模拟试题二
Model Test Two
Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral students
试卷一（Paper One）
Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
Section A
Directions：In this section you will hear ffteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example：
You will hear：
Woman：I feel faint.
Man：No wonder.You haven’t had a bite all day.
Question：What’s the matter with the woman？
You will read：
A.She is sick.
B.She was bitten by an ant.
C.She is hungry.
D.She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Sample Answer
A B●D
Now let’s begin with question number 1.
1.A.At school.B.At the cinema.C.At a hospital.D.At a restaurant.
2.A.Tom doesn’t work hard enough.
B.Tom doesn’t think the woman needs a worker.
C.Tom has a poor personality.
D.Tom works very quickly.
3.A.He becomes out of work.B.He doesn’t tell the truth.
C.He doesn’t like his job.D.He works with many workers.
4.A.It’s a bit expensive.B.It’s a real bargain.
C.It’s not worth the price.D.It’s unexpected.
5.A.There are already too many people.B.He can’t promise the woman now.
C.The woman is welcome to join them.D.The woman can come next time.
6.A.She will stay with someone unmarried.
B.She will live a simple life.
C.She will fully focus on her job.
D.She will quit her job to get married.
7.A.The woman thinks the salesman was realistic.
B.The woman thinks the salesman exaggerated his part.
C.The woman thinks the salesman was not dramatic enough.
D.The woman thinks the salesman played his part well.
8.A.Scientifc method.B.Result of experiment.
C.Modern solution.D.New invention.
9.A.Ask his boss for a lighter schedule.B.Trade places with someone else.
C.Accept the extra work willingly.D.Look for a more suitable job.
10.A.It will not be so easy.B.It will surely be easy.
C.The computer will break down.D.The computer will not work properly.
11.A.No medicine could solve the woman’s problem.
B.The woman should take some rest frst.
C.The woman should take some placeboes.
D.No medicine except placebo could cure the woman.
12.A.Logic.B.Reasoning.C.Deduction.D.Analysis.
13.A.A way to solve the problem of ocean pollution.
B.The role of bacteria to human beings.
C.An oil spilling in the ocean.
D.Certain human illness.
14.A.Triumph.B.Signifcant.C.A sense of burning.D.Pretty tired.
15.A.Talent and humor.B.Energy and love.
C.Creative and courage.D.Talent and humanity.
Section B
Directions：In this section you will hear three passages.After each one，you will hear fve questions. After each question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
16.A.Running nose.B.Fever.
C.Cough.D.Pain in joints and muscles.
17.A.She has chronic illness of respiratory system.
B.She has all the symptoms of a common cold.
C.She has ever been to some crowded places.
D.She contacted the person who is diagnosed of SARS.
18.A.Go back home and relax.B.Get examined and wait.
C.Get hospitalized and isolated.D.Get treated immediately.
19.A.SARS is an infectious disease but curable.
B.SARS is an infectious disease and incurable.
C.The man has been identifed as SARS for his contact history.
D.The man cannot been identifed as SARS because of his symptom.
20.A.Blood pressure and joints examination.B.Blood pressure and X-ray.
C.Blood test and X-ray.D.Blood test and joints examination.
Passage Two
21.A.Poor，untrained women.B.Young medical students.
C.Wives of military offcers.D.Middle-class men and women.
22.A.Medical men.B.Upper-class women.
C.Professional nurses.D.Military commanders.
23.A.Nursing was an art that could not be taught.
B.Additional medical care from nurses was unnecessary.
C.Volunteer nurses from the upper class were adequate.
D.Educated nurses would undermine their authority.
24.A.Public hygiene in the United States.
B.Florence Nightingale：a nurse’s story.
C.The fght for nursing education in the United States.
D.Health care in upper-and lower-class neighborhoods.
25.A.Bellevue was a hospital.B.Bellevue was a government.
C.Bellevue was a university.D.Bellevue was a women’s prison.
Passage Three
26.A.One always knows what his muscles are doing.
B.One performs simple actions without working.
C.One’s muscles are used only to the extent necessary for each action they perform.
D.One improves muscular action consciously.
27.A.Voluntary muscles.B.Involuntary muscles.
C.Muscle fbers.D.Sensory nerves.
28.A.Because she has more voluntary muscles than an average man.
B.Because she has only 60 to 70 percent as much muscle for her body mass as man’s.
C.Because she has 60 to 70 percent less muscles for her body mass.
D.Because she has less muscle fber for her body weight.
29.A.The effciency of our muscles.B.The normal breathing function.
C.Directing our muscles intelligently.D.The work of only our involuntary muscles.
30.A.They can become shorter and thicker.
B.They can stretch.
C.They have sense linking the muscles to the brain.
D.They can retract to their original position.
Part ⅡVocabulary（10%）
Section A
Directions：In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D，are given beneath each of them.You are to choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then，mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.You are healthy when you are____your outer and inner environments.
A.in relation to B.with regard to C.in contrast with D.in harmony with
32.Good health is a spirited____of energy，smooth skin，strong，supple limbs，and a positive joy in life.
A.texture B.mix C.burst D.peak
33.The____of emotional and psychiatric disorders that can prompt a person to seek therapy is wide.
A.formula B.coverage C.interval D.spectrum
34.Work is a____of satisfaction.
A.measure B.terminal C.source D.resource
35.If you____a heart-attack or stroke victim who needs your assistance，your frst response should be to stay calm and urge bystanders to call for an ambulance.
A.fnd out B.go into C.pass by D.come across
36.Today people still don’t make health a（n）____because they have no time.
A.privilege B.issue C.principle D.priority
37.Mental exercise can favorably____the structure of the brain just as physical exercise can change one’s bodily proportions.
A.modify B.adjust C.develop D.contract
38.The distinctions between the different schools and approaches are often very____.
A.subtle B.suffcient C.superfcial D.superior
39.Despite the limitations of a standard CT，it does a____job of picturing the internal anatomy of the body.
A.supreme B.superb C.suffcient D.superfuous
40.The city government is getting its residents to properly____their garbage.
A.break up B.dispose of C.check out D.hand out
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.The recent deterioration in the economy is of great concern to the government.
A.depression B.defciency C.degeneration D.deformity
42.A substantial hike in the top rate of income tax would not solve this problem but merely aggravate the nation’s already waning support.
A.depreciating B.warning C.declining D.startling
43.He was not conspicuously hairy nor shiny-bald，but his hair was graying and receding tactfully in keeping with his age.
A.prominently B.warily .consciously D.conventionally
44.The water company is obliged to maintain a supply of wholesome water.
A.available B.hydraulic C.balanced D.hygienic
45.Smoking makes one six times more likely to get oral cancer partly because the smoke constantly assaults the tissues that line the mouth and throat.
A.detects B.contaminates C.occupies D.attacks
46.Most organisms must ft in with their surroundings because their skills to alter their environment are restricted and highly specialized.
A.attach themselves to B.succumb to
C.lean on D.adapt themselves to
47.Instead of being recycled，garbage is left to accumulate in insanitary heaps which attract fies and spread infectious diseases.
A.innocuous B.gathering C.filthy D.infammable
48.The prevalence of highly intelligent devices has eliminated the handicaps associated with most disabilities.
A.disadvantages B.dispositions C.disappointments D.discomforts
49.In general，lasers operate by creating an intense amount of light and energy which is then converted into heat and used to control bleeding or destroy diseased tissue.
A.developed B.reduced C.transformed D.decoded
50.Shyness，the most common form of social anxiety，occurs when a person’s apprehensions are so great that they inhibit his making an expected or desired social response.
A.discharge B.trigger C.restrain D.defer
Part ⅢCloze（10%）
Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A，B，C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Exercise is good for people，but most people really know very little about how to exercise properly.So when you try，you may run into trouble.
Many people 51 that when specific muscles are exercised，the fat in the neighbouring area is“burned up”.Yet the 52 is that exercise burns fat from all over the body.
Studies show muscles which are not 53 lose their strength very quickly.To regain it needs 48 to 72 hours and exercise every other day will keep a normal level of physical strength.
To 54 weight you should always“work up a good sweat”when exercising.No sweating only 55 body temperature to prevent over heating.This is nothing but water loss. 56 you replace the liquid，you replace the weight.
Walking is the best and easy-to-do exercise. It helps the circulation of blood throughout the body，and has a direct 57 on your overall feeling of health.Experience says that 20 minutes’exercise a day is minimum amount. 58 your breathing doesn’t return to normal state within minutes after you finish 59 ，you’ve done 60 .
51.A.understand B.believe
C.hope D.know
52.A.reply B.possibility
C.truth D.reason
53.A.exercised B.examined
C.protected D.cured
54.A.lose B.gain
C.keep D.burn
55.A.raises B.reduces
C.destroys D.keeps up
56.A.While B.Once
C.As D.Whenever
57.A.effect B.use
C.usage D.affect
58.A.But if B.But(https://www.daowen.com)
C.If D.And if
59.A.working B.walking
C.exercising D.breathing
60.A.enough B.much
C.too much D.much too
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this section there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Among all the malignancies，lung cancer is the biggest killer；more than 100，000 Americans die of the disease.Giving up smoking is one of obvious ways to reduce the risk，but another answer may lie in the kitchen.According to a new report，even heavy smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by eating a daily portion of carrots，spinach or any other vegetable or fruit containing a form of vitamin A called carotene.
The fnding，published in The Lancet，is part of a long-range investigation of diet and disease.Since 1957，some American researchers have monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of 2，000 middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co.in Chicago.Led by Dr.Richard Shekelle of St. Luke’s Medical Center，the researchers recently began to sort out the links between the subjects’dietary patterns and cancer.
Other studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offer some protection against lung cancer.The correlation seemed logical，explains Shekelle，since vitamin A is essential for the growth of the epithelial tissue that lines the airways of the lungs.
Vegetables：But the earlier research did not distinguish between the two different forms of the vitamin.“Preformed”vitamin A，known as retinols found mainly in liver and dairy products like milk， cheese，butter and eggs.But vitamin A is also made in the body from carotene，which is abundant in a variety of vegetables and fruits，including carrots，spinach，squash，tomatoes，sweet potatoes and apples.
In the study，Shekelle and his colleagues found little correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and the consumption of foods containing preformed vitamin A.But when they examined the data on carotene intake，they discovered a signifcant relationship.Among the 488 men who had the lowest level of carotene consumption，there were 14 cases of lung cancer；in a group of the same size that ate the most carotene，only two cases developed.The apparent protective effect of carotene held up even for long-time smokers—but to a lesser degree.
Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be frmly established.In the meantime，researchers warn against taking large numbers of vitamin A pills，because the tablets contain a form of the chemical that can be extremely toxic in high doses.Instead，they advise a well-balanced diet that includes goods rich in carotene.For a smoker，a half-cup of carrots every day might possibly make the difference between life and death.
61.The word“malignancy”（Line 1，Para.1）most probably refers to____.
A.cancer B.sickness C.vitamins D.disease
62.“Preformed”vitamin A is NOT found in____.
A.milk B.eggs C.apples D.cheese
63.Carotene is present in all of the following EXCEPT____.
A.tomatoes B.carrots C.squash D.butter
64.Among the groups studied，who had the most cases of lung cancer？
A.Those with the lowest level of carotene intake.
B.Those with the highest level of carotene intake.
C.Those who ate only foods containing carotene.
D.Those with the lowest intake of carrots.
65.What is needed to establish frmly the link between carotene and lung cancer？
A.Further study. B.More money.
C.More cases of lung cancer. D.More people willing to eat carrots.
Passage Two
Technically，any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances（drugs）is pervasive：an aspirin to quiet a headache，some wine to be sociable，coffee to get going in the morning，a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses？First of all，most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.Dependence is marked frst by an increased tolerance，with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect，and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs（substances）that affect the central nervous system and alter perception，mood，and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants，depressants，or hallucinogens.Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants slow it down.Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.These are the substances often called psychedelic（from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation）because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
66.“Substances abuse”（Line 5，Paragraph 1）is preferable to“drug abuse”in that____.
A.substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
B.“drug abuse”is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
C.alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
D.many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
67.The word“persuasive”（Line 1，Paragraph 2）might mean“____”.
A.widespread B.overwhelming C.piercing D.fashionable
68.Physical dependence on certain substances results from____.
A.uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
B.exclusive use of them for social purposes
C.quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
D.careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
69.Which of the following statement is CORRECT？
A.Substances which trigger changes in body and psychology are drugs.
B.Substances widely used in treatment or social activities are seen as drugs.
C.If a person needs larger amount of some substance and has unpleasant withdrawal symptoms， physical dependence would arise.
D.In social occasions，alcohol and smoking should be forbidden in that people tend to illegally use them.
70.From the last paragraph we can infer that____.
A.stimulants function positively on the mind
B.hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
C.depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
D.the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
Passage Three
Today we make room for a remarkably narrow range of personality styles.We’re told that to be great is to be bold，to be happy is to be sociable.We see ourselves as a nation of extroverts—which means that we’ve lost sight of who we really are.One-third to one-half of Americans are introverts—in the other words，one out of every two or three people you know.If you’re not an introvert yourself，you are surely raising，managing，married to，or coupled with one.
If these statistics surprise you，that’s probably because so many people pretend to be extroverts.Closet introverts pass undetected on playgrounds，in high school locker rooms，and in the corridors of corporate America.Some fool even themselves，until some life event—a layoff，an empty nest，an inheritance that frees them to spend time as they like—jolts them into taking stock of their true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends and acquaintances to fnd that the most unlikely people consider themselves introverts.
It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves.We live with a value system that I call the Extrovert Ideal—the omnipresent belief that the ideal self is gregarious，alpha，and comfortable in the spotlight.The archetypal extrovert prefers action to contemplation，risk-taking to heed-taking，certainty to doubt.He favors quick decisions，even at the risk of being wrong.She works well in teams and socializes in groups.We like to think that we value individuality，but all too often we admire one type of individual—the kind who’s comfortable“putting himself out there”.Sure，we allow technologically gifted loners who launch companies in garages to have any personality they please，but they are the exceptions，not the rule，and our tolerance extends mainly to those who get fabulously wealthy or hold the promise of doing so.
Introversion—along with its cousins’sensitivity，seriousness，and shyness—is now a second-class personality trait，somewhere between a disappointment and a pathology.Introverts living under the Extrovert Ideal are like women in a man’s world，discounted because of a trait that goes to the core of who they are.Extroversion is an enormously appealing personality style，but we’ve turned it into an oppressive standard to which most of us feel we must conform.
The Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many studies，though this research has never been grouped under a single name.Talkative people，for example，are rated as smarter，better-looking，more interesting，and more desirable as friends.Velocity of speech counts as well as volume：we rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones.Even the word introvert is stigmatized—one informal study，by psychologist Laurie Helgoe，found that introverts described their own physical appearance in vivid language，but when asked to describe generic introverts they drew a bland and distasteful picture.
But we make a grave mistake to embrace the Extrovert Ideal so unthinkingly.Some of our greatest ideas，art，and inventions—from the theory of evolution to van Gogh’s sunflowers to the personal computer—came from quiet and cerebral people who knew how to tune in to their inner worlds and the treasures to be found there.
71.According to the author，there exists，as far as personality styles are concerned，a discrepancy between____.
A.what people say they can do and what they actually can
B.what society values and what people pretend to be
C.what people profess and what statistics show
D.what people profess and what they hide from others
72.The ideal extrovert is described as being all the following EXCEPT____.
A.doubtfulB.sociableC.determinedD.bold
73.According to the author，our society only permits____to have whatever personality they like.
A.the young B.the ordinary C.the artistic D.the rich
74.According to the passage，which of the following statements best refects the author’s opinion？
A.Introversion is seen as an inferior trait because of its association with sensitivity.
B.Extroversion is arbitrarily forced by society as a norm upon people.
C.Introverts are generally regarded as either unsuccessful or as defcient.
D.Extroversion and introversion have similar personality trait profles.
75.The author winds up the passage with a____note.
A.cautious B.warning C.positive D.humorous
Passage Four
Gordon Shaw the physicist，66，and colleagues have discovered what’s known as the“Mozart effect”，the ability of a Mozart sonata，under the right circumstances，to improve the listener’s mathematical and reasoning abilities.But the fndings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter.The hype，he warns，has gotten out of hand.
But frst，the essence：is there something about the brain cells work to explain the effect？In 1978 the neuroscientist Vernon Mountacastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain’s gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work，it represents the fring patterns of groups of neurons. Building on Mounteastle，Shaw and his team constructed a model of their own.On a lark，Xiaodan Leng，who was Shaw’s colleague at the time，used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into music. What came out of the speakers wasn’t exactly toe-tapping，but it was music.Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of pattern.
“Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking，”says his longtime friend，Nobel Prize-Winning StandfordPhysicist Martin Perl.“That’s important.In new areas of science，such as brain research，nobody knows how to do it.”
What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw’s fndings？They haven’t condemned it， but neither have they confrmed it.Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt，but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing.In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27%on a test of ratios and proportions.The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment course—minus the music.The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers，Shaw claims.
Proof of all this，of course，is necessarily elusive because it can be diffcult to do a double blind experiment of educational techniques.In a double blind trial of an arthritis drug，neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the best treatment and which a dummy pill.How do you keep the participants from knowing it’s Mozart on the CD？
76.In the frst paragraph Gordon Shaw’s concern is shown over____.
A.the open hostility by the media towards his fndings
B.his strength to keep trying out the Mozart effect
C.a widespread misunderstanding of his fndings
D.the sharp disagreement about his discovery
77.Shaw and Leng’s experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis that____.
A.listening to Mozart could change the brain’s hardware
B.Brain-waves could be invariably translated into music
C.listening to music could stimulate brain development
D.toe-tapping could be very close to something musical
78.The remarks made by Matin Perl in Para.3 about Gordon Shaw could be taken as____.
A.a compliment B.an outspoken criticism
C.an expression of jealousy D.something a little sarcastic
79.In the sentence“Maybe you have to take them…”（Para.4）the word“them”best refers to____.
A.neuroscientists and psychologists B.Shaw and his colleagues
C.the experiments by Shaw and his team D.Shaw’s fndings
80.The important condition for the Mozart-trained kids to outsmart the control group is____.
A.being particularly trained to tackle math problems
B.listening to a specifc Mozart and playing the piano
C.having extra courses designed exclusively for them
D.studying the piano for its breathtaking complexity
Passage Five
Since the frst brain scanner was constructed several years ago，computed tomography or computed medical imagery，has become fairly widely used.Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology.
To begin with，conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three-dimensional object.Things at different depths are super imposed，causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information.The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the body’s interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles.Such pictures are based on series of thin“slices”.
In addition，conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air，as in the chest and lungs.They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations in tissues.The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all，and certain other organs max only be rendered visible through the use of radio paque dye.Since computed tomography is much more sensitive，the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver can be seen and clearly differentiated.This technique can also accurately measure different degrees of X-ray absorption，facilitating the study of the nature of tissue.
A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measure quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which the X-ray has passed.Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded.This is not a problem with computed tomography.It can accurately locate a tumor and subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment，so that in addition to its diagnostic capabilities，it can play a signifcant role in therapy.
81.Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference between____.
A.bone and air B.liver and pancreas
C.muscle and other body tissues D.heart and lungs
82.What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body？
A.Two-dimensional. B.Three-dimensional.
C.Animated. D.Intensifed.
83.It can be inferred from the passage that compared to conventional X-ray techniques，computed tomography is more____.
A.compact B.rapid C.economical D.informative
84.What is the author’s attitude toward this new technique？
A.Cautious. B.Tolerant. C.Enthusiastic. D.Critical.
85.According to the passage，computed tomography can be used for all of the following EXCEPT____.
A.monitoring a patient’s disease B.diagnosing disorders
C.locating tumors D.reconstructing damaged tissues
Passage Six
When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it，they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth.Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist，and even this is doubtful.But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter.At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.
Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage.His individual units retain a strong sense of personality.They are，in fact，still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives.But man’s societies are already suffciently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.
It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary time scale.Fifty thousand years from now man’s societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality.Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts（machines）that have been constructed by it.A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.
The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation.If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage（and this is by no means impossible），they may fnd it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.
The units may be“secondary”—machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce.They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials，if this is the case，they may be much more tolerant of their environment multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compound and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.
Such creatures might be relics of a past age，many millions of years ago，when their planet was favorable to the origin of life or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.
86.What does the word“cheer”（Para.1，Line 2）imply？
A.Imaginative men are sure of success in fnding life on other planets.
B.Imaginative men are delighted to fnd life on other planets.
C.Imaginative men are happy to fnd a different kind of life existing on other planets.
D.Imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on
other planets.
87.Humans on Earth are characterized by____.
A.their existence as free and separate beings
B.their capability of living under favorable conditions
C.their great power and effectiveness
D.their strong desire for living in a close-knit society
88.According to this passage，some people believe that eventually____.
A.human societies will be much more cooperative
B.man will live in a highly organized world
C.machines will take control over man
D.living beings will disappear from Earth
89.Even most imaginative people have to admit that____.
A.human societies are as advanced as those on some other planets
B.planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stay
C.it is diffcult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human body
D.organisms are more creative than machines
90.It seems that the writer____.
A.is interested in the imaginary life forms B.is eager to fnd a different form of life
C.is certain of the existence of a new life form D.is critical of the imaginative people
Please turn to the next page and go on to Paper Two.（注意：考试进行到115分钟时收试卷一，然后开始做试卷二。）
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part ⅤWriting（20%）
Directions：Please read the following article in Chinese carefully，and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
医学发展趋势和应对战略
为了从疾病防治与身心健康转变为身心健全及其与环境的和谐一致，实现“身心健康、无病无弱、环境和谐”的医学发展总体目标，有专家建议实施前移战略和下移战略，并超前战略部署，落实模式转变和系统整合，从医疗卫生服务模式上实现6个转移，从而提高健康科技水平，适应人民健康、社会需求和医学发展的要求。
1.前移战略
思想观念前移：从“治病”向“治人”转变，从以疾病为主导向以健康为主导转变；经费投入前移：鉴于医疗卫生投入有后效应期，因此医疗卫生经费的投入必须有超前意识；只有持续稳定的投入，才能保障健康事业的稳定、可持续发展；研究内容重心前移：从单纯重视生命后期到全面重视生命全过程，以至个体发生之前；从单纯重视疾病后期到重视疾病的全过程，以至疾病之前，重预防，治未病，尽可能将慢性非传染性疾病控制在发生之前、传染病控制在感染前，遗传病控制在受孕前。疾病发生后，重视早期诊断、早期治疗；研究领域重心前移：加强生物医学研究和医药产品研发。
2.下移战略
把人口与卫生工作的重点放到城乡社区，发展和完善城乡社区的医疗卫生保健、生殖健康和计划生育服务体系，加强适宜技术和药械的研发与推广应用，使广大人民群众都能享受医疗保健服务，尤其让经济水平较低的人群能够享受到基本医疗卫生服务。
3.超前战略部署采取超前发展战略，强调自然科学与人文科学融合、系统论与还原论对接、宏观与微观结合，建立系统、整体思维下的新方法，培育和构建新医学模式和创新医学体系。采取系统工程和重点战略相结合，宏观统筹规划，突出重点，有所为有所不为，具体计划安排，分步实施；充分利用国内外高新科学技术的最新成果；充分借鉴国外先进经验，强调自主创新为先导，与引进开发相结合；以医药生物技术为主体，高新技术与适宜技术协调发展，开展跟踪、跨越、研究，赶超世界先进水平。
4.模式转变
医学模式是人类认识和处理医学问题的观点和方法，是医学理念和实践的总结和概括及其理论化和系统化的升华，它既以医学实践为基础，来自医学实践，但又高于实践，对医学研究、医学实践和医疗卫生事业的发展具有指导和推动作用。鉴于目前的社会—心理—生物医学模式在理论上和实践上都忽视了人类赖以生存并对人类健康状况和疾病发生发展及转归产生巨大影响的环境和对医学的进步越来越具有关键性以至决定性作用的工程技术，不能适应当代应用非线性思维的观念和系统综合的手段来研究和解决复杂医学问题的需要，因此必须彻底从单纯的线性思维和还原分析的模式下解放出来，从社会—心理—生物医学模式转变为生物—环境—社会—心理—工程医学模式。
5.系统整合
从系统水平进行中、西医学体系内外、医学与其他自然科学、人文科学、工程技术科学之间，全方位、立体化、广泛地交叉渗透、系统整合。要注意对与人类健康和医学有关的各种主要因素（遗传、环境、机能、社会、心理、行为、科技、人文等）、各种有关的重要过程（生命过程、生态过程、代谢过程、认知过程、疾病过程等）和各种相关的工程技术（生物工程、医学工程、移植工程、药学工程）在不同层次的系统整合、综合研究和应用。
6.卫生服务模式转移
（1）从以疾病为主导转移到以健康为主导；（2）从以单个患者为中心转移到以人群为中心；（3）从以医疗为重点转移到以预防保健为重点；（4）从以医院为基础转移到以社区为基础；（5）从以疾病防治、身心健康为目标转移到以身心健康及其与环境和谐一致为目标；（6）从主要依靠医学和卫生部门转移到依靠众多学科和全社会参与。
我国医学发展应贯彻以人为本，全面、协调、可持续发展的科学发展观，以国家目标和健康需求为导向，适应今后我国人民卫生健康以及社会、经济、科技协调发展的需要，充分发挥政府主导、立法保障、社会参与、市场调节和科技支撑的作用，顺应医学发展趋势，针对医学发展的前景，进行总体规划与全面协调，打破部门界限，实现资源、信息、人才的整合与共享。而且，保护环境，控制人口，从根本上改变人类的生存条件，将成为未来医学乃至社会发展的中心工作。加强全民健康教育，改变不良生活方式及习惯，最大限度地提高人民群众的自我保健能力也将成为医学科学和医务工作者的一项十分重要的任务。
This is the end of Model Test Two.（注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。）