Passage 2
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.s.Some have placed the dropouts’loss as high as 50 percent.The extent of the loss was，however，largely a matter of expert guessing.Last week a well-rounded study was published.It was based on 22，000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph.D.requirement，went on to productive work.They are not only doing well financially，but，according to the report，are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week，Dr.Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph.D.programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree.Attrition at the Ph.D.level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity.Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.
“The results of our research”Dr.Tucker concluded，“did not support these opinions.”
1.Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
2.Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
3.Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision，but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination，uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams.Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph.D.program，lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing，a chart showed 2%in humanities were receiving$20，000 and more annually while none of the Ph.D.’s with that background reached this figure.The Ph.D.’s income in the$7，500 to$15，000 bracket with 78%at that level against 50%for the dropouts.This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields，where Ph.D.s tend to rise to the highest salaries，are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus，the outlook was glum.The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
1.The author states that many educators feel that____.
A.steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus
B.the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study
C.the Ph.D.holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout
D.the high dropouts’rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members
2.Research has shown that____.
A.dropouts are substantially below Ph.D.s in financial attainment
B.the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph.D.studies
C.the Ph.D.candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out
D.about one-third of those who start Ph.D.work do not complete the work to earn the degree
3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph.D.____.
A.is the most frequent reason for dropping out
B.is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate
C.is an essential part of many Ph.D.programs
D.does not vary in difficulty among universities
4.After reading the article，one would refrain from concluding that____.
A.optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph.D.dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree
B.a Ph.D.dropout，by and large，does not have what it takes to learn the degree
C.colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph.D.dropouts
D.Ph.D.s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions
5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in____.
A.salary for Ph.D.too low
B.academic requirement too high
C.salary for dropouts too high(https://www.daowen.com)
D.1，000 positions
Words&Expressions
dropout n. 辍学者，中途退学
well-rounded adj. 全面的
attrition n. 缩/减员；磨损
drain n. 枯竭
bracket n. 一类人，（尤指按收入分类的）阶层
lag behind other fields 落后于其他领域
glum adj. 阴郁的
文章大意
教育工作者非常关注博士生辍学的高比率；这对需要博士生的国家是一个人才方面的严重损失。一些国家的博士辍学率高达50%。然而，如此高的辍学率很大程度上只是专家的推测。上周发表了一项全面的调查报告，这份全面调查报告是以22000份调查问卷分送给以前在24所大学就读的博士生为基础的。这份全面调查报告似乎说明过去的许多担心害怕是没有根据的。
辍学率为31%，大多数情况下，辍学者尚未完成博士学位学业，就去从事生产性工作。根据一项报告，他们不仅赚到了钱，而且收入水平并不比那些完成博士学位的人低多少。
经过对上周这次调查研究讨论之后，图赫尔博士说道，发起这项调查是因为高校的教师和管理者经常关注的一个问题是有些未完成博士课程的辍学者有能力完成博士学位。博士水平人员的缩减被认为是宝贵的教授时间的浪费和已经被使用到极限的大学资源的枯竭。有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。
图赫尔博士得出结论，此项研究结果并不支持以上观点：
1.缺乏动力是辍学的主要原因。
2.大多数辍学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。
3.大多数辍学者现在从事的工作和他们所受的教育和动机相一致。
约75%的辍学者说，他们决定辍学并不是出于学术原因，而出于学术原因的辍学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试。19%的辍学者一致认为不能完成博士生课程的最主要的个人原因是缺乏经济来源。
作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2%的人文学科辍学者年收入为20000多美元，没有一个有同样背景的博士生达到这个数目。7000至15000美元年收入者中，博士生为78%，辍学者仅为50%。这也可能表明这样一个事实：在博士能挣到最高工资的学术领域中，高工资仍然落后于其他领域的工资。
至于让辍学者返回校园的可能性，前景不乐观。至少有25%的辍学者可能考虑返回研究生院就读，条件是保证他们保持现有的收入水平，有些还要求保留他们目前的工作。
答案、考点及解析
1.【答案】A
【考点】细节考查题
【解析】A项“许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习。”与第三段最后一句话内容相符：“Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.”B项“辍学者应回到稍低级的学校去完成学业。”C项“有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。”D项“高辍学率的主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。”这三项在文章中均没有提到。
2.【答案】D
【考点】细节考查题
【解析】选项D“约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。”与第二段第一句内容相符：“The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph.D.requirement，went on to productive work.”A项“辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。”是错误的说法，这可以根据倒数第二段得知：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2%人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多美元，没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数目。”B项“在博士学习中刺激因素较小。”C项“博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。”这三项在文中均没有提到。
3．【答案】C
【考点】细节推理题
【解析】选项C“博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。”可以在第五段中有所体现：“约75%的辍学者说，他们决定辍学并不是出于学术的原因，而出于学术原因的辍学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试。”由此看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。其他选项均不符合原文意思。A项“它是辍学最频繁的原因。”B项“它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。”D项“它在大学中的难度并没有不同。”4．【答案】A
【考点】多项推理题
【解析】题干问的是：读完这篇文章，人们不会有哪种结论。可在第五段和最后一段找到答案。第五段提到：(1)缺乏动力是辍学的主要原因。(2)大多数辍学者在博士生课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。(3)大多数辍学者现在从事的工作和他们所受的教育和动机相一致”。最后一段提到：“The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.”B项“博士生辍学者，大体而论，并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。”C项“学院和大学雇用了许多辍学者。”D项“博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。”B、C两项在文章中没有提到；D项说法错误。
5．【答案】A
【考点】推理题
【解析】由倒数第二段“This may also be an indication of the tact that top salaries in the academic fields,where Ph.D.S tend to rise to the highest salaries,are still lagging behind other fields．”可知A项“博士生的工资太低”是对的。B项“学术要求太高”只是某些因学术原因辍学者的强调点。C项“辍学者工资太高”说法错误，工资不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。D项“1000个职位”在文内没有提到。