。也就是说，language acquisition语言习得。故答案为A。
例2：
Acceptance of this relativistic worldview undermines democracy and leads not totolerance but to authoritarianism.John Locke，one of Jefferson’s“trinity of three greatest men”，showed why almost three centuries ago.Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism，each claiming to be the one true religion，and asked How do we know something to be true What is the basis of knowledge In 1689 he defined what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.Any claim that fails this test is“but faith，or opinion，but not knowledge”.It was this idea—that the world is knowable and that objective，empirical knowledge is the most 37 basis for public policy that stood as Jefferson’s foundational argument for democracy.（北京大学2013年）(https://www.daowen.com)
37.A.practical B.equal C.useful D.equitable
【名师点评】D。场所同现。根据上下文一直在说民主判断，空格应填入与democracy对应的形容词，equitable（公平的，公正的）符合上下文，意为“以经验为依据的知识是制定公共政策最公正的基础”。故答案为D。
例3：
We have 59 to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common but very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.（复旦大学2012年）
【名师点评】failed。结构同现。空格所在的句子与 后 面 的 句 子We have not promoted...为结构上的同现关系，表达同向的意思，所以空格应填入与not对应且表示否定的词，fail to do sth.表示“未能做……，没能做……”。再根据空格前面的have，说明时态是现在完成时，所以答案为动词的过去分词形式failed。
实战演练
1.Here，shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise clothing，furniture，hardware，groceries.In addition，some shops offered____.These shops included drugstores，restaurants，shoe repair stores，and barber or hairdressing shops.
A.medical care B.food C.cosmetics D.service
2.Measurements are taken of the amount of work done，and the buildup of heat in the body.____joints and stretched muscles cannot perform as well，it has been found，as joints and muscles in their normal positions.The same person is then tested again，using a tool designed according to the suggestions made by Dr.Tichauer.
A.Distracted B.Twisted C.Exaggerated D.Tilted
3.First of all，there is a commission charge（usually a fixed amount）；secondly，the price at which the traveler purchases foreign currency for domestic currency differs from the price of exchanging back surplus foreign currency.The removal of these____costs constitutes a gain from monetary union.
A.transaction B.traveling C.purchase D.finance
4.Proper street behavior in the United States requires a nice balance of attention and inattention.You are supposed to look at a____just enough to show that you are aware of his presence.If you look too little，you appear haughty or furtive，too much and you are inquisitive.
A.foreigner B.friend C.stranger D.passerby
5.You interpret this as a sign—a polite one—that he is interested in you as a person rather than just in the topic of conversation.Probably you also feel that he is both self-confident and sincere.All this has been demonstrated in elaborate____.Subjects sit and talk in the psychologists’laboratory，innocent of the fact that their eye behavior is being observed from a one way vision screen.
A.interviews B.experiments C.observations D.surveys
6.To outsiders，Americans seem tied to the clock.People in other cultures value relationships more than schedules.In these societies，people don’t try to____time，but to experience it.Many Eastern cultures，for example，view time as a cycle.The rhythm of nature—from the passing of the seasons to the monthly cycle of the moon—shapes their view of events.People learn to respond to their environment.As a result，they find it easier to“go with the flow”than Americans，who like plans to be fixed and unchangeable.
Even Americans would admit that no one can master time.Time—like money—slips all too easily through our fingers.And time—like the weather—is very hard to predict.
A.catch B.contain C.control D.cherish
7.In one fairly typical experiment，subjects were induced to cheat while performing a task，then were____and observed.It was found that those who had cheated met the interviewer’s eyes less often than was normal，an indication that“shifty eyes”—to use the mystery writers stock phrase—can actually be a tip off to an attempt to deceive or to feelings of guilt.
A.interviewed B.inquired C.interfered D.investigated
8.This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air，____the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact，though，we are extremely sensitive to smells，even if we do not generally realize it.
A.catching B.ignoring C.missing D.tracking
9.Teachers need to be aware of the emotional，intellectual，and physical changes that young adults experience.And they also need to give serious thought to how they can best____such changes.
A.strengthen B.accommodate C.stimulate D.enhance
10.Desert animals can drink prodigious’volumes in a short time，and camels have been known to____over 100 liters in a few minutes.A very dehydrated person，on the other hand，cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session，because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication.
A.devour B.digest C.imbibe D.gather
答案解析
1.D。词汇同现。medical care“医疗护理”；food“食物”，cosmetics“化妆品”；service“服务”，根据In addition判定，空格应填入与all sorts of merchandise clothing，furniture，hardware，groceries不同类的名词，因此service一词放在这里最合适。故答案为D。
2.B。词汇同现。distracted“心烦意乱的”，twisted“扭曲的”，exaggerated“夸张的”，tilted“倾斜的”。根据下文“拉紧的肌肉”，结合同一语义场景词汇同现的原则，前面应该是“扭曲的关节”。故答案为B。
3.A。词汇同现。本句中的these____costs指代上文提到的兑换货币所需的手续费和本币在兑换过程中的价格差异。根据词汇同现原则，空格应填入与exchanging意思相近的名词。故答案为transaction（交易，交换）。
4.D。词汇同现。所看到的人若是朋友，那就不仅仅是看看而已，故排除B；上下文没有任何线索提示你看到的是一个外国人，故排除A；stranger可指马路上不认识的任何人，不符合语义，故排除。根据场所同现原则，从上文中的street behavior可知，在马路上看到的离你较近的人应是过路人。故答案为D。
5.B。词汇同现。根据场所同现的原则，由下文的Subjects（实验对象），laboratory（实验室）等词可推断，本空所填词与“实验”有关。故答案为B。
6.C。词汇同现。根据同义同现原则，从上文语境来看，可知其他文化背景的人不受制于时钟，那么他们不会设法去____时间；下一段首句中的no one can master time甚至也是美国人的看法，其中master为本题的解答提供了暗示，control与该词意思相近，故答案为C。干扰项为选项A，该项中的catch表示某一事件的具体行为，不符合题意。
7.A。词汇同现。本句概括的是某一实验的过程。根据场所同现的原则，由下文中的interviewer’s eyes可知，本空应填interviewed（面谈，采访）。inquire后接about/of；interfere后接in/with，这两项从意义和语法上看均可排除。investigate意为“调查”，不合语义。
8.C。词汇同现。根据结构同现原则，此处空格与上文中的perceiving构成对应关系，空格的意思应为“没有感觉到”。catch，track均不合题意。ignore意为“忽略，忽视”，含一种主观上的因素。miss表达failing to detect（未察觉）的含义。故答案为C。
9.B。词汇同现。根据同义同现原则，从上文的be aware of...changes可以推断，本句的逻辑语义应与change相近，选项中只有accommodate（此处意为adapt to，adjust to）符合题意。故答案为B。
10.C。词汇同现。联系本句的前半句，根据同义同现原则可知此处需要一个跟drink词义相近的词，imbibe表示“喝，吸入”，尤指液体，符合句意。故答案为C。devour“吞吃”。