写作强化训练
Practice One
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
医德医风
随着经济体制市场化改革的逐步深入，我国自20世纪80年代以来对传统的医疗制度进行了一系列的改革。但是，由于医疗制度的复杂性，国内对出台的医疗制度改革方案还存在不少意见分歧。随着医疗卫生改革的不断深入，医德医风建设也面临着新的问题，卫生行业的不正之风已引起了全社会的关注。在新形势下，如何加强医德医风建设，改善行业作风，是摆在医院管理者面前的重大课题。
在医疗卫生战线上，广大职工能够自觉遵守社会主义医德原则和规范，在平凡而又光荣的岗位上兢兢业业地履行着白衣天使的职责，以高尚的医德医风、精湛的医疗技术战斗在救死扶伤的第一线，为保障人民群众的身体健康做出了贡献，受到社会各界人士和人民群众的好评。
但是因受市场经济负面效应的影响，少数医务工作者政治学习有些放松，为人民服务的思想观念有些淡薄，在行业作风建设的认识上产生了误区，表现为重经济效益，轻社会效益，服务意识不强，对患者检查不仔细，诊疗不认真，不按规章制度办事，缺乏责任心。目前热点问题反应较多的是给病员开大处方、检查多、用好药多、费用高，增加了患者的负担。这些问题都属于医德问题，虽是少数人的事，但其影响不可低估，它使医患之间产生了鸿沟，甚至互不信任，直接影响到医疗卫生战线的形象，同时还会给党和政府造成不良影响。
目前我国医疗系统医德医风存在的问题主要有：（1）部分医务人员不讲救死扶伤的人道主义医德观，不讲为人民服务的宗旨，把医疗服务视为商品交换，用等价交换原则看待医患关系。这些少数的害群之马，严重践踏了医疗道德，损坏了医务人员的形象。医术不精，事业心、责任心不强。目前，有些医务人员事业心不强，有的医生满足于一般性的应付，上班无精打采，看病马马虎虎，对患者缺乏热情，缺乏责任心；有的甚至酿成医疗事故，造成医患纠纷；有的给患者留下后遗症，带来终生痛苦；有的使危重患者错过了抢救时间，使患者失去了宝贵的生命。有的护理人员不能做到爱岗尽责，对患者感情冷漠，态度粗暴，甚至动不动以训斥的口气对待患者和家属。患者到医院本来是想得到身心健康的关怀，想不到感受到的却是伤心和寒心。例如：病房里，病人正火冒三丈，护士正在向他道歉：“先生真对不起，你得再打两瓶，上面两瓶忘掺药了！”护士没有责任心，缺乏医德。由此引发的深层思考应该是：在过去几年里，随着医疗投诉的增多，医德问题引起了越来越多的关注。（2）为医不廉，收受好处。有的患者总是怕医生不尽心，觉得送了红包心里才踏实，一些医护人员也就泰然笑纳了。有的医生道德素质较差，暗示甚至索要好处。有的医生被医药代表买通，为了按一定比例获取提成乱开高价药。至于接受请客吃饭，收点土特产则已经不当一回事了。（3）不平衡和消极埋怨的心理。市场经济使一些行业在一定时期内有较大的赢利，社会上一部分人员收入过高，与医务人员的收入差距较大，一些医务人员产生了“拿手术刀不如拿剃头刀”“知识廉价、医疗技术工作低人一等”的不正常心态，这种心态存在于很多医务人员中。（4）部分医务人员在经济利益的驱使下，医德医风削弱，义务感淡薄，在医疗活动中不讲医德，把单纯追求经济利益作为最高准则。认为医疗工作也应全面适应市场经济，就是一切以经济效益为依据，以赚钱获利为目的，拒绝执行国家有关规定和医德规范，一切向钱看。片面追求效益，损害患者利益。一些医疗机构盲目花高价购进大量诊断和治疗设备，为急于收回投资和产生利润，不顾患者需要不需要，照样开单检查。有的医院要搞基本建设，改善环境，就给各科室下创收任务，要求必须完成规定指标，否则不发奖金。如少数医院和科室或个别医生无病当有病看，小病当大病看，不需检查也检查，尽量使用昂贵药品。有的医生习惯于开大处方，不管什么病，都要用最好的药。这些做法，不仅加重了患者负担，而且造成了医疗资源的浪费。所以要全面了解医德医风中存在的问题，有针对性地提出整改建议，并要跟踪督查其整改结果。只有这样，医疗卫生事业才能健康有序地发展。
参考范文
On MedicaⅠEthics
It is an important problem to be solved in modern society—medical ethics.In a word, a patient is flying into a rage because a nurse is apologizing to him,“I’m sorry,sir.You have to be given two more injections because the last two were forgotten to apply medicinal powder.”Over the past years,with the increase of medical complaints,medical ethics receives more and more concerns.Then how to solve the problem?
First and foremost,the conventional concepts about relationships between doctors and patients should be changed.Patients should not be regarded as consumers in terms of a market economy,but as humans whom we are obliged to help;meanwhile,doctors should become the ones who offer help and care for patients,and learn to put themselves in the place of the patients.Moreover,the hospital should formulate related regulations to evaluate doctors not only according to skills,but also medical ethics.Last but not least,many so-called“ethical conflicts”in medical ethics are traceable back to a lack of communication and understanding.These gaps should be remedied,and many insurmountable“ethics” problems can be solved.
In conclusion,joint efforts of both doctors and patients and mutual understanding are helpful in promoting the medical ethics.We believe with the promotion of medical ethics,the relationship between doctors and patients will become more and more harmonious.
Practice Two
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
为了健康吃色彩丰富的食物
水果和蔬菜被赋予彩虹般的色彩，从最浅的灰白色到最深的紫色。他们的色彩来自植物化学物质、天然生物活性的化合物，除了使水果和蔬菜呈现耀眼的颜色外，还有促进健康的作用。事实上，生机盎然的有色水果和蔬菜富含维生素、矿物质、纤维和抗氧化剂。
根据食物金字塔原则，人们每天应该进食9份蔬菜和水果。RUSH大学医学中心的营养学顾问Ventrelle说：“午餐和晚餐盘中饮食至少一半为水果和蔬菜。”应该用胡萝卜条、苹果片或其他自然风味的食品代替那些薯片、小甜饼和棒棒糖。
然而吃哪些蔬菜、水果和吃的次数一样重要，因为不同颜色的食物有不同的健康效益。红色水果和蔬菜，例如番茄、草莓和红豆，含有丰富的维生素C、A，钾和抗氧化物。黄色/橙色水果和蔬菜，包括胡萝卜、桃、南瓜，也有充足的维生素C、A和钾。它们能提高免疫系统的能力和增强视力。蘑菇、香蕉、洋葱和其他白色水果和蔬菜对心脏有好处，有助于控制胆固醇。绿色意味着大量对心脏有保护作用的钾和有助于凝血过程中的维生素K。绿色水果和蔬菜帮助维护视力健康和骨骼、牙齿强壮。深绿色有叶蔬菜中抗氧化物和纤维的含量最高。蓝色/紫色蔬菜包括人们喜爱的越橘、紫葡萄、葡萄干和茄子能提高泌尿系统健康和记忆功能，使老化健康地进行。
Ventrelle说：“尽可能常常选择高纤维的水果和蔬菜。它们使你有饱腹感，留下较小的空间吃一些高热量、高脂肪的食物。”还有一个好处：高纤维饮食与减少罹患癌症复发的危险也有联系。
Ventrelle还建议多吃高抗氧化剂的水果和蔬菜。它们能提高免疫能力，保护血细胞不受自由基影响，促进健康细胞生长，帮助降低中风的危险。
备餐时要注意几件事情：
尽管水果和蔬菜是健康食品，它们并不一定热量低。Ventrelle说：“鳄梨就是一种高脂肪的水果，四分之一鳄梨含100卡的热量。”葡萄干和樱桃是另外两个例子，虽然有益于健康，但热量高。高热量的水果和蔬菜可以适量摄入。
少吃点淀粉类蔬菜。如果你选择马铃薯为佐食，即使专业分类上称作蔬菜，也把它作为淀粉用。玉米也是淀粉类食物。少吃马铃薯和玉米，选择一些其他高纤维的蔬菜。
烹调事宜。Ventrelle说：“如果要烹调新鲜食物，最好火力不要太强。不要用太多的油去煎或炸。蒸或烤比较好。注意如果把蔬菜煮开，就会失去许多健康价值，漏掉营养成分。如果将水倒掉，就把营养成分倒掉了。”
按季节选择食物。选择季节性新鲜水果和蔬菜，确保整年吃到各种各样色彩的食物。比如在秋季的菜谱里增加点南瓜、有茎的蔬菜和不同类型的苹果。
如果得不到新鲜的水果和蔬菜，冰冻的也好。避免吃大量罐装的蔬菜，因为一般有较多的钠。选择以水、天然果汁，而不是糖水罐装的水果。如果喜欢吃水果干，可以适当地吃一点。与新鲜水果比较，它们含较高浓度的热量和糖。一份水果干不得超过四分之一杯。
有这么多可供选择的蔬菜和水果，有这么多可供享用的方法，烹调一顿色彩多样、令人满意、营养丰富、味道可口的饮食将不再是难事。
参考范文
For HeaⅠth’s Sake,Eat a“CoⅠorfuⅠ”Diet
Fruits and vegetables come in a rainbow of colors,which promote good health. The most colored fruits and vegetables are the richest in vitamins,minerals,fiber and antioxidants.According to the food pyramid,people are supposed to eat up to nine servings of them a day to replace those junk food.
But what vegetables and fruits you eat is as important as how often you eat them.That’s because different colors have different health benefits.For example,red fruits and vegetables are packed with vitamin C,vitamin A,potassium and antioxidants.And so are the yellow/orange ones,which can boost the immune system and enhance vision.White fruits and vegetables are good for the heart and help to control cholesterol levels.Ventrelle,a nutrition consultant suggests people choose fruits and vegetables that are high in fiber to decrease the risk of recurrence of cancer.Ventrelle also recommends eating fruits and vegetables that are highest in antioxidants.
Here are a few other things to keep in mind when planning your menu:
Firstly,although fruits and vegetables are healthy,they aren’t necessarily low in calories. Eat higher-calories fruits and vegetables in moderation.Then take fewer starchy vegetables, and pick some other vegetables higher in fiber.Next,if you have to cook them,use a lighter preparation to keep health benefits.And choose fresh fruits and vegetables that are“in season”to ensure you are eating a good variety of colors throughout the year.Finally,avoid eating canned vegetables.
With so many vegetables and fruits to choose from,and with so many ways to enjoy them,you’ll find it’s easy to create a colorful diet that’s nutritious and delicious.
Practice Three
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
中国的社区医疗改革
来中国参观和旅游的人们对我国过去20年社会经济方面巨大的变化感到惊奇，但对其医疗保健制度方面的变化却知之甚少。过去的全民公费医疗体系的成功模式在今天的中国发生了怎样的变化呢？实际上，医疗部门在过去的几年间也在进行着改革。改革的目的是引入一种以社区为基础的全科医疗来补充现存的以医院为基础的医疗体系。中国有13亿人口和6万3千个医疗机构，每年接待的病人达30亿人次。当如此庞大的改革计划在像中国这样的大国进行时，牵扯的方方面面是巨大的，而且不无风险。巨大的改变中出现了许多关于社区医疗和全科操作的问题。这些问题很有意义，对我们也是一种挑战。
社区医疗服务中心目前的状况和改革目的
最近几年，中国城市人口暴涨。20年前，只有20%的人口居住在城市，而现在的城市人口约占到13亿人口的30%。随着人口比重的迅速变化，逐渐富裕的人民以及日益老化的人群对卫生服务需求增多，这意味着卫生体系负担加重，改革因而势在必行。大医院看小病不实惠。国家需要一种经济高效的医疗体系，所以寄望于通科和社区医疗服务来解决这一问题。
到2002年底的五年时间里，所有的31个省和自治区共建起了2406个社区医疗中心和约9700个附属服务分支。社区义务人员一般由全科大夫、多重技能的护士和公共卫生人员组成。几乎所有的全科大夫都由当地政府雇用。除了进行疾病治疗外，医务人员还要参加防疫、康复、宣教和计划生育等工作。大多数的治疗仅限于通科能处理的常见病，而患大病则要去教学医院。中央政府对社区医疗人员作用的定义是为大众提供经济有效的医疗服务，同时防止传染病传播和减少社会的医药开支。
社区医疗服务改革当前的经验和问题
改革的愿望是好的，但在实际执行中遇到了一些大问题。第一个严重挑战是缺乏对改革重要性的认识。社区居民并未接受全科诊疗的观念且不习惯就诊于社区医疗中心。小伤、小病仍到三级医院找有名望的医生。在大医院门诊部看专家比在社区医疗中心找全科大夫要贵三倍。尽管如此，病人们仍然跳过社区医生而直接去大医院门诊部。因此，社区医生未能成功扮演治疗急性病医院“看门人”的角色。在通常的一天里，名望高的医院门诊部门庭若市，病号达数千之多，而社区医疗中心则不足百人。根据卫生部的统计数据，2002年，全国范围内的医院门诊病号为12亿，社区医疗中心为3600万。同样，地方政府官员也未意识到改革的重要性。地区医院的职工也不愿意改变且未意识到改革将带来的长远利益。
缺乏适当的报酬是另一个问题。例如，社区医疗保健中心工作人员参与的一些重要的卫生服务，如卫生宣传教育和疾病预防等，未能得到政府的相应报酬。同时，支持社区多学科医疗卫生工作团队的经济资助尚无保障。
改革的愿望是好的，问题也是有的。只有卫生行政管理部门与社区医疗服务革新携手并进，辅以更好的人力资源管理和技术使用，才能保障改革顺利进行。
参考范文
Community HeaⅠth Care Reform in China
The article discusses the issue of community health care reform in China,which has been undergone over the last five years.Vast changes have occurred in the city,while many issues concerning community health care and general practice come out as a result.The reform is challenging.
Then,what is the current status of the community health service and the aims of the reform like?With rapid increase of population in recent years demanding more in health care, health system is burdened greatly.Few would argue that reforms are necessary.Then in five years,thousands of community health centers have been established to provide the solution with general practice and community health care services.
In the reform,current experience is gained and there are indeed some problems.One of the problems is that we lack in recognition of the importance of the reform.It leads to the fact that GPs fail to treat patients in the community health centers.Another problem is that we lack in fair payment for some jobs.Some important services that are provided by community health centers have not been paid properly,and certain financial support is not set up yet.
The ideal of reform is sensible with problems emerging from time to time.Only with the coordination between health care administration and the need of community health care services reform,and better human resources management and technology use,can the reform succeed.
Practice Four
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
吸烟与健康
吸烟是一种不健康的生活习惯，吸烟对人体的危害有：吸烟可以破坏人体的营养成分。吸烟可以阻止人体对维生素C的吸收，尼古丁对维生素C有直接的破坏作用。人体如果长期缺乏维生素C，就有得坏血病的可能。吸烟可以诱发多种疾病。由于吸入体内的烟对呼吸道、消化道等器官有恶性刺激作用，因而有人认为它是胃及十二指肠溃疡、呼吸道感染甚至为口、唇、舌、食道、呼吸道等癌症的诱发因素。吸烟可以直接毒杀生命。动物实验获得了惊人结果：再大的马也经不住注射8滴尼古丁，一经注射就会很快死亡；活蹦乱跳的狗，用不了一滴尼古丁注射到静脉里就可以将它置于死地；另外，在让某些动物长期吸烟后，发现其有血管收缩甚至硬化的明显趋向。
吸烟对人体健康来说有百害而无一利。所以要尽量戒掉或少吸。主动吸烟的害处：吸烟是发生蛋白尿的独立因素。年轻糖尿病人蛋白尿的产生与发展、肾疾病的恶化均与吸烟有关。在吸烟者中，蛋白尿和视网膜病变都比不吸烟者进展更快，停止吸烟的病人蛋白尿迅速改善。最可怕的是，由于烟中含有苯和焦油，还有多种放射性物质能致癌，90％的肺癌患者是吸烟引起的。男性膀胱癌病例至少有60％是由吸烟引起的，还有口腔癌和喉癌等。过期的烟草产品因含有霉菌，使人得癌的危险更大。
吸烟上瘾，吸烟量不断增加，吸烟的费用也与日俱增。日积月累，成为一笔很大的开销。本可用于正途的钱，如增加营养、添置衣物、教育开支等，都要缩减，甚至是放弃了。农民、工人或贫穷者吸烟就造成更大的经济压力和身体损害，可谓雪上加霜，情势更劣。吸烟上瘾的人手足自困，失去了个人自由选择的空间。他出门前要费心查看个人的香烟、打火机和买烟的零钱是否齐全，前往某处先要了解该地是否禁烟，从事某些活动，也得要及时找到可以点烟之所，才感到心安⋯⋯这种种考虑和限制都增加了吸烟者的心事和约束，而降低了他的自由和选择。说来说去，吸烟者都已自贬一级，沦为香烟的“阶下囚”了。这个无形的损失和实质的限制有多么大！社会在不断进步，吸烟有害和吸烟失礼的认识在不断加强。烟民聚集之处多是知识程度和社会地位低下的人群，文明世界的上流社会里吸烟行为已难以立足。有社会地位的人如不能洁身自好，而以吸烟者的面貌公开出现，便是自损形象和自贬身价了。室内吸烟，烟灰四散，污染空气，谁在现场谁受害。室外吸烟，烟头遍地，破坏环境的清洁和卫生。所以，无论是在哪里吸烟都是污染环境，可谓一无是处。
由吸烟而引起的各种疾病不是不可逆转的，只要戒烟后，都能改善或痊愈，恢复健康。一般吸烟者对吸烟的种种有害之处大多是一知半解，或不求甚解。他们要维持自己无法戒除或不想戒除的吸烟习惯，就不会对吸烟有害做深入切实的探讨。唯有吸烟者对吸烟有害在认识上迈进一步，他们才会兴起戒烟念头，最后走上戒烟成功之路。
参考范文
Smoking and HeaⅠth
It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health.It irritates the throat and respiratory passages.It sometimes leads to poor appetite,nausea,short breath,and irregular heartbeat.More importantly,smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract.Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lung,throat,tongue,and jaw,emphysema and bronchitis as well.As a result,many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking.
While smoking,particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia.The tar collected in the lung can cause cancer.Outdoor smoking,cigarette butts everywhere,ruins the environment.Moreover,nicotine in tobacco can be stimulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain.It can affect other physiological processes that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain.It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart,constrict the arteries,and cause vomiting.
In brief,smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health.Therefore,smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up.
Practice Five
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
老人健康饮食为先
老年健康面对的最大敌人是衰老。随着年龄的增长，胃肠功能在减退，高血压、动脉硬化、骨质疏松和各种代谢障碍的发病率显著增加。这种以机体代谢减弱和机能失调为主要标志的病体现象，实质是长期不合理的饮食习惯以及营养失衡所造成的。
中国有句古话：“千金难买老来瘦”，这是说老年人宜瘦不宜胖。现代医学研究证明了这句话的科学性：肥胖的人比瘦人容易发生代谢性疾病和心血管疾病。例如，胖人糖尿病、动脉硬化心脏病的患病率分别为瘦人的6.5倍和2.03倍。为了防止老年人脂肪组织增加，引起肥胖，除加强体育锻炼外，应从饮食上加以控制。饮食以清淡素食为主，劳食重油为辅；饮食节制，勿暴食暴饮或过饥过饱，少食多餐，定时定量，饭后散步，加强消化吸收等，这些都有利于老年人预防肥胖，减少发病率。对于我国老年人来说，米、面食构成的碳水化合物约占总摄入热能的60%左右。因此，控制碳水化合物的摄入量可以减少体内热能的摄入，应严格控制主食的摄入量，特别是减少那些仅能产生热能而无其他营养价值，或含粗纤维过多的食物，如食糖、酒类、动物脂肪、咸腌菜等。长期以来，我国菜肴烹调过程中存在食物过咸的现象，导致大量钠离子在体内过剩，而引起血管收缩、血压升高，造成脑血管障碍。因此，营养专家建议老年人每日摄入的食盐量最好在10克以下，并主张老年人吃果糖。果糖在人体内更容易被利用，特别是在老年人消化机能低下时，果糖更有利于氨基酸的活化，故老年人应多摄入一些富含果糖的食物，如水果、蜂蜜，并减少富含蔗糖、麦芽糖等淀粉类食物的摄入。
在人体衰老的过程中，体内蛋白质分解代谢的速变超过了蛋白质合成的速变，当膳食中蛋白质不足时，易出现负氮平衡。蛋白质营养不良会使血红蛋白合成减少，引起老年性贫血，所以蛋白质的摄入是必不可少的。过去我们补充蛋白质多是通过鸡蛋、肉类等动物性蛋白质，因动物性蛋白质中含有胆固醇等物质，摄入量不当时，反而增加老年人肝脏、肾脏的负荷，而大豆蛋白质中除富含人体不能合成的八种必需氨基酸外，大豆脂肪还含有人体所必需的不饱和脂肪酸，并且不含胆固醇，只含少量的豆固醇，可以起到抑制机体吸收动物食品所含胆固醇的作用。
血液循环类疾病在老年人群中是高发病，特别是血栓、动脉硬化等，这主要是由于老年人对脂类的消化吸收与合成能力降低，脂肪分解排泄迟缓。含胆固醇高及含饱和性脂肪酸高的食物，如动物性脂肪、内脏、蛋黄等的摄入量过高易造成血浆脂质、血浆胆固醇和甘油三酯的增高，从而导致血液中脂类增多、沉淀，降低血液流速或形成血栓等老年性血液循环疾病。因此，老年人在日常膳食中应以清淡为主，多食用植物油来代替动物性脂类。
西方有个健康格言：“每餐一个水果，医生不找我。”这并不是说水果具有多高的医用价值，而是因为水果中丰富的维生素可以起到平衡营养、促进新陈代谢、调节生理机能、增强抗病能力、延缓衰老过程的作用。多食用新鲜蔬菜、胡萝卜、各类多汁性水果对于防治骨质疏松症、消化不良、老年斑的形成、血管硬化以及肿瘤和癌变都有显著效果。
对于老年人的膳食，更应选择合理的烹调方法，提高食物的消化吸收率。在加工烹调过程中，应最大限度地保护和利用食物中的营养素。制作主食时，应当根据粮豆混食、荤素搭配、软稀结合、粗粮细作的原则，采取多种烹调加工方法，让单一的原料制作出变化多样的主副食品种。
参考范文
HeaⅠthy Diets for the EⅠderⅠy
Aging usually brings about many functional recessions such as indigestion, hypertension,arteriosclerosis and other metabolic dysfunctions.However,scientists find that these hypo functions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits.This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.
First,balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people.Second,less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because over-consumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third,more bean food can replace protein such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth,light food should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases.The elders’daily diet should be dominated by light,edible vegetable oils instead of animal fat.Consumption of fresh vegetables,carrots,juicy fruit for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis,dyspepsia,senile plaque formation, vascular sclerosis and cancer and tumors will have a significant effect.Finally,doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion,metabolism and cardiovascular balance.
In a word,a balanced diet,more vegetable food instead of fat food is of the first significance to the health of the aged.
Practice Six
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
健康教育
科学家预言，未来医学是预防医学和自我保健医学的时代。随着社会的发展，疾病谱正在发生巨大变化，影响人类健康的因素及医学模式也都有所改变。来自人们心理、行为以及自然和社会环境因素的“生活方式病”已越来越多地威胁人们的健康。人们逐渐发现，人、家庭、社会参与卫生保健的作用将越来越大，健康教育已成为解决当代公共卫生问题的重要内容。国外一位学者甚至喊出：“未来，谁掌握了健康教育，谁就掌握了自己的健康和命运。”
20世纪末到21世纪初，是我国卫生保健事业发展的重要时期，也是我国慢性非传染性疾病发病的高峰期。西方发达国家的实践已经表明，治疗慢性非传染性疾病，经济耗费是巨大的，效益却微乎其微。然而，慢性非传染性疾病大多是可以预防的，只要大力开展健康教育、促进健康，花费比治疗要少得多的经费，就可以使慢性病发病率大大降低。芬兰、美国等国均取得了使慢性病发病率下降30%至50%的明显效果。国内外的事实证明，开展全方位、多层次的健康服务和健康教育，促进健康，是低投入高产出的事业。
世界卫生组织西太平洋区办事处1995年提出了《健康新地平线》的理论，指出卫生工作应以人为中心，以健康为中心，而不应以疾病为中心。在未来的卫生保健工作中，健康教育、促进健康、健康保护将成为优先发展的战略重点。
国务院颁布的《21世纪议程》和《中国卫生发展与改革纲要》，都把开展全民健康教育作为战略重点。卫生部在“我国卫生事业2000年规划设想”中提出：把健康教育工作作为各级各类卫生单位的基本职能之一，动员全社会，最大限度地控制和消除影响人民身体健康的各种危险因素。
卫生工作的根本目的在于保障全体人民群众的健康，减少各种危害健康的因素，减少疾病，提高人民群众的健康素质和生活质量。而要想达到这一目的，必须有广大人民群众的参与；动员广大群众参与，最有利的形式就是开展健康教育，解决当今主要的社会卫生问题。
我国的健康教育起步较晚，经验尚显不足。面对诸多影响人群健康的危险因素，面对医学模式的转变和21世纪的需求，面对与国际上促进健康的模式接轨，我们应该做些什么？
有关专家指出，目前，我国健康教育投入甚微，健康教育运行机制和政府对健康教育的管理尚不够协调。健康教育专业学科师资缺乏，健康教育的技术力量和手段还比较落后，不能适应提高全民健康素质战略任务的需求。
上海医科大学健康教育学教研室主任黄敬亨教授指出，我国应尽快建立健全的全国健康促进体系。黄教授说，近十几年来，健康教育与促进健康在世界上已取得了长足发展，促进健康已成为公共卫生政策的核心内容。发达国家的经验表明，发展与健全促进健康体系是医学模式改变后的最佳选择。澳大利亚等国家的促进健康工作已使它们跻身于世界上国民健康水平最高的国家行列之中。黄敬亨教授建议，我国应加强医学院校健康教育与促进健康专业建设工作。他介绍，目前西方国家已把健康教育、促进健康、行为科学及初级卫生保健列入大学的必修课程（而且，不仅限于医学院校、师范院校），而我国目前却只有六七所医学院校设有该专业，且力量相当薄弱，应尽快扭转这一局面，加速健康教育专业师资培养和人才培训，以适应21世纪人群健康对健康教育提出的要求。
完善社区网络，开展社区服务，是目前我国健康教育面临的又一问题。世界卫生组织规定，开展城市社区健康教育，创建“健康城市”的标准之一就是社区居民居住区的一定范围内设有健康教育服务站。世界卫生组织认为，人的健康应该从一出生起就受到关注，包括婴幼儿、青少年、中老年等每一阶段，都应有专人为其提供健康服务。中国健康教育研究所副研究员徐岫茹指出，我国尚缺少社区健康教育场所，社区健康教育活动也只停留在照顾孤寡老人、精神病人等单一层面上，只有“照顾”，谈不上“教育”。徐岫茹介绍，前两年她们曾在北京安华小区讲课，讲婴幼儿健康、心理卫生等内容，很受当地居民欢迎，但由于没有固定场所和必要的设备，这种社区健康教育服务最终未能坚持下来。
有关专家谈到，搞好健康教育需要医务人员的配合，需要医生“转变角色”。目前，大部分心理门诊设在医院，可心理疾病往往来自复杂的社会问题。医生通常只习惯于开药治病，而人又往往认为自己的病不需要吃药，需要的是医生的指导和精神“治疗”，结果使一些精神疾病得不到帮助和指导。专家建议，应建立各类健康服务中心，如：借鉴美国的社区服务经验，在社区内建立“拯救自杀中心”“儿童问题中心”“婚姻家庭中心”“老年问题中心”等，为每家每户每个人建立健康档案。
参考范文
HeaⅠth Education
In this essay the author discusses the necessity and importance of health education in future society.Diseases resulting from bad life style are imposing more and more threat on people’s health.
In some Western countries,overall and multi-level health education has proved cost-effective in preventing and treating expensive and almost incurable chronic noninfectious diseases.WHO suggests that future medical work should be centered on people’s health rather than diseases.Meanwhile China also prioritized public health education in her strategic policies and calls for participation of all the people.
The author also points out things that could be improved in our country’s health education. Firstly,China’s health education suffers from little attention and investment and lack of teaching resources.Secondly,China should carry out health education in more local communities.As for medical workers,the author suggests that more attention should be paid to health advice and mental“treatment”.Moreover,all kinds of health service centers,such as suicide prevention centers,marital and family service centers etc.,should be set up in local communities.
Practice Seven
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.(https://www.daowen.com)
冬季体育锻炼
尽管冬季寒冷，但是仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼，一定要注意自我保健，否则，会适得其反，冻坏身体。冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、冬泳等，下面结合冬季气候做介绍。
先是着装问题。服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡。在冷天多穿衣服，衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气，使传导散热过程减弱。但在运动时，机体的产热大大增加，如果穿得过多，反而有害，应穿轻便的衣服。这样在运动中产热增加时，可以方便脱掉。近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进，这样可以保证良好的隔热性，同时又保证了活动的自由性。
在寒冷环境下运动时，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加，此时机体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。因此，在运动间隙要特别注意保暖，及时加衣。在寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大，代谢水平高，使身体内的能源物质消耗增多，在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与，如维生素B1、B2、B3、烟酸、维生素C等的需求增加。
因此，对于从事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食，应注意补充较多的热量。一般来说，冬季比春季从事同等强度的运动热量消耗高10%左右。据测算，—个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量。在三大物质的比例中，因脂肪具有产热量多的特点，且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒，故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例，一般可占全部热量的25%～30%；而蛋白质也应偏高，占12%～18%；其余由糖来供给。体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算，蛋白质需约130克，脂肪150克，糖约480克，相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右，鸡肉100克，瘦猪肉200克，鸡蛋两个，牛奶两杯，植物油50克等。
在冰雪项目锻炼中，膳食中的维生素也应相应增加，维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力。据文献记载，摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度，缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应，增加机体耐寒能力。
冬泳是我国北方的一大特色，冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性，但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动，必须掌握科学的方法。反之，就会影响身体健康，甚至诱发疾病。一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始，逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力；冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充，冬泳前不要喝酒；对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者，以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳。
冬季有晨练习惯的人，遇大雾天，最好在室内进行，一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故；二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物，吸入人体易引起气管炎、喉炎、结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病。另外，冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸，鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热，鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘。对于严重的疾病患者，冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度。锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度，以防旧病复发。注意循序渐进，掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则。在天气过于寒冷时，最好不要外出锻炼。
参考范文
PhysicaⅠExercises in Winter
In this essay,the author gives some tips for self-health care in winter exercises.
Firstly,special attention should be given to clothing during winter exercises. Light and warm clothes are advisable in that they keep in the heat and don’t sacrifice convenience during sports activities.Meanwhile,it is important to keep warm during breaks for strenuous exercises make our blood vessels expand and thus reduce our cold resistance.
Secondly,more fat,protein,sugar and vitamins should be added in daily diet to meet the need of 10%higher energy consumption,Those who love winter sports should take in at least 150g fat,130g protein and 480g sugar for a total of 3,500 calories daily.
Thirdly,winter swimming should also follow scientific instructions.High-energy diet and cold shower in autumn are necessary for winter swimmers.On the other hand, alcohol should be avoided.People with serious diseases or women in menstrual period are not advised to go winter swimming.At last,as for those fond of winter morning exercises,the writer suggests indoor exercises in heavy foggy days because of more chance of traffic accident and pollutants in the fog.Breathing through the nose is particularly preferred in cold weather.
Practice Eight
Directions:Please read the following article in Chinese carefully,and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
社区家庭卫生保健合同服务的持续发展探讨
家庭保健合同是促进居民健康的有效形式。上海市自1997年起便建立社区卫生服务站，在社区推广与实行家庭保健合同形式，把单一的医疗职能转向医疗、预防、保健、康复等全方位的家庭卫生保健服务。从社区卫生服务模式来看，家庭卫生保健合同是一种重要的服务形式，它把社区卫生服务内容有机地结合在一起，深入到居民家庭，促进了社区居民生命质量的提高，如儿童、妇女保健，常见病的治疗，生活失能的康复指导，慢性病的控制指导，老年人保健指导，更重要的是医生深入家庭，与居民建立了良好的医患关系。
我们调查了13个区125家社区卫生服务站，只有8个区30家服务站提供了家庭保健合同服务，建卡户数2323个家庭，建卡率为1.2%。
参加家庭保健合同的家庭只占1.2%，主要是因为人们对家庭保健合同对居民健康的作用认识不够，这需要政策上扶持，加大宣传普及力度，使人们对家庭保健合同有新的认识。目前家庭保健合同是个人支付费用。从道理上讲，家庭请医生入户是个体保健行为，但从疾病预防、控制及干预措施来看又是政府行为，属于临床预防服务。这种服务从长远利益看，由于有效地控制了疾病的发生或严重程度，也节约了相当可观的医疗费用，减轻了国家与个人的经济负担，因为目前医疗保健只承担临床医疗费用；从利益分配的合理性出发，医疗保险需承担参保人的临床预防服务费用。建议：①政府向社区卫生服务站的家庭保健合同形式服务提供一定数额的经费（比例为20%）。②医保局对参加医疗保健家庭提供家庭保健合同服务的临床预防性费用（比例为20%）。③参加家庭保健合同服务的家庭成员提高了自身保健认识，减少了疾病风险，减轻了日后家庭疾病经济负担，需支付主要家庭保健合同费用（比例为60%）。④卫生行政部门对社区服务站建立的家庭合同服务内容、家庭成员健康状况、家庭成员掌握的有关卫生知识定期进行了解、调查与统计，并考核医院及医生所具有的个体预防服务能力及重视程度。通过综合考核的医疗单位可得到政府经济补贴，参保家庭可得到医疗保险经济补贴。
简言之，家庭保健合同服务形式在社区实施是新生事物，需要人们逐渐认可，但政府要从宏观上积极扶持、政策配套，使家庭保健合同服务在社区居民家庭中生根。
参考范文
FamiⅠy HeaⅠth Care Contact
Family health care contract,as part of community health service,is a new and effective way to promote community residents’health.It combines medical treatment with disease prevention,health care,rehabilitation and health education.And it promises a harmonious relationship between doctors and patients.Once it is commonly accepted by the community, it can surely enhance life quality of the residents.
Current situation of family health care contract has been investigated.Statistics shows that the rate of signed contract is at a low point of l.2%,which indicates that people haven’t realized the contract’s significance.In order to promote the idea of family health care contract,policy support from the government is in great need.
Family health care contract,as a clinical preventive service,can considerably reduce future disease incidences,thus reducing financial burden of both the government and the individuals in the long run.Given the circumstances,a new system of expenses distribution is highly recommended:government,insurance institute and individual family cover respectively 20%,20%and 60%of the total cost. And the establishment of this scheme needs active participation of public health administration departments.
Practice Nine
Directions:Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 English words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET(2).
A lot of people today are animal rights advocates.Some of them are very passionate and even quite radical about the issue.But others argue that:“human rights”will always take priority.In fact,in many places even the most basic human rights are not adequately protected.So how animal rights?What do you think?And why?
参考范文
AnimaⅠRights ShouⅠd Be Respected
In the habitual thinking,“human rights”will always take priority.Some people even believe that the most basic human rights are not adequately protected in many places,let alone animal rights.But in fact,the purpose of advocating animal rights is to encourage people to love and protect animals.It is wise for us to better understand the relationship between humans and animals.
In the first place,we should respect the intrinsic value of animals rather than regard them as tools,which is precisely deduced from the philosophical demonstration of human rights.Animals should be allowed to own their rights like human beings based on their intrinsic value,or at least they have the right of being sheltered from abuse.It can be said that there is a mutual promotion between animal rights and human rights.In the second place,to protect animals is to protect ourselves.The wildlife is faced with a variety of threats due to hunting and the deterioration of the environment.For instance, there are over 100 kinds of species disappearing from the Earth every day.Their extinction will lead to the disappearance of many genes that help crops to overcome the harsh climate or even a new plague.
In summary,it is really important to build a harmonious society that respects life.In such a society,human life is to be respected,and animal life is also to be cared about. Thus,it is worthy of thinking about how to protect animal rights.
Practice Ten
Directions:It is reported that mental health has become a troublesome issue.The number of people committing suicide is on the rise.You are required to analyze this phenomenon and contribute some suggestions on how to keep psychologically healthy.
Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 250 words on the following topic:How to Keep Psychologically Healthy?
参考范文
How to Keep PsychoⅠogicaⅠⅠy HeaⅠthy?
Psychological health is a good psychological and mental state.In particular,the psychological health includes effective psychological status,healthy personality,social ability,maintaining the stability of the mood.
Along with the advance of the society,more and more controversial issues have been brought to our attention,One of which is the psychological problem.The psychologically healthy problem can be attributed to the following reasons.Initially,a good number of people are suffering from heavy pressure.In addition,some people lack communication skills.At last, a lot of people are ignorant of psychological knowledge about how to keep mentally fit.
Obviously it’s high time that we took some measures to keep psychologically healthy. First,we need to learn to relax ourselves and take exercises to release the pressure from work,study,or family.After all,our health is what counts most.Second,we should adjust ourselves to the new conditions.When we go to work in a new company,we may become nervous because everything is so unfamiliar.The only way out is to adjust ourselves to the new conditions and shake off the anxiety quickly.Try to communicate with others often,trying to find out a common point.Finally,we should try to share our feelings with friends,especially share our depression with a partner,a relative or a friend,or seek support and advice from a psychological consultant.
Practice EⅠeven
You are expected to write a composition of at least 200 words on the topic of“My Opinion on the Reformation of China’s Medical Treatment System”.
参考范文
My Opinion on the Reformation of China’s MedicaⅠTreatment System
Medical reform has been deliberated by authorities since 2006.Growing public criticism of soaring medical fees,lack of access to affordable medical service,poor doctor-patient relationships and low medical insurance coverage compelled China to launch the new round of reforms.The reform of medical system concerns common people’s vital interests and the improvement in the quality of medical work and medical proficiency.It also has a great deal to do with national economic construction.The country wants a health care system that covers all urban and rural residents by 2020.
In my opinion,under market economic condition,we shall accelerate the reformation of the system for the medical treatment,hygiene and cultural education.The reform of the medicine and hygiene system shall be pushed forward and the reformation shall be well organized.Also,the medical health service system for the grass roots shall be strengthened. In addition,both central and local governments should increase health funding.The percentage of government’s input in total health expenditure should be increased gradually so that the financial burden of individuals can be reduced.
Practice TweⅠve
Directions:You are asked to write in no less than 300 words about the title of Children Should Begin Their Formal Schooling at an Early Age.You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
现在很多父母愿意让孩子在很早的年纪便开始接受正规教育。在你看来，这种现象是利大于弊还是弊大于利？请详述你的理由。
ChiⅠdren ShouⅠd Begin Their FormaⅠSchooⅠing at an EarⅠy Age
People have different views on what children should do at a very early age.Some think that children should begin their formal education and start to spend most of their time on studies.Others believe that it is still time for young children to play.Both views are based on respective ground.
Those who argue for the playing time for children suggest that children at a very early age are still too young to focus their attention on learning.Their brain may not be ready for serious studies such as comprehension and memorizing learning materials.These people are partially right,for it is true that young children can hardly concentrate.Their attention on one thing lasts for no longer than 15 minutes or so. But we can arrange classes for shorter periods,can’t we?And we can shift teaching subjects.Through putting them to study,young children are occupied with learning but not with playing.
Those who argue for children’s early commencement for formal education believe that being put to studies,children can develop good habit of studying,for the process of learning helps develop children’s mental abilities like the ability to memorize,the ability to understand and the ability to do simple calculation.Children’s habit of studying and love for learning are of great importance to youngsters because these two things set up the sound foundation for their future studies.
Having children start formal education at a very early age benefits young children much more than simply letting them play most of their time.A good habit needs a long time to develop to become a second nature.More importantly,it is better to develop a good habit before a bad one may grow.
Practice Thirteen
Directions:Some people think that household chores should be required part of the daily routine of school children.Other people believe that young children should spend more time on their academic studies.Which viewpoint do you agree to?Write a composition of about 300 words on the following topic:
Should Household Chores Be Required as Part of the Daily Routine of School Children?参考范文
ShouⅠd HousehoⅠd Chores Be Required as Part of the
DaiⅠy Routine of SchooⅠChiⅠdren?
Some parents prefer to do all the household chores by themselves for fear that the daily job will infringe on their children’s valuable time on learning.In fact,it is advisable to provide household chores as a daily responsibility to young children.
Since great progress has been made recently in terms of living conditions thanks to the material prosperity in our country,school children generally enjoy a more comfortable life under cozy circumstances and have greater chance to receive first-rate education. On the other hand,however,some of them are spoiled and unwilling to take on their own responsibility.With the introduction of home economics,young students will respect physical labor and develop their work ethic,which may contribute tremendously to the development of their characters.With numerous shackles and obstacles waiting for them in the long journey of life,the students should become aware of the urgent need to practice chores as an essential form of tempering their willpower.When they take up the chores industriously on their own with parents’guidance instead of interference,they will gradually acquire such qualities as diligence,perseverance,and patience.
Another reason why I preach the importance of household economics for children lies in the fact that it is a convenient method to learn useful skills after class.During the course of cooking, house cleaning,baby-sitting,fence repairing,car washing,grass mowing,and wall painting,the young children may obtain certain techniques and then use their imagination to foster a sense of creativity and achievement,which combine to pave the way for their future career.
The last but not least factor is economic.If their children dawdle over the work or even refuse to fulfill their obligations,an incentive payment is a good proposal to encourage them to earn their own pocket money.The truth is that the children will find themselves overtaken with joy upon receiving their deserved salary,which in turn helps them realize the virtue of self-reliance and self-struggle.
Some people may concern that the housework will occupy a large amount of their children’s time,which will bring about terrible school reports,cause physical and mental fatigue,or even result in unpredictable negative effects.Obviously,appropriate amount of chores in children’s leisure time is the last one to threaten their academic achievements and health because of advantages such as relaxation,stress relieving, and weight maintenance.
If parents entrust appropriate housework to their children with necessary guidance,they will be amazed at these young people’s abilities to tackle a good many problems,which helps to cultivate a sense of responsibility and pride.As an effective complementary form of school education in modern society,it should no doubt become a productive part of school children’s life.
Practice Fourteen
Directions:It is said that nowadays one cannot acquire the qualifications and qualities essential to success through university education or study in some institutions of similar nature.You are going to argue for or against it and support your view with details.Write no less than 300 words on the following topic:
University Education Is Essential to One’s Success
参考范文
University EducationⅠs EssentiaⅠto One’s Success
It is not an uncommon phenomenon that many people become successful without a formal college education,some typical examples of which are Bill Gates,chairman of Microsoft;Li Jiacheng,a Hong Kong billionaire and Hua Luogeng,a world-class mathematician.This leads some people to believe that a person can achieve great success without a formal education and that the qualifications a successful person needs cannot be acquired through the study in university or other institutions of similar nature.It cannot be denied that there do exist such examples in every country;however,I can hardly share the above point of view for several reasons.
In the first place,a college or university is a specialized institution of higher learning where people can receive systematic and scientific training in a certain field,which paves the way for their future career.With the advent of the era of knowledge-based economy,a man without a sound academic background can hardly accomplish anything.Only in universities and other institutions of higher learning can he/she master the professional knowledge and relevant skills essential to his/her career.
Secondly,it is wise to learn at another man’s cost.We can benefit much from the invaluable experience and knowledge handed down from our ancestors and draw a lesson from the failure of our predecessors so as to avoid detour.
Thirdly,when in university,one also has to learn to communicate and cooperate with teachers and fellow students,during which one cultivates friendship and acquires the interpersonal skills,both of which are conductive to one’s future career and success. University is said to be a miniature society.
Last of all,there are innumerable successful people who attribute their achievements to a formal university education.No wonder so many parents spare no efforts to send their children to colleges and universities.
From what I have mentioned above,it is obvious that we can acquire the qualifications and qualities essential to our future career and success through university education.The systematic knowledge and solid academic foundation will make it easy for us to understand and absorb new-developed theories based on previous research efforts;with the social skills we acquire in such a miniature society as university,we will not have to waste much time learning how to handle human relationship.Compared with those without formal university education,university graduates have already gained an upper hand at the very beginning of building their own career.
Practice Fifteen
Directions:At present many people think that one language should be used as the universal language,but others think that by doing so the cultures of different nations will be lost.You are going to argue for or against it and support your view with details.Write no less than 300 words on the following topic:
Universality or Diversity
参考范文
UniversaⅠity or Diversity
With the development of globalization,there are an increasing number of scholars these days who hold the opinion that we need a common language to be spoken by all the people in the world.However,other scholars are afraid that this will weaken other languages and cultures at the same time.As for me,I am not in favor of the viewpoint that one language should replace others as the universal one.
Nowadays it is universally acknowledged that language is not only a tool of communication but also a kind of art.Each language,no matter what kind of language it is,has its unique pronunciation,grammar and expressions,which contribute to the diversity of the world.Therefore, if the diverse languages are diminished,our world will become less colorful.
We can say that language is part of culture,and plays a considerably important role in culture.Indeed,some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture.Without language,so the argument goes,culture would not be possible.On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture;it reflects culture.In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people,and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Cultures differ from one another,and each culture is unique.There is no denying that it will be a disaster for us to see the world’s diverse cultures disappear one by one.
When all the factors are examined,we may safely come to the conclusion that although we are convinced that,no matter what our career choice is,a command of foreign languages is an important skill to acquire,yet we should protect our own language,the carrier of our culture.
Practice Sixteen
Directions:Some people think that old people should not be forced by law to retire at the age of 55-60 if they wish to continue working.Do you agree or disagree?You are going to argue for or against it and support your view with details.Write no less than 300 words on the following topic:
Old People Should Not Be Forced by Law to Retire
参考范文
OⅠd PeopⅠe ShouⅠd Not Be Forced By Law to Retire
There has long been a debate about whether old people should be forced to retire from work at the age of 55 or 60,regardless of their own wishes.People in favor of this say that old people,having worked for over thirty years,should not go on working,because physically they are not as strong,healthy and energetic as they used to be,and mentally they are not able to endure the same pressure of having to work to earn a living as young people are.Personally,I do not agree with this point of view for the following reasons:
First,it seems to me that no one should be forced to change his/her lifestyle unless he/she has committed a crime.People,whether they are old or young,should have the right to decide their own way of life.Just as young people can choose to stop working and enjoy their leisure time as long as they can make ends meet,old people should also be allowed to continue working,provided that they are still qualified for their jobs.
Second,there are many jobs that are especially suitable for old people,such as jobs that call for more experience and wisdom than physical power.With their rich experience in both work and life,many old people would make good consultants,instructors,coaches, doctors and psychologists,to mention only a few.
Last but not least,some old people do not go on working simply for economic reasons. It seems to them that there is more to work than just making money.They simply enjoy working as an indispensable part of their lives.Some of them even develop various mental and physical problems after retiring from work,and it seems that the best way to keep them in good health and high spirits is to allow them to keep working.
All in all,I believe that not only should old people’s physical conditions be taken into consideration but also their psychological needs should be respected.Therefore,letting them do whatever they are fond of and capable of doing will make them much happier than forcing them to stay isolated from society and endure loneliness in their twilight years.