汉译英基础知识储备

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
二、汉译英基础知识储备

做好汉译英题,考生需要把握:大意是关键(问题现状、产生原因、造成影响、人们观点、合理建议),语句有逻辑(并列、转折、因果、条件、对比),用词需斟酌(词性、拼写、近义词选择),语法有重点(名词的单复数、动词的时态、语态、动词的重复)。

首先来回顾一下几种基本句型:

(一)简单句

1.主语+谓语(不及物动词)(+状语)

例句:教育的发展是如此之快。(武汉大学2008年真题)

译文:Education has developed so fast.

2.主语+谓语+宾语

例句:人们用各种形式来庆贺这两个特殊的日子。(北京师范大学2008年真题)

译文:People celebrate these two special days in various forms.

3.主语+系动词+表语(名词、形容词、to do、副词、介词短语、动词-ing)

感官动词有:feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear等。

典型的系动词有:be,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come,run等。

表示状态的动词有:remain,continue,stay,keep,rest,prove,turn等。

例句:世界博览会是展示人类灵感和思想的长廊。(复旦大学2010年真题)

译文:World Expositions are galleries of human inspirations and thoughts.

4.双宾语(主语+谓语+直接宾语+to/for/of+间接宾语)

可以跟双宾语的动词常见的有:ask,bring,buy,cost,fetch,give,hand,lend,pass,pay,read,return,sell,send,show,take,teach,tell,write等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前,若将间接宾语置于直接宾语之后,则要用介词to或for。

例句:这也一定会给国家的经济和社会发展带来巨大的压力。(浙江大学2011年真题)

译文:It will bring tremendous pressures to the development of the nation's economy and society.

(二)复合句

1.that引导的主语从句

据说……It is said that...

据显示……It is shown that...

据报道……It is reported that...

据观察……It is observed that...

据统计……It is estimated that...

很显然……It is obvious that...

据观察……It can be seen that...

据发现……It can be found that...(https://www.daowen.com)

众所周知……It is well-known that...

很容易证明……It can be easily proved that...

例句:众所周知,综合国力与生产效率是决定一国汇率强弱的根本因素。(南京大学2010年真题)

译文:It is well-known that comprehensive national strength and production efficiency are fundamental factors which determine a country's exchange rate.

2.宾语(that可以省略)从句、表语从句(that一般不省略)

他们知道……They know(that)...

他们认为……They believe(that)...

他们表示……They show(that)...

他们了解……They understand(that)...

他们指出……They point out(that)...

原因在于……The reason is that...

相同在于……The similarity is that...(The similarities are that...)

不同在于……The difference is that...(The differences are that...)

优点在于……The advantage is that...(The advantages are that...)

缺点在于……The disadvantage is that...(The disadvantages are that...)

例句:他们说,蚂蚁这种低级昆虫预示软件设计革命的到来。(哈尔滨工业大学2002年真题)

译文:They say that the low-level insects,ants,herald the arrival of the software design revolution.

3.定语从句(先行词+关系代词(副词)+完整句子)

例句:有专家说1990年到2033年是中国的“人口红利”(population bonus)期,出生率下降,老龄人口还不算太多,这一时期是有助于经济发展的。(浙江大学2011年真题)

译文:Some experts said the birth rate of China is decreased and the number of old people is not large yet in the time between 1999 to 2003,which is good for thedevelopment of economy and can be considered as the population bonus of China.

(三)并列句

伴随关系:along with/with+名词,动名词,As+完整句子

并列关系:not only,but also,...

转折关系:although,though,but,however,...

因果关系:because,since,as,so that,therefore,thus,...

举例关系:such as,like,as,including,for example,for instance,...

例句:虽然在前进中也遇到这样或那样一些困难和风险,但我们都顺利地解决了。(对外经济贸易大学2008年)

译文:We have come across various difficulties and risks in the course of our advance;however,we have successfully overcome them.(并列句转折关系)

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