2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷
试卷一（Paper One）
Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
Section A
Directions：In this section you will hear ffteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question，read the four choices marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example.
You will hear：
Woman：I feel faint.
Man：No wonder.You haven’t had a bite all day.
Question：What’s the matter with the woman？
You will read：
A.She is sick. B.She is bitten by an ant.
C.She is hungry. D.She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Sample Answer
A B●D
Now let’s begin with question number 1.
1.A.A cough. B.Diarrhea. C.A fever. D.Vomiting.
2.A.Tuberculosis. B.Rhinitis. C.Laryngitis. D.Flu.
3.A.In his bag. B.By the lamp.
C.In his house. D.No idea about where he left it.
4.A.He’s nearly fnished his work. B.He has to work for some more time.
C.He wants to leave now. D.He has trouble fnishing his work.
5.A.A patient. B.A doctor. C.A teacher. D.A student.
6.A.2.6. B.3.5. C.3.9. D.136.
7.A.He is the head of the hospital. B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.
C.He went out looking for Dan. D.He went to Michigan on business.
8.A.He has got a fever. B.He is a talented skier.
C.He is very rich. D.He is a real ski enthusiast.
9.A.To ask local people for help.
B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.
C.Try to act like the people from that culture.
D.Stay with your country fellows.
10.A.She married because of loneliness. B.She married a millionaire.
C.She married for money. D.She married for love.
11.A.Aspirant. B.Courageous. C.Cautious. D.Amiable.
12.A.He was unhappy. B.He was feeling a bit unwell.
C.He went to see the doctor. D.The weather was nasty.
13.A.You may fnd many of them on the bookseller，shelves.
B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.
C.It’s a very popular magazine.
D.It doesn’t sell very well.
14.A.A general practitioner. B.A gynecologist.
C.An orthopedist. D.A surgeon.
15.A.Chemotherapy. B.Radiation.
C.Injections. D.Surgery.
Section B
Directions：In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages，after each of which，you will hear fve questions.After each question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C and D，choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Dialogue
16.A.It is a genetic disorder. B.It is respiratory condition in pigs.
C.It is an illness from birds to humans. D.It is a gastric ailment.
17.A.Eating pork. B.Raising pigs.
C.Eating chicken. D.Breeding birds.
18.A.Running nose. B.Inappetence.
C.Pains all over. D.Diarrhea.
19.A.To stay from crowds. B.To see the doctor immediately.
C.To avoid medications. D.To go to the nearby clinic.
20.A.It is a debate. B.It is a TV program.
C.It is a consultation. D.It is a workshop.
Passage One
21.A.About 10，000，000. B.About 1，000，000.
C.About 100，000. D.About 10，000.
22.A.A cocktail of vitamins.
B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.
C.The combination of vitamins A，C and E.
D.The combination of minerals.
23.A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. B.The inner ear cells.
C.The eardrums. D.The inner ear ossicles.
24.A.General Motors. B.The United Auto Workers
C.NIH. D.All of the above.
25.A.An industrial trial in Spain.
B.Military trials in Spain and Sweden.
C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.
D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida.
Passage Two
26.A.The link between obesity and birth defects.
B.The link between obesity and diabetes.
C.The risk of birth abnormalities.
D.The harmful effects of obesity.
27.A.Neural tube defects. B.Heart problems.
C.Cleft lip and palate. D.Diabetes.
28.A.20 million. B.200 million.
C.400 million. D.40 million.
29.A.A weight-loss surgery. B.A balanced diet.
C.A change of lifestyle. D.More exercise.
30.A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.
B.How obesity may cause birth defects
C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.
D.How obesity may cause diabetes.
Part ⅡVocabulary（10%）
Section A
Direction：In this section，all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence，then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter，the vast pasture was____with beautiful houses.
A.overlapped B.segregated C.intersected D.interspersed
32.As usual，Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacifc capacity in____seasons this year.
A.stern B.slack C.sumptuous D.glamorous
33.As to the living environment，bacterial needs vary，but most of them grow best in a slightly acid____.
A.mechanism B.miniature C.medium D.means
34.Under an unstable economic environment，employers in the construction industry place great value on____in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.
A.fexibility B.morality C.capacity D.productivity
35.In a stark____of fortunes，the Philippines—once Asia’s second richest country recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.
A.denial B.reversal C.interval D.withdrawal
36.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of ____content.
A.wholesome B.contagious C.vulgar D.stagnant
37.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas，promotion of reduced-impact logging，and____agriculture，to maintain the rain forest.
A.sustainable B.renewable C.revivable D.merchandisable
38.In the U.S.，the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal，whereas the Democrats’were hardly____.
A.rational B.radical C.conservative D.progressive
39.Offcials from the Department of Agriculture confrmed that the____foods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.
A.rippling B.waning C.fuctuating D.devastating
40.It is believed that the Black Death，rampant in the Medieval Europe____，killed 1/3 of its population.
A.at large B.at random C.on end D.on average
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence，Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount.
A.defcits B.deviations C.drawbacks D.discrepancies
42.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.
A.despise B.evade C.demand D.undertake
43.After“9.11”，the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.
A.improved B.burdened C.inspected D.tariffed
44.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience，adults and children alike，were all thrown into convulsions.
A.a ft of enthusiasm B.a scream of fright
C.a burst of laughter D.a cry of anguish
45.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.
A.loan B.payment C.withdrawal D.retrieval
46.The advocates highly value the“sport spirit”，while the opponents devalue it，asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.
A.fne B.sudden C.fnite D.absolute
47.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated，it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.
A.irritated B.tamed C.stamped D.probed
48.The detective had an unusual insight into criminals’tricks and knew clearly how to track them.
A.induction B.perception C.interpretation D.penetration
49.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.
A.presentation B.gesture C.rhythm D.pronunciation
50.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.
A.untimely B.unexpectedly C.unreasonably D.unconventionally
Part ⅢCloze（10%）
Directions：In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision.Playing“action”video games improves a visual ability 51 tasks like reading and driving at night，a new study says.
The ability，called contrast sensitivity function，allows people to discern even subtle changes 52 gray against a uniformly colored backdrop.It’s also one of the frst visual aptitudes to fade with age.
That’s 53 a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power，according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.
Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills，such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and 54 attention to a series of fast-moving events，Bavelier said.
“A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced， 55 one，”she said.The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments，which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses.
“ 56 you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses，exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better，you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better，crisper information that’s coming in 57 a result of your improved eyesight，”Bavelier said.
Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2.A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2，a“life simulation”video game.The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision 58 ，the study says.
Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games 59 seem to sharpen visual skills.It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous，strength-building workout for the eyes，she said.
Another possible 60 is that the unpredictable，fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.Finally，Bavelier said，the games’rich payoff may also play a role.
“It’s pleasing to be successful in your mission，”she said.“When you combine rewards with these other “factors”，then you get much more learning.”
51.A.ascribe to B.key for
C.inclined to D.crucial for
52.A.in light of B.in shades of
C.in terms of D.in guidance of
53.A.why B.how
C.what D.as
54.A.drawing B.having
C.paying D.giving
55.A.not just B.no only
C.no just D.not almost
56.A.Unless B.Although
C.Once D.Since
57.A.for B.as
C.in D.from
58.A.shortcomings B.benefts
C.drawbacks D.advantages
59.A.in fact B.in effect
C.in particular D.in vain
60.A.result B.reason
C.fact D.guess
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this part there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior.Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data，and even reliable sets of statistics can be diffcult to compare.But here is one thing we do know：those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.
Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families，but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones.It turns out both are important，but the effect is most dramatic when they act together.This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A （MAO-A），which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.
Researchers recently made another key observation：kids with this“double whammy”of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age.The risk factors for long-term criminality—attention defcit hyperactivity disorder，low IQ，language diffculties—can be spotted in kindergarten.So given what we now know，shouldn’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk？
No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have，but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings，and even simple neglect.This will help any child，but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable.Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the U.S.and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills：both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.
Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes“set”as we grow up，compromising the idea of free will.That view is understandable，but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us.Indeed，the cost to society of failing to intervene—in terms of criminal damage，dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime—is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting.The value to the children is immeasurable.
61.Researchers have come to a consensus：to explain violent behavior____.
A.in terms of physical environment B.from a biological perspective
C.based on the empirical data D.in a statistical way
62.When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families，as indicated by the recent fndings，we can probably mean that____.
A.a particular gene is passed on in families
B.child abuse will lead to domestic violence
C.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency
D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse
63.The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior____.(https://www.daowen.com)
A.boys are to be screened for the biological predisposition
B.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergarten
C.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factors
D.active measures ought to be taken at an early age
64.To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea，the author makes it a point to consider____.
A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behavior
B.the consequences of compromising democracy
C.the huge cost of improving parenting skills
D.the greater cost of failing to intervene
65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？
A.Parenting Strategies for Kids B.The Making of a Criminal
C.Parental Education D.Abusive Parenting
Passage Two
After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses，have we fnally got the measure of HIV？Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.
Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent“cure”of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia.Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus.Now U.S.Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect using gene therapy. If it works，and that is still a big if，it would open up the possibility of patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy，instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.
Antiretroviral therapy（ART）is itself another reason for optimism.Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs.The trick is to test everyone often，and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible.Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero，it would stop people passing it on through sex.By blocking the cycle of infection in this way，the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.
Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money—initially around$3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone，ring to$85 billion in total.Huge as it sounds，however，it is peanuts compared with the estimated$1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war，or the$700 billion spent in one go propping up the U.S.banking sector.It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual，which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.
The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling.Last Friday，GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries.GSK has already been doing this for ART，but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other frms will follow their lead.
No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS.In 2007，2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus.Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon—and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment.But at least there is renewed belief that，given the time and money，we can fnally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.
66.Which of the following can be most probably perceived beyond the frst paragraph？
A.The end of the world. B.A candle of hope.
C.A Nobel prize. D.A quick fx.
67.According to the passage，the apparent“cure”of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would____.
A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy
B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infection
C.compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemia
D.would change the way we look at those with AIDS
68.As another bit of good news，____.
A.HIV will be virtually wiped out frst in Africa
B.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART
C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zero
D.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years
69.The last reason for optimism is that____.
A.governments will invest more in improving ART
B.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline
C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the world
D.the fnancial support of ART is coming to be no problem
70.The whole passage carries a tone of____.
A.idealism B.activism
C.criticism D.optimism
Passage Three
Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago.But what about the deeper questions？Could early humans speak，were they capable of self-conscious refection，did they believe in anything？Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science.Not so.Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning feld that brings together archaeology and neuroscience.It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers.This is not easy to do.A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech，for example.The task then is to fnd proxies（普代物）for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.
Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills.For decades，development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological.But increasingly，that is being challenged.
Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls“the sapient（智人的）paradox（矛盾）”.Evidence suggests that the human genome，and hence the brain，has changed little in the past 60，000 years.Yet it wasn’t until about 10，000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior：people settled in villages and built shrines.Renfrew’s paradox is why，if the hardware was in place，did it take so long for humans to start changing the world？
His answer is that the software—the culture—took a long time to develop.In particular，the intervening time saw humans vest（赋予）meaning in objects and symbols.Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations，passed on through teaching，and stored in the neuronal connections of children.
Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection，sometimes in surprising ways.How is it，for example，that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA？One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit，so the pressure to make vitamin C“relaxed”and the gene became unnecessary.By this reasoning，early humans then became addicted to fruit，and any gene that helped them to fnd it was selected for.
Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that，like genes，it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure.Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused，however.We have lots of proposed causes and effects，and hypotheses to explain them.Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for.If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it，perhaps we can gauge where it is going.Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.
71.The questions presented in the frst paragraph____.
A.seem to have no answers whatever
B.are intended to dig for ancient human minds
C.are not scientifc enough to be answered here
D.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance
72.The scientists fnd the proxy to be____.
A.the role of culture
B.the passage of time
C.the structure of a skull
D.the biological makeup of the brain
73.According to Renfrew’s paradox，the transition from 60，000 to 10，000 years ago suggests that____.
A.human civilization came too late
B.the hardware retained biologically static
C.it took so long for the software to evolve
D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment
74.From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology，we might conclude that____.
A.the mental development has not been exclusively biological
B.the brain and culture have not developed at the same pace
C.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution
D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain
75.Speaking of the human mind，the author would say that____.
A.its cognitive development is extremely slow
B.to know its past is to understand its future
C.its biological evolution is hard to predict
D.as the brain develops，so as the mind
Passage Four
Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather，rising sea levels and mass extinctions，one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient.Huge swathes（片）of it，including most of Europe，the U.S.and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable—too hot，dry or stormy to sustain a human population.
This is no mirage.It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C，which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050.This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in.So what are we going to do about it？
One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet.It might seem like a drastic move，but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering（危言耸听）.Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models，and some say that 4℃may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.
Clearly this glacier-free，desertifed world—with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles—would be a last resort.Aside from anything else，it is far from being the most practical option：any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars，political power struggles and infghting.
So what are the alternatives？The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now，by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-effcient measures.But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising.As a result，many scientists are now turning to“Earth’s plan B”.
Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or defect the sun’s heat.Most climate scientists were once frmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat，fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse，or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.
Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps，given enough funding research and political muscle，we can indeed design，test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.
Whatever we do，now is the time to act.The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.
76.To begin with，the author is trying to remind us of____.
A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient
B.the warning against worsening climate change
C.the inevitable consequence of global warming
D.the misconception of a warmer world
77.As the thought experiment shows，those at risk from global warming will____.
A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°C
B.have nowhere to go but live in the desert
C.become victims as soon as 2050
D.move closer to the poles
78.It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is____.
A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions
B.to take protective measures by 2025
C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrations
D.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles
79.Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough____.
A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worse
B.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogether
C.to regulate geoengineering projects for effciency
D.to manage the Earth’s thermostat
80.Which of the following statements are the supporters of“Earth’s plan B”for？
A.It’s time to go green.
B.Energy-effcient measures must be taken.
C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitable.
D.For the planet’s geoengineering or catastrophe.
Passage Five
Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania.Her biological father was sperm donor G738.Unknown to Brittany’s mother，G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit，and which causes mental impairment，behavioral problems and atypical social development.
Last week，Brittany was given the green light to sue the sperm bank，Idant Laboratories of New York，under the state’s product liability laws.These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm.Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.
Thousands of people in the U.S.have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested，only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed.Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information.Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder.
So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the foodgates？It seems unlikely.New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other.Most other U.S.states grant special status to blood products and body parts，including sperm.In these states，donor sperm is not considered a“product”in the usual sense，despite the fact that it is tested，processed，packaged，catalogued，marketed and sold.Similarly，European Union product liability law could not be used in this way.
Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case，it still raises some diffcult questions.First，to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm？
As we learn more and more about human genetics，there is growing list of tests that could be performed.Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out—and there is a test that can do so—but what about more subtle defects，such as language impairment or susceptibility to early Alzheimer’s？
Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes.Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers.The Donovans are entitled to their day in court，but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way，the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion.
81.Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for____.
A.a cheat in boasting its biological products
B.donor sperm as a product
C.problematic donor sperm
D.a breach of confdentiality
82.It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the U.S.purchase sperm____.
A.without knowing its potential dangers
B.regardless of repeated warnings
C.for the reason of quality supply
D.for their desperate needs
83.The question from the case is whether____.
A.people are entitled to donor sperm
B.donated sperm should be just a product
C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bank
D.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certifed
84.It seems that sperm banks are in no position to____.
A.treat donor sperm as a product
B.screen out the fragile X mutation
C.manage their business as others do in NY
D.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect
85.The statement sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that____.
A.Donovan will surely win the case in court
B.any product could have a defect in one way or another
C.the sperm bank guarantees its seed like any other product
D.donor sperm cannot be guaranteed as much as anything else
Passage Six
Stephanie Smith，a children’s dance instructor，thought she had a stomach virus.The aches and cramping were tolerable that frst day，and she fnished her classes.Then her diarrhea turned bloody.Her kidneys shut down.Seizures knocked her unconscious.The convulsions grew so relentless that doctors had to put her in a coma for nine weeks.When she emerged，she could no longer walk.The affiction had ravaged her nervous system and left her paralyzed from the waist down.
Ms.Smith，22，was found to have a severe form of food-borne illness caused by E.coli，which Minnesota offcials traced to the hamburger that her mother had grilled for their Sunday family party.In the simplest terms，she ran out of luck in a food-safety game of chance whose rules and risks are not widely known.
Meat companies and grocers have been barred from selling ground beef tainted by the virulent strain of E.coli known as o157：H7 since 1994.Yet tens of thousands of people are still sickened annually by this pathogen with hamburger being the biggest culprit.Ground beef has been blamed for 16 outbreaks in the last three years alone.This summer，contamination led to the recall of beef from nearly 3，000 grocers in 41 states.
Ms.Smith’s reaction to the virulent strain of E.coli was extreme，but tracing the story of her burger shows that neither the system meant to make the meat safe，nor the meat itself，is what consumer have been led to believe.
Ground beef is usually not simply a chunk of meat run through a grinder.Instead，a single portion of hamburger meat is often an amalgam of various grades of meat from different parts of cows and even from different slaughterhouses.This makes the costs 25%less than it would have for cuts of whole meat.These cuts of meat are particularly vulnerable to E.coli contamination，food experts and offcials say.Despite this，there is no federal requirement for grinders to test their ingredients for the pathogen.
Those ingredients include cuts from areas of the cow that are more likely to have had contact with feces，which carries E.coli，industry research shows.Yet most meat companies rely on their suppliers to check for the bacteria and do their own testing only after the ingredients are ground together.
Unwritten agreements between some companies appear to stand in the way of ingredient testing.Many big slaughterhouses will sell only to grinders who agree not to test their shipments for E.coli for fear of a recall of ingredients they sold to others.
“Ground beef is not a completely safe product，”said Dr.Jeffrey Bender，a food safety expert at the University of Minnesota who helped develop systems for tracing E.coli contamination.He said that while outbreaks had been on the decline，“unfortunately it looks like we are going a bit in the opposite direction.”
86.What is the main idea of this passage？
A.An outbreak of o157：H7.
B.Food contamination on a rise.
C.A case report on food poisoning.
D.The faws in the system of beef inspection.
87.We can learn from the passage that____.
A.most people get sickened every year for eating hamburgers tainted by E.coli
B.so far there have been 16 outbreaks of E.coli contamination of beef
C.beef contamination is so serious that it can be found in 41 states
D.Ms.Smith’s reaction to o157：H7 is uncommon
88.The reason behind the way ground beef is produced is____.
A.the making of more profts
B.the satisfaction of the customer’s needs
C.the vulnerability to E.coli contamination
D.the requirement of the federal government
89.We can infer that many big slaughterhouses____.
A.conducted a recall of ground beef this summer
B.cannot be too careful about the safety of their beef products
C.actually know the possibility of their ground beef contamination
D.are completely ignorant of E.coli contamination of their beef supplies
90.As Bender implies at the end of the passage，____.
A.it is wise for consumers to stay away from beef products
B.the outbreaks of E.coli contamination are on the decline
C.things are not completely satisfying
D.it is unhealthy to live on hamburgers
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part ⅤWriting（20%）
Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese.Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
健康处方帮你走出“第三状态”
激烈的竞争，需要我们全力以赴面对各种各样的挑战。但长时间精力充沛地工作和生活并非易事。相反，许多人都有过情绪低落、容易疲劳、不愿意运动、失眠、头痛、注意力不集中的经历，有人甚至长期或经常出现这种情况，可到医院检查没事，出了医院依旧难受。医学上将这种介于健康和疾病之间的边缘状态称之为“灰色状态”或“第三状态”。医学专家们对这种现代人的“通病”进行了大量研究，并开出了一系列简便可行的健康处方。
均衡营养，合理膳食
理想的食谱首先要保证营养均衡，像糖、蛋白质、脂类、矿物质、维生素等必需的营养物质在每天的膳食中一样也不能少。都市中有两种不良营养倾向，一种是营养和热量过剩，另一种是为了节食导致某些营养素和热量的不足。这两种倾向都足以引起“灰色状态”。一个健康的成年人每天需要1500卡路里的能量，工作量大者则需要2000卡路里的热量，不断补充营养是保持精力充沛的前提。此外还应注意：脂肪类食物不可多食亦不可不食，因为某些脂类是大脑运转所必需的。缺乏脂类将影响思维；但是若食用过多，则短期内会产生昏昏欲睡的感觉，长期则会在体内堆积，形成脂肪。
维生素作用大
从事文字工作或经常操作电脑者容易眼肌疲劳、视力下降，维生素A对于预防视力减弱有一定效果，所以要多吃鱼肉、猪肝、韭菜、鳗鱼等富含维生素A的食物；经常待在办公室里的人日晒机会少，容易缺乏维生素D，需多吃海鱼、鸡肝等富含维生素D的食物；当人承受巨大的心理压力时，所消耗的维生素C将显著增加，而维生素C是人体不可或缺的营养物质，应尽可能多吃新鲜蔬菜、水果等富含维生素C的食物。
让“心”放松
每个人的心理状态和精力充沛程度在一天中都会不断变化，有高峰也有低谷。大多数人在午后达到精力的高峰，但也不乏个人差异。你不妨连续记录自己一天的心理状态，觉醒程度、反应速度和进行的活动，找出自己的精力变化曲线，然后合理安排每日的活动。美国科学家的一项调查显示，心理健康是所有精力充沛、事业有成者的标志，人生活在社会上难免有这样那样的痛苦和烦恼，要想应付各种挑战，重要的是通过心理调节维持心理平衡。日光照射可以改变大脑中某些信号物质的含量，使人情绪高涨，愿意从事富有挑战的活动。持续、高强度、快节奏的生活难免令人难以承受，疲劳、头痛、失眠等不适接踵而至。这些信号提醒你机体已经超负荷运转，该进行调整与休息了。每天抽出一段时间静坐，完全放松全身的肌肉，去掉脑中的一切杂念，将意念集中于丹田穴，可以调整全身的脏器活动。
让大自然帮助你
远离喧嚣的都市，到森林里。那里空气中负离子浓度较高，不仅能调节神经系统，而且可以促进胃肠消化、加深肺部的呼吸，在体力、脑力、心理等各方面起到良好的调节作用。办公室内勤等长时间坐着工作的人应该每隔1小时活动一下。可以做简单的保健操，也可以随便活动活动筋骨。虽然用时不多，却可有效防止由“静坐”生活方式导致的慢性疾病。
午后打盹事半功倍
现在国外一些公司规定职员必须午睡，以保证工作效率。午睡时间宜在半小时左右，关键是质量。睡时最好能平躺在床上或沙发上，将身体伸展开来。不要趴在桌上睡，这种体位容易使空气受限，颈项和腰部的肌肉紧张，醒后很不舒服，易发生慢性颈肩病。