二、长句的翻译
翻译长句时,首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系(因果、时间顺序等),再按照汉语特点和表达方式,准确地译出原文的意思,不拘泥于原文的形式。
(一)长句翻译的步骤
•紧缩主干(找出主句主语、谓语及宾语)
•区分主从(析出从句并找出从句的主语、谓语及宾语以及修饰关系)
•辨析词义(特别是主干中的词义)
•分清层次(推断句子思维逻辑发展形式及重心)
•调整搭配(特别是主谓及动宾搭配,调整语序)
•润饰词语(选词、炼句并考虑文体的适应性)
(二)长句的翻译方法
英语长句的翻译方法有以下几种:顺译法、分译法、倒置法、拆离法、插入法。
1.顺译法
有些长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后顺序安排,或有些长句原文各句的逻辑关系、表达顺序与汉语完全一致时,可按原文顺序译出。
1)In 2005,it was estimated that there were 132 million children who had lost at least one parent in sub-Saharan Africa,Asia,Latin America and the Caribbean.(中国科学院2012年真题)
分析:该句的主干为it was estimated that...,其中that引导宾语从句there were 132 million children...and the Caribbean,宾语从句中又包括一个who引导的定语从句,修饰132 million children。it为形式主语,真正的主语是there were 132 million children who had lost at least one parent in sub-Saharan Africa,Asia,Latin America and the Caribbean。可按照句子顺序依次译出。
译文:2005年,据统计,在撒哈拉以南的非洲地区、亚洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比海有共计1.32亿儿童失去父亲或母亲。
2)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy America fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.(山东大学2013年真题)
分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true...,since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中,that做主语,makes做谓语,it做形式宾语,不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部to combine是主干,few farmers是宾语,with high yields是状语),possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。
后面的“since...”是表示解释说明的,所以将它的译文安排在句末。但为了使它后面的低值信息能与前句构成连贯,必须对前面的话适当重复,使两句间的过渡自然。使该长句与它前面的成分能有机连贯,整个句子便体现出顺译法的特点。
译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国方式继续下去了。在这种耕种方式下,投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2.分译法
有时英语长句中主句与从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可按汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句中的从句或短语化为句子,分开来叙述;为使语意连贯,有时还可适当增加词语。
Online newspapers are a look into the future and just pondering it raises the question of whether it isn't nicer getting your daily news curled up in your favorite chair with your ballpoint pen handy to circle items of interest,or scissors ready to snip out articles you want to save.(同济大学2008年真题)
分析:句子较长且较为复杂。首先,句子的主干为两个并列句Online newspapers are a look into the future and...pondering it raises the question of...。a look into the future表示“对未来的展望”。重点讲解并列句的第二部分:...pondering it raises the question of...主语pondering it,谓语raises,宾语the question,of后面表示对这个question进行修饰的具体内容,从整体看the question....是raises后的宾语从句,此宾语从句中又包含了whether引导的介词宾语从句。Whether...是对the question的限定和补充说明。...or...前后是两个并列的部分,可分别独立翻译,化整为零。
译文:在线报纸是对未来的一种展望。只要一想到它,你就会提出这样的问题:每天蜷缩在舒适的椅子上,顺手用圆珠笔将你感兴趣的内容圏出来,或用剪刀剪下你希望保留的文章,这样是不是更好?
3.倒置法
有些复杂长句中的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,翻译时必须对原文有些成分的位置进行调整,才能译出符合汉语习惯的译文来。
She was incensed,her anger exacerbatedby the fact that Justin had breezed into the house,found her in the kitchen,taken off his shirt with a smile and said,“Got it!”(武汉大学2011年真题)
分析:这个句子的主干为She was incensed,her anger exacerbated by the fact that,that之后为同位语从句修饰fact,在这个同位语从句中,又有四个并列的谓语动词had breezed...found...taken off...said...按照汉语先发生的事先叙述以及条件在先结果在后的习惯,这个句子可逆着原文顺序译出。
译文:她被激怒了;当贾斯汀匆匆进了房间,发现她在厨房里后,脱掉他的衬衫,微笑着说:“我拿到了!”她更加愤怒了。
4.拆离法
有些复杂长句的一些成分从长句主干中拆离,组成句子或短语(另作处理),才能译出符合汉语表达习惯的译文来。
The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used.(北京航空航天大学2010年真题)
分析:这个句子由一个主句The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes...和一个让步状语从句although...组成,破折号部分为插入语。其中although引导的让步状语从句部分,又包含that引导的宾语从句,宾语从句中rather than...部分顺译不是很合适,可拆出,另行处理。
译文:此外,细菌还含有大量参与合成人类生命必需化学物质(包括2种B类维生素和某些必需氨基酸)的基因。不过,研究小组仅指出了此类代谢途径的存在,但未予证实。
5.插入法
利用破折号、括号等一些处理文字的标点符号,将难以处理的句子成分插入译句中,使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯。
(1)利用破折号将难处理的句子成分插入译句中
Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads,and on pedestrian awareness everywhere,would be a better use of limited funds than reversing a sensible change that recognizes reality and improves enforcement.(湖北省博士生入学考试(非英语专业)2013年真题)
分析:句子的主语较长,是由and连接的两个并列成分:Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads,and on pedestrian awareness everywhere,than引导的比较状语从句中含有一个that引导的同位语从句,该部分可利用破折号插入译句中。
译文:专注于二级公路的改善以及提高普遍的行人意识比扭转正在发生的合理改变能够更好地利用有限的资金——后者要求承认现实,提高执行力。(https://www.daowen.com)
(2)利用括号将难处理的句子成分插入译句中
A rainy-day fund,which your savings plan can feed,should cover about six months of income.(华中科技大学2011年真题)
分析:句子中含有一个非限定性定语从句,修饰句子的主语A rainy-day fund。如果按照定语翻译成“来自你的攒钱计划的应急基金”,属“死译”,显得不通顺。翻译时可以利用括号将难以处理的成分插入译句中。
译文:应急基金(这笔钱可以来自你的攒钱计划),应该相当于大约六个月的收入。
由于长句所包括的语法现象比较复杂,长句的翻译实际上是各种技巧与译法的综合运用。上面所举的译例自然不能概括所有长句的处理方法。对于长句的译法,还需要我们在翻译实践中在现有的规律的基础上充分发挥翻译的创造性,从中不断探索和总结新的表达规律。
每日训练
长句翻译练习
1)The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its function.
2)The global economy that boomed in the 1960s,growing at an average of 5.5 percent a year,and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent a-year rate in the mid-1970s,simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.
3)The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs,even to start an electric motor,is almost unbelievable.
4)There is also distressing possibility that Alunni isn't quite the catch the police thought.
5)Characteristically,Tedder concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
6)There is a tide in the affairs not only of men but of women too,which,taken at the flood,leads on to fortune.
7)Next door,a large-than-expected audience of 300 attended the Fifteenth International Conference on Laser Atmospheric Studies.
8)I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain all active and energetic member of the European Community.
9)This land,which once barred the way of weary travelers,now has become a land for winter and summer vacations,a land of magic and wonder.
10)It is extraordinary that in all the years the British spent in Egypt they never got to know the real people of Egypt.
11)He was again placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast.
12)Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
13)The big problem of comprehension of the English text and the bigger problem of how to express it in rich,present-day Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial both have to be solved in the course of translation.
14)Learning is,in too many cases,but a foil to common sense,a substitute for true knowledge.Books are less often made use of as spectacles to look at nature with,than as blinds to keep out its strong light and shifting scenery from weak eyes and indolent disposition.
15)Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it,the amount and sources of funds,membership,and names and salaries of their representatives.
参考译文
1)联合国大会得设立其认为于行使职务所必需之辅助机关。
2)世界经济在20世纪60年代很繁荣,平均每年以5.5%的比率增长,到了20世纪70年代中期仍以平均每年4.5%的比率增长,但是在1981年到1982年间就完全停止增长了。
3)鱼能发电,其强度足以点亮小灯泡,甚至能开动马达,这个想法简直令人难以置信。
4)还存在这样一种可能性:被抓住的那位阿路尼不见得就是警察当局所设想的那位头号人物。当然,这种可能性说出来叫人泄气。
5)特德没有表露自己的感情,只是察言观色,心领神会。这是他的特点。
6)人生在世,有时会走运,抓住时机,就能飞黄腾达。不但男人如此,女人也一样。
7)隔壁大厅里,参加第十五届国际激光大气研究会议的人数竟达300名之多,这真是出乎意料。
8)我坚信,英国应该继续保持为欧洲共同体中积极而充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。
9)这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光景物蔚为奇观;而从前精疲力竭的旅游者只能到此止步。
10)英国人在埃及消磨的岁月这么长久,而对真正的埃及人民却一无所知,这是颇不寻常的。
11)他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工人骚乱而再次遭到软禁。
12)假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们,昆虫会吞噬我们所有的庄稼,害死我们的牛羊家畜,使我们不能生存于世。
13)了解英语原意是一个大问题,现代汉语既然是文言和口语兼收并蓄,那么怎么用这样丰富多彩的文字来表达英文原文是一个更大的问题,这两个问题在翻译中都要得到解决。
14)书本理应是人们观察自然的透镜,却常常被眼力不够和生性懒惰的人用来遮光护眼,好使他们对自然的光芒和变幻的景色视而不见。那种把学识当做常识的陪衬,以学识代替真知的人真是太多了。
15)国会已制定法律,要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱、怎样花的、款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。