局部细节类考题
局部细节类题在总题量中占相当大的比例，大约80%，而主旨题占大约20%。有的同学可能会问：难道没有别的题型了？其实很多题型之间的关系是重叠的，不能划分得十分清楚，很多时候是对同一问题不同角度的描述。比如说，某推断类题针对文章的细节进行推断，我们既可以说它是细节类题也可以说它是推断类题。如果是对全文的态度，那态度类题很可能又属于主旨大意题；如果是针对文中某一具体事实的态度，很可能属于细节类题。细节类题最主要的特征是针对文章中一句或几句的局部细节提问。这种题不需要考生了解文章的结构线索和主要内容，只需知道局部的具体信息就可以了。主题类题和细节类题的关系就好比“中医”和“西医”的关系，主题类题就相当于“中医”，讲究“整体”；而细节类题就相当于“西医”，体现“头痛医头，脚痛医脚”的特征。所以在解答这两种题的时候，整体的思路是完全不同的。
局部细节类题主要有三种：事实细节类题、猜测词义类题和推断类题。
（一）事实细节类题
1.事实细节类题的解题流程
解题的信息来自原文，且只能来自原文，而不能靠自己的主观臆断或其他的背景知识来选择答案。为了实现上述目标并且能够快速、客观、准确地解题，科学的做题流程就显得十分重要了。根据多年的教学和实践经验，我们总结出如下四步解题流程，请大家熟记下面的表格。
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2.事实细节类题的原文特征及考点
在熟悉了事实细节类题的解题流程后，我们还应关注能出细节类题的原文特征。因为，只有熟知出题人的出题规律，才能做到胸有成竹，把握阅读重点。其实考生自己也知道，并不是每个细节都能出题，那么命题的考点经常在哪里呢？主要有两个地方，一个是细节列举的逻辑关系处，另外一个就是我们在“基础篇”为大家讲解的十大惯用句式的长难句处。现将7个考点总结如下。
（1）列举处常考
列举处是指用First（ly），Second（ly），Third（ly），Finally；Not only
but also；Then；in addition；Furthermore；Moreover；Above all；On the one hand
on the other hand等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的事实。要求考生从列举出的内容中，选出符合题干要求的答案项。
例文：Among the many shaping factors，I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools；a labor force that welcomed the new technology；the practice of giving premiums to inventors；and above all the American genius for nonverbal，spatial thinking about things technological.
According to the author，the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to____.
A.elementary schools B.enthusiastic workers
C.the attractive premium system D.a special way of thinking
【答案】D
【解析】文章列举了几个事实，分别用“；”分开，问题是“依据作者的观点，美国早期的发明大爆炸主要是因为什么？”首先回原文定位，题目中的中心词in a large part对应文章中的above all，所以答案为D项，意思是“特别的思维方式”。文章中提到了基础教育、热情的工人、奖金激励机制，它们都是shaping factors。但是题目问的是最主要的，所以其他三个选项不正确。考生在做此类题的时候需要特别注意上面提到的表示顺承关系的词语，它们可以帮助我们在考试中迅速地找到答案。
（2）例证处常考
为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常由as，such as，for example，for instance，take
as an example等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为了命题者提问的焦点。
例文：In talking to some scientists，particularly younger ones，you might gather the impression that they find the“scientific method”—a substitute for imaginative thought.I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.The scientist has frowned，looked at the graphs，and said“the data are still inconclusive.”“We know that，”the men from the budget office have said，“but what do you think？Is it worthwhile going on？What do you think we might expect？”The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
It seems that some young scientists____.
A.have a keen interest in prediction B.often speculate on the future
C.think highly of creative thinking D.stick to the“scientific method”
【答案】D
【解析】从“I’ve attended research conferences
”可知，文章明显是在阐述具体事例，来说明第一句话的内容，所以，我们要详读第一句，而不读例子。第一句话you might gather the impression that they find the“scientific method”—a substitute for imaginative thought中，that引导的是一个同位语从句，其中，substitute是核心词汇，在这里用作名词，是“代替”的意思。所以D是正确答案。同时，本题也是一个3-1型选项模式，A、B、C三个选项都是一个意思，由此也可推出D项为正确答案。
（3）转折对比处常考
一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过however，but，yet，in fact等词语来引导，强对比常由like，unlike，until，not so much
as等词语引导。
例文：Two key figures in American command arrangements in World WarⅡwere President Franklin D.Roosevelt and General George C.Marshall，Chief of Staff of the army who enjoyed Roosevelt’s almost complete confidence.Even now historians are not agreed on the extent of Roosevelt’s role as commander-in-chief，nor on the nature of his relations with Marshall and the other staff heads comprising the Joint Chiefs of Staff.According to one view，Roosevelt was a somewhat passive war director，concerned only with winning the war quickly and largely reliant on the advice of his top military assistants.Professor Samuel P.Huntington，in The Soldier and the State（1957），states flatly that“the military ran the war”.Nevertheless，says Professor William Emerson in military affairs the picture of the passive Roosevelt is deceiving.When the President wanted to，he could intervene in military affairs powerfully and decisively.
1）Professor Huntington and Emerson____.
A.agree that Roosevelt was a somewhat passive war director
B.agree that the military ran the war
C.disagree as to the extent of Roosevelt’s role as commander-in-chief
D.believe that the President could，and often did intervene in military affairs
powerfully and decisively
【答案】C
【解析】通过原文第二句中的historians are not agreed，可见他们二人肯定是对一个问题持有不同的态度，所以A、B、D三项排除；C项为historians的意见，所以是正确答案。
通过后文的nevertheless也可以推断出，他们持有不同的态度。
2）According to Professor Emerson，Roosevelt____.
A.sometimes took an active role in making military decisions
B.had a passive role in military affairs
C.was closely supervised by the Joint Chiefs of Staff
D.had little control of the war machine
【答案】A
【解析】问题中此人的意见就是文章最后一句话，罗斯福可以在任何他愿意的时候干预军队，所以答案为A项。
（4）比较处常考
含有比较级的选项应该说是应用更为广泛的选项，因为它不仅用于定位，也用于排除选项，因为无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较经常出现在干扰选项中。只有我们标记并且关注到了原文中的比较，才能够较为顺利地排除这样的干扰。
例文：The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe.In Sweden，Norway，Finland，Denmark and the Netherlands，government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life is considered normal.In Great Britain，this is only somewhat less true.Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continued to do so.Only West Germany dares to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe.It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy.
Which of the following inferences is true，according to this passage？
A.The economy developed faster in welfare states than in non-welfare states.
B.French government is more active in regulating its economy.
C.The new protectionism is so called mainly because it is the latest.
D.Government plays a more active role in economic life in Northern Europe than in Great Britain.
【答案】D
【解析】A项是比较错误的选项，原文最后一句指出：“没有过多干预经济的联邦德国是西欧最成功的经济体”，正好与A项的内容相反。B项是一个无端比较的选项，因为原文只拿英国和北欧进行了比较，而没有和法国进行比较。C项在原文中没有提到；原文的第三句中somewhat less true是明显的比较，所以D项为正确答案。
（5）因果句常考
命题者常依据文中的因果句，出一些考查文中两个事件内在因果关系的试题，或出一些概括文意、段意的试题。
例文：Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills—logical reasoning，grammar，even sense of humor—people who essentially were inept（无能的；蠢的）never realized it，while those who had some ability were self-critical.
It had little to do with innate modesty，Kruger said，but rather with a central paradox： Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically.Once they get those skills，they know where they stand，even if that is at the bottom.
Why do incompetent people rarely know they are inept？
A.They are too inept to know what competence is.
B.They are not skillful at logical reasoning，grammar，and sense of humor.
C.They lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically.
D.They have some ability to over-criticize themselves.
【答案】C
【解析】先根据题干中的关键词“inept”，定位到第一段的宾语从句中，可见这里讲的是结果，而题干问的是这种现象的原因，所以我们得再往下读。第二段第一句It had little to do with
（和……没关系），这里因果关系连词出现了，于是我们可以把答案定位到：Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically.（无能的人缺少能力现实地评价自己的表现。），与C项内容正好一致，所以C项为正确答案。
A项在文章中没有提到，B项中提到的三种skills在文中只是作为例子来说明人们经常会在这些地方意识不到自己的愚蠢，D项明显与题目的意思相反。
（6）复杂句常考
复杂句常是命题者的出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，其考点就是我们在“基础篇”为大家讲解的十大惯用结构和长难句分析。
例文1：Although America has obviously not fulfilled the visionary hope entertained for it in the romantic heyday，Americans have，until recently，thought of themselves as an idea，a“proposition”（in Lincoln’s word）set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind.
The writer states that，until recently，Americans have thought of their country as a.
A.source of enlightenment B.leader in technological progress
C.recipient of European heritage D.peacemaker
【解析】原文画线部分属于（N1，+N2+名词扩展）句型。N1是“an idea”，N2是“proposition”，名词扩展是set up for the enlightenment，由此可推出“idea=proposition=being set up for the enlightenment”，所以A项为正确答案。而B、C和D三项的内容在原文中没有出现。
例文2：By having a right to everything，men want everything.Government is a contrivance（发明）of human wisdom to provide for human wants.Men have a right that these wants should be provided for by this wisdom.Among these wants is to be reckoned the want，out of civil society，of a sufficient restraint upon their passions.
According to the author，government____.
A.is made by men B.is made in virtue of natural rights
C.has a right to everything D.wants everything
【答案】A
【解析】答案应是对这句话的改写：“Government is a contrivance（发明）of human wisdom
（政府是人类智慧的发明）”，因此A项为正确答案。D项为最大的混淆项，第一句中“By having a right to everything，men want everything”，动名词having的逻辑主语为men，而不是题干中的government，所以D项为错误答案。
（7）指代处常考
我们做阅读理解题目时常碰到这样的问题：
➢ The word“it”in Line 3 most probably refers to____.
➢ In Line 3，the word“one”could best be replaced by____.
➢ What does the word“they”in Line 3 refer to？
这种指代性的题目有一定的难度。从对历年考试中这种题目的得分来看，答对比率只有33%左右。因为它要求考生对代词所在句以及紧邻几个句子的结构和意思都要有准确的理解。指代通常有两种情况：指代单个词或词组；指代句子意思。
在具体解答这类问题时，我们应注意以下几点：
➢ 注意指代条件：每个代词都有自己的指代条件，如单数、复数、可数、不可数、先行词的远近等要求。
● it指代单数可数名词或不可数名词；指物不指人；可以指代前面一句话的意思。
● they指代复数可数名词；指物指人都可以；一般不能指代前面一句话的意思。
● one指代单数可数名词；可以指前面的人；一般不能指代前面一句话的意思。
● that指代单数可数名词或不可数名词；可以指代前面一句话的意思。
● this指代单数，可数名词或不可数名词；可以指代前面一句话的意思。
● which在非限制性定语从句中，既可以指代名词，也可以指代句子。
➢ 如果代词周围有好几个名词或词组，而且都符合指代条件，就要分析哪一个选项符合文章的意思。
➢ 将四个选项试着代入，看哪一项符合搭配，包括句子的语法意义和逻辑意义。
（1）复数指代人的题目
例句：The basketball team never lacked vociferous supporters，but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
【解析】文中的黑体字they若是指高声呼叫的支持者，则与后面的意思（对这种热情很少做出回应）不合。因此，they只能指代球队球员。(https://www.daowen.com)
（2）宾格指代型题目
例句：Scott Fitzgerald，who first introduced him to a publisher，was one of the few contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against.
【解析】文中黑体字him若指的是主语Scott Fitzgerald，则应该用反身代词himself，而不能用him，因此，这里的him指代后文中的Hemingway。
以上7点为事实细节类题经常考查的重要考点，为了让大家更为系统地掌握这些考点，我们将它总结至下表中。
（续）
阅读时注意细节的安排方式，跳过那些与题目无关的细节，就可以迅速在相应的位置找到题目的原文回现，最后与选项一一对比，找出正确答案。
（二）猜测词义类题
猜词技巧是阅读中一项非常重要和常用的技巧，是应对生词、确定词汇在具体语言环境中确切含义的手段。阅读中的生词不是孤立的，而是与其上下文中的词、句乃至整个篇章，在意义上、结构上和逻辑上存在联系，这些联系便是我们推测词义的依据，通常简称为词的上下文线索（context clues）。所以，从根本上说，猜测词义题就是通过原文的已知线索，猜测出一些未知信息，而不是考查考生到底背了多少词汇。我们将从如下几方面来论述如何解答猜测词义题。
1.猜测词义类题的解题流程
考生要坚信：猜测词义类题是根据原文的信息来猜，而绝非靠自己的主观臆断，所以找到原文的线索词就是解题的关键。同时，需要注意的是，一个单词通常有好几个意思，我们要解决的是这些词在文中所表达的意思。因此，不可脱离上下文的“线索词”而仅仅根据自己以前了解的词义来确定其意义。在下面的专题中，我们将介绍如何才能找到这些“线索词”。
2.如何寻找上下文的“线索词”
猜测词义通常可采用以下几种方法。
（1）利用生词上下文中的解释线索猜测词义
例：Our earth is very old.It holds many secrets about life in the past.Archaeologists dig in the ground and bring out these secrets.They discover objects thousands of years old that inform us about how people lived long ago.
【解析】如果不熟悉archaeologists的意思，可以根据上下文中的in the past（过去）、dig in the ground（挖掘土地）、objects thousands of years old（成千上万年前的物件）等推测，该词与“挖掘历史和过去”有关，该词词缀为-ist，即“做……的人”，综合来看，该词的意思为“考古工作者”。
（2）利用文中的举例猜测词义
例：Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares，circles and triangles.
【解析】如果不知道geometric forms的意思，可从文中所列举的三角形、正方形、圆形来猜出其意义为“几何图形”。
（3）利用后置的名词扩展结构猜测词义
例：The invention of snorkel，a long air tube that reaches up to the surface，has made it possible for submarines to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.
【解析】句中snorkel一词的意思，可通过其同位语a long air tube that reaches up to the surface来猜得，由此我们可以确定该词的意思为“通气管”。
（4）利用文中的反义词猜测词义
表示转折或对比的词有but，while，however，otherwise等。
例：Unlike her gregarious sister，Jane is a shy person，who does not like to go to parties，or to make new friends.
【解析】根据句中的Unlike，可知“shy person，who does not like to go to parties，or to make new friends”应该表达了与gregarious相反的意思，所以gregarious的意思为“好交际的”。
（5）利用同义、近义词或词组猜测词义
例：One of the predominant concerns today is the future of our natural resources.This issue is ofgreatest importance because it is becoming clear to many people that our present resources will not last forever.
【解析】可猜测句中predominant的词义与of greatest importance的意思相近，因为第一句话中的concerns和第二句话中的issue所指相同，所以predominant是“十分重要的，压倒一切的”的意思。
（6）利用下文中下定义的句子猜测词义
例：An expedition is a long，organized trip or journey，which is made into an unfamiliar area for a particular purpose by a group of people.
【解析】句中“long，organized trip or journey（长期有组织的远行）”和后面which引导的定语从句Which is made into an unfamiliar area（去不熟悉的地方）进一步解释了expedition之意为“远征”。
（7）利用构词法猜测词义
这种方法可以使考生知道所要猜测词的大概意思，至少知道这个词是肯定还是否定的含义。但是具体这个词是什么意思，考生还是要回归到原文的线索词中，切不可凭背景知识主观臆断。
构词法主要有两种，一种是前、后缀构词法；另一种是合成构词法。下面我们就为大家一一讲解。
1）英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的“缀”往往表示特定的含义，把握这一点，可做到“以不变应万变”。
例如：He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过，过于”之意，overwork的意思就是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如：overburden“负担过重”；overcharge“要价过高”；overdo“做得过分”。
英语中常用的前缀还有：
➢ mis-错、误：misfortune“不幸”；mislead“误导”；mismanage“处理不当”
➢ mid-中央：midnight“半夜”；midway“半路”
➢ under-低于：underdone“半生不熟的”；underestimate“低估”
➢ anti-反对：antibody“抗体”；anticyclone“反气旋”；antifreeze“防冻剂”
2）合成构词法指的是把英语中的两个单词连接在一起。
例如：Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening，and everyone partakes in for fun.
根据短语构成及上下文意思看，句中的partakes in相当于takes part in。
再如：break out→outbreak（名词“爆发”）；set out→outset（名词“起始”）；come in→income（名词“收入”）。
3.经典例题解析
在熟悉了如何找到原文中的线索词后，我们通过几道例题，为大家讲解一下以上技巧在考试中的应用。
例文：In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time，most people enjoy a high standard of living；in nations where workers are less productive，most people must endure a more meager existence.
The word“meager”in this paragraph is closest in meaning to“____”.
A.modest B.poor C.meaningless D.plentiful
【答案】B
【解析】本段落中，前后两个分句是对比关系，并构成对仗，因为开头部分都是“in nations where
.”。前半部分的谓语是“produce a large quantity of goods（生产大量的货物）”；后半部分由于有否定词“less productive”，所以意思应该是“生产量低”的意思。由此可知，“meager”应该和“a high standard of living”构成相反含义。“a high standard of living”是“高生活质量”的意思，正好与B项poor（贫穷）意义相反，所以B为正确答案。A项modest（谦虚）和原文无关；C项meaningless（毫无意义的）和原文无关；D项plentiful（大量，许多）和原文语义相反。
例文：Moreover，demographers see the continuing shift South and West as joined by a related but newer phenomenon：more and more，Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people，too.For some instances，regionally，the Rocky Mountain States reported the most rapid growth rate 37.1 percent since 1940 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the U.S.population.
The word“demographers”most probably means____.
A.people in favor of the trend of democracy
B.advocates of migration between states
C.scientists engaged in the study of population
D.conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
【答案】C
【解析】根据题干中的关键词demographers，我们可以定位到第一句话，该词是此句的主语，所以后面的谓语动词和宾语为解题的解释线索。解释线索的意思是：“不断向南方和西方移民又出现了一个相关的新现象。”冒号后为例证，解释这个新现象是什么，即美国人不仅在寻找工作机会多的地方，也在寻找人口更少的地方。由此分析可知：C项“研究人口的科学家”与这种现象的行为最相符，所以为正确答案。
A项中的democracy与题干中的demographers拼写相近，但语义却相距甚远，是“民主”的意思，为拼写上的混淆项；B项“倡导移民”为最大的混淆项，仔细阅读解释线索，它不是号召移民，而是解释了移民的方向，所以B项与原文不符；D项“坚守旧的生活方式的保守主义者”，与解释线索无关。
（三）推断类题
推断类题是阅读理解部分各种类型问题中最难解答的问题，因为它的答案没有直接通过一个明确的句子在文章中陈述出来，而是需要考生以作者表面的论述为基础，利用文章提供的暗示（如用词的选择、论述的详略等）体会作者的言外之意，层层剖析、推导，最后得出正确的判断。在阅读中，人们首先理解的是语言的字面意义。然而，语言所表达的内容常常超过其字面意义，这就需要我们掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法，根据事物发展的自然规律以及语言本身的内在联系，从一定的文字符号中获得尽可能多的信息。
例文1：A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.So，as a police officer，I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime.Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life.It has happened in the area of values.A key ingredient is disappearing，and I think I know what it is：accountability.
We can learn from the first paragraph that it is____.
A.unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil
B.certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it
C.only natural for virtue to defeat evil
D.desirable for good men to keep away from evil
【答案】B
【解析】题目要求考生推断出智者的引言的意思。智者的话“the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing”的字面含义为“邪恶胜利的必要之处是好人什么都不做”，引申后，正好符合B项的说法“如果好人什么都不做，那么邪恶会流行”。
例文2：Of course，we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected.But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident，not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.
It is implied in this paragraph that____.
A.many more computer crimes go undetected than are discovered
B.the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem
C.most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes
D.most computer criminals who are caught blame their bad luck
【答案】A
【解析】A项的意思是：“许多计算机犯罪并没有被发现”。文中提到：The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.（被抓到的实施计算机犯罪的罪犯是极其不幸的。）由此可以推知这句话实际的意思是很多实施计算机犯罪的罪犯都可以逍遥法外，因而A项最合适。B项“计算机犯罪的增加是一个令人头痛的问题”，这个选项与文章意思不符，文中谈到的是计算机犯罪已经很多了，而不是增加的问题；C项“计算机罪犯足够聪明能够掩盖其罪行”，原文说的是“我们偶尔查看，而不是通过具体的安全措施，就可以查出这么多罪犯”，可见罪犯没有被抓获，不是由于他们聪明，而是由于太多了，没办法查；D项“被逮捕的计算机罪犯要归于他们的坏运气”，是对原文错误的理解，文意是“由于太多了，无法全部查出，所以真的被抓获，是自己运气不好”，所以D项为错误答案。
例文3：There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of students.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join.It is，however，presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists，so many businessmen，so many accountants.Besides，this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is____.
A.dependent upon the starting age of candidates
B.worth trying in various social sections
C.of little practical value
D.attractive to every kind of professional
【答案】C
【解析】本段开头提到There are some good arguments for a technical education（对于职业教育，有一些好的方面），紧接着作者介绍了欧洲的职业教育是什么样的。第三句用however开始转折，由此可见，作者对于欧洲的职业教育持负面态度，是不支持的。A项“取决于入学者开始的年龄”，是原文提到的内容，不用推断。B项“值得在各种场合尝试”，为褒义答案，所以错误。C项“没有什么实用价值”，为否定含义，所以正确。D项“吸引各行各业”，是一个褒义答案，所以错误。
例文4：However，very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media，particularly by television.And yet，we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers，listeners and viewers.Even so，true understanding of the journalistic interview，especially television interviews，requires thoughtful analyses and even study，as this book indicates.
The passage is most likely a part of____.
A.a news article B.a journalistic interview
C.a research report D.a preface
【答案】D
【解析】这是一道推理题。我们通过as this book indicates做出判断，这段话属于前言（preface）的一部分。考生很容易会选B项a journalistic interview，因为在原文中多处找到了对应，但是我们需要知道细节类题与推理题最大的不同就在于，后者需要透过现象看本质。直接找到文字对应的往往是陷阱，要特别小心。