考点二 词汇复现法
技巧点拨
复现，是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。复现关系，主要是指同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇，因此，在行文中不可避免地会出现词语的复现、前后同义或反义、相互照应等现象。解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。
1原词复现
原词复现是同词复现，是指前后句的重合信息用同一个词语来表达，以达到衔接文章的目的，考生可以利用这种衔接方法在原文中找到与要填入的单词相同的词，也就找到了试题的答案。
2同义词、近义词复现
同义词、近义词复现是指相同或相近的单词在原文中反复出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。在做完形填空试题时，就可以利用这种衔接方式找到要填入单词的同义词或者近义词，也就找到了试题的答案。
3反义词复现
反义词复现是指和前文中词义相反的单词在原文中出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。考生可以利用这一衔接手段在文章中寻找要填入单词的反义词。
4同源词复现
同源词复现指相同词根构成的不同词性的单词在文章中反复出现。很多英语单词的构成有其规律，这些单词一般由三部分组成：词根、前缀和后缀。词根决定单词意思，前缀改变单词词义，后缀决定单词词性。比如selfish，unselfish词根都是-self-，词义与“自我”有关；circle，bicycle的词根是“circ-”或“-cycle”，词义与“圆”有关；cent，centigrade，century，centimeter的词根都是“cent-”，意义与“百”有关。不难看出，同根词有些词根比较明显，有些则需要更多构词法方面的知识才能看出来。在完形填空题中，运用同根词有时可以解出一些较难的题。
5上、下义词复现
上义词和下义词是相对的一对概念。上义词具有概括的作用。在篇章中，有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述，再分述。概述时用的为上义词，分述则用比较具体的下义词。例如：animal是对horse，cow，Iamb，zebra，Iion等词的概括，是它们的上义词，反过来horse，cow，lamb，zebra，lion又是animal的下义词，比较具体。解完形填空题时，往往可通过下义词概括上义词或通过上义词推断下义词。在解答完形填空题时，考生应注意分析这种分总或总分关系，选择适当的表达方式。
6概括词复现
为了避免词语重复使用过多给人造成词汇贫乏、苍白乏味之感，在语篇中有关人、物、事或地点时，可由一些代表上述概念的词语替代，如people，man，thing等，增强语篇的衔接力。概括词复现与上、下义词复现的不同在于，概括词不一定是同一个范畴的词汇，而上、下义词则更严格。如：
Susan went to France last month.She has never been to the place.第二句中的place和前面的France属于概括词复现关系。
Michael Greenberg is a very popular New Yorker...For those people，he is“Gloves”Greenberg.How did he get that name name就是对“Gloves”Greenberg的概括，属概括词复现。
典型真题
例1：
Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem to spend their lives accumulating“stuff”.Once they’ve gathered enough stuff，they have to find places to store all of it.If Carlin were to update that routine today，he could make the same observation about computer information.It seems that everyone with a computer spends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to 2 it.（华中科技大学2012年）
2.A.store B.update C.process D.acquaintance
【名师点评】A。原词复现。与前两句对比，动词find为重现，a way to与前两句的places to对应，答案可能是前两句重现的动词store；同时由空格后的it指代的是前面的data，store与data搭配符合上下文逻辑。
例2：
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info（information）rich and the info poor.And that 51 does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.（四川大学2012年）
51.A.divide B.information C.world D.lecture
【名师点评】A。原词复现。根据空格前的that判断，空格填入的词与文中首句的digital divide为重现关系。故答案为A，意为“鸿沟”。
例3：
They claim that our highly evolved brain provides is with an 41 language ability not found in lower organisms.Supporters of this innateness theory say that our potential for language is inborn，but that language itself develops gradually，as a function of the growth of the brain during childhood.Therefore there are critical biological times for language development.（浙江大学2012年）
41.A.innate B.basic C.inspiring D.outgoing
【名师点评】A。同源词复现。下一句中出现innateness。故答案为A，意为“先天语言”。
例4：
Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids’attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider....
Shawn Green，a psychologist at the University of Minnesota，points out that the study doesn’t distinguish between the type of 27 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school...（中国科学院2013年）
27.A.competition B.technique C.attention D.strategy
【名师点评】C。原词复现。全文的主题就是在研究不同的attention。首句就出现attention一词。故答案为C。(https://www.daowen.com)
实战演练
1.Another benefit is that the removal of exchange rate____between the countries of the EU would provide much more assurance to corporate location decisions.At present，a company takes account of the risk of exchange rate variation in its location decision，and this may lead it to scatter its plants across the various economies，to hedge against the risk of exchange rate variation.
A.float B.variations C.difference D.variety
2.As I watched several people go by，get into their cars and drive off，I____an old man on a bicycle with a bucket on its handle and a basket of rags and bottles on its back-carriage.He moved from one car to another，washing and cleaning them.From the water on the ground，it seemed that he had already finished washing and cleaning about a dozen or more cars.He must have begun to work quite early in the morning.
A.noticed B.recognized C.called D.assisted
3.Forcing yourself to recall almost never helps because it doesn’t____your memory；it only tightens it.
A.loosen B.weaken C.decrease D.reduce
4.Of wealth，power and prestige，power is the hardest to measure.Most studies are nothing more than an average of guesses about where power is found.Many forms of power are so well hidden that only its holders know the source.Because it’s so hard to，and tied to ideology，the subject of power is a source of much debate in sociology.
A.test B.measure C.balance D.detect
5.Addresses of webpages also appear in other more conventional media，such as magazines，newspapers and television programs，and on posters.Webpages，in their turn，facilitate access to information made available by other____of media，for example，collections held in libraries or programs broadcast on television.
A.modes B.forums C.shapes D.forms
6.The term“quality of life”is difficult to define.It____a very wide scope such as living environment，health，employment，food，family life，friends，education，material possessions，leisure and recreation，and so on.
A.composes B.consists C.covers D.constitutes
7.Education is too important to take____，when people take anything for seriously，hey put on blinders which cause them to miss the important aspects of what is going on around them...I believe the accountability movement has encouraged many educators to take education too seriously.When we take education too seriously，we put standardized tests scores above children，we put lesson plans above teachers，and we put on our blinders，only to see a rather small segment of the child—that segment that can be got easily rather than looking at the child as a whole.
A.up B.seriously C.easily D.over
8.Music comes in many forms；most countries have a style of their own.At the turn of the century when jazz was born，America had no prominent____of its own.No one knows exactly when jazz was invented or by whom.
A.music B.song C.melody D.style
9.But it began to be heard in the early 1900s.Jazz is America’s contribution to____music.In contrast to classical music，which follows formal European traditions，jazz is spontaneous and free form.It bubbles with energy，expressing the moods，interests，and emotions of the people.
A.classical B.sacred C.popular D.light
10.The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more____.The new experiments，such as those described for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis，suggest fascinating explanations for the purpose of non-REM sleep.
A.subtle B.obvious C.mysterious D.doubtful
答案解析
1.B。原词复现。本句为本段的主题句，指出单一货币的另一个优点是可以消除欧盟国家之间的exchange rate差别。由下文多次提到的exchange rate variation可知，所填词应是variation的原词复现，故答案为B（变化）。
2.A。同义复现。句中watched与noticed是同义复现。句意：我往下看时，noticed（注意到了）一个老人……。故答案为A。
3.A。反义复现。前后两部分互为诠释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义复现。从下文tighten可判定，空格处应填入loosen。
4.B。原词复现。根据上下文句意：“因为如此难以测定……”这里应该填写具有“衡量，测定”的单词意思。只有选项measure合适。并且该段首句已出现这个词，有提示。test“进行测验”，含义是以某种手段来试一试某人或某物是否达到了一定的标准；balance“权衡比较，使抵消”；detect“查明，发现”，意思不合适。
5.D。上、下义词复现。由上文提到的magazines，newspapers，television programs，posters等多种conventional media，可推断出这里指的是其他媒体形式。form表示“形式”，故答案为D。mode强调模式；forum“论坛，讨论会，会议场所”；shape“外形，形状”。
6.C。上、下义词复现。本句主语it指代quality of life，它与后面列举的living environment，health，employment，food，...是 上、下义词复现关系，故答案为covers（包括，包含，涉及）。compose用于be composed of结构，consist表示“组成”时需与of连用，constitute（组成），应该是下义词在前，上义词在后。
7.B。原词复现。根据词汇复现的原则，全文多次提到seriously一词。此句的意思是：因为教育太重要，所以我们不能对它太严肃了。下文讲如果我们严肃地对待一件事情会产生消极影响，因为不想产生这种消极影响，所以不能对它太严肃了。故答案为B。
8.D。原词复现。根据上文所说的大多数国家都有自己的音乐style（风格），而美国却没有自己突出的……，后面也应该是风格，故答案为D。
9.C。反义复现。in contrast to表明此处应遵循反义复现的原则。popular music是指“流行音乐”，与classical music（古典音乐）相对。jazz（爵士乐）是流行音乐的一种，故答案为C。
10.C。同义复现。开头说的the purpose of non-REM sleep和结尾的the purpose of non-REM sleep遥相呼应，而在后文的fascinating就提示空格应填与其同义的词，故答案为mysterious（神秘的，为之着迷的）。