模拟试题六
Model Test Six
Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral Students
试卷一（Paper One）
Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
Section A
Directions：In this section you will hear ffteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example.
You will hear：
Woman：I feel faint.
Man：No wonder.You haven’t had a bite all day.
Question：What’s the matter with the woman？
You will read：
A.She is sick.
B.She was bitten by an ant.
C.She is hungry.
D.She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Sample Answer
A B●D
Now let’s begin with question number 1.
1.A.Dr.Smith isn’t a good choice.
B.She’s never been treated by Dr.Smith.
C.She’s been sitting in the waiting room for too long.
D.She’d like to recommend a magazine to the man.
2.A.He thinks that there’s more depression among users of the Internet.
B.He doubts there is a correlation between the Internet and depression.
C.He is sure that being on the Internet can lead to depression.
D.He thinks that depression can make people spend more time on the Internet.
3.A.She is full.
B.She has trouble digesting pears.
C.She thinks there is not enough.
D.She just wants a small one.
4.A.In the clinic.
B.In the ward.
C.In the drug store.
D.In the department store.
5.A.Change his diet.
B.Take a different kind of medicine.
C.Ask another doctor about the problem.
D.Do special knee exercises.
6.A.She needs a new hat and gloves.
B.The weather will continue to be cold.
C.She doesn’t know what the weather will be like tomorrow.
D.She doesn’t know where the man put his winter clothes.
7.A.The woman shouldn’t make him feel bad.
B.The woman should help him write a report.
C.He doesn’t want to take the woman out.
D.He feels responsible for the woman’s mood.
8.A.She’d rather not discuss her problems.
B.She has been healthy.
C.It’s hard for her to explain her problems.
D.She’s sorry she didn’t come back sooner.
9.A.Make a list of what she needs to do.
B.Schedule an eye exam without delay.
C.Order an appointment book.
D.Get over her fear of eye doctors.
10.A.The man shouldn’t make the decision so quickly.
B.It’s too risky to choose such a location.
C.The man is doing things in the wrong order.
D.It’s possible for him to make a better choice.
11.A.His passenger saved him in time.
B.He was driving very slowly.
C.He was driving a new car.
D.He had fastened his seat belt.
12.A.She never keeps other people waiting.
B.She wants the man to help her with her assignment.
C.She’s upset that the man didn’t tell her he’d be late.
D.She’s glad that the man phoned her.
13.A.Business leadership.
B.Global business community.
C.Economic prospects in China.
D.Business and government in China.
14.A.4，000.B.5，000.C.1，300.D.3，100.
15.A.Beijing.B.Guangzhou.C.Shanghai.D.Hong Kong.
Section B
Directions：In this section you will hear three passages.After each one，you will hear five questions.After each question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
16.A.He was with a patient.B.He was away on vacation.
C.He was talking to his secretary.D.He was operating.
17.A.His false teeth weren’t ft.B.He broke his legs.
C.His feet were badly hurt.D.He cut his fngers.
18.A.For a few days.B.For a few weeks.
C.For a few months.D.For almost a year.
19.A.Angry.B.Sympathetic.
C.Indifferent.D.Annoyed.
20.A.This morning.B.This afternoon.
C.Before lunch.D.After lunch.
Passage Two
21.A.A normal baby responded to the stimuli impassively.
B.A normal baby’s reaction to the sound was phlegmatic.
C.A group of nurses took care of the blind infants at the medical center.
D.Some of the blind infants were able to respond to their mothers’voice.
22.A.The scientists tested them in the medical center.
B.The blind infants were visited by research workers every two weeks.
C.The blind infants were made to compare with the normal infants.
D.Their mothers were invited to tickle them.
23.A.They reacted with smiles to hugging from their mothers.
B.They were tested for almost a year.
C.They lacked in feeling to the sound.
D.They were happy with their families.
24.A.A group of scientists and nurses.B.The communities.
C.The infants’mother.D.The local medical center.
25.A.The blind infants’behavior was without feeling or emotion.
B.The blind infants’behavior was insensible but ardent.
C.The blind infants’behavior lacked energy and vigor.
D.The blind infants’behavior took a long time in respond to a stimulus.
Passage Three
26.A.Biomedical engineers.B.Nursing students.
C.Students of philosophy.D.Mechanics.
27.A.During the frst year of college.B.During the second year of college.
C.After the second week of classes.D.Just before the fnal exam.
28.A.The mind can be completely understood through scientifc observation.
B.The mind is too complex to be considered part of the“vital force”.
C.The mind and the brain have the same chemical and physical functions.
D.The mind may function separately from the brain.
29.A.Decide whether they are mechanists or vitalists.
B.Take an article home and read it.
C.Transfer to the introductory class.
D.Write an essay about vitalism and mechanism.
30.A.Mechanism is the view that all life phenomena can be explained according to chemical and physical laws.
B.Mechanism can impossible be supported through scientifc experimentation.
C.Mechanism is the view that the modern science tends to be mechanism.
D.Mechanism is a kind of philosophical approach.
Part ⅡVocabulary（10%）
Section A
Directions：In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B， C and D，are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then，mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.Professor Taylor’s talk has indicated that science has a very strong____on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.
A.motivation B.perspective C.impression D.impact
32.The manager spoke highly of such____as loyalty，courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.
A.virtues B.features C.properties D.characteristics
33.The newspaper did not mention the____of the damage caused by the fre.
A.range B.level C.extent D.quantity
34.Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject，he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only____to his confusion.
A.extended B.amounted C.added D.turned
35.Who is____personnel at present？
A.in the charge of B.under charge of C.under the charge of D.in charge of
36.I caught a____of the taxi before it disappeared around the corner of the street.
A.vision B.glimpse C.look D.scene
37.She was so____in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door.
A.attracted B.absorbed C.drawn D.concentrated
38.It has been revealed that some government leaders____their authority and position to get illegal profts for themselves.
A.employ B.take C.abuse D.overlook
39.I’d____his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community，and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.
A.take into account B.account for C.make up for D.make out
40.They claim that____1，000 factories closed down during the economic crisis.
A.suffciently B.approximately C.considerably D.properly
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.Hague was elected as the Conservative Party leader partly because of his ambiguous views on Britain’s position in relation to its partners in the European Union.
A.ambitious B.obscure C.appalling D.indifferent
42.Her story shows how gentle stubbornness and an indifference to honors and fame can lead to great achievements.
A.persuasion B.determination C.devotion D.reservation
43.We have a responsibility to ensure our nation’s continued prosperity and the most sensible way to do this is by investment in basic scientifc research.
A.effective B.effcient C.signifcant D.reasonable
44.All information reported to or likewise obtained by the commission is considered confdential.
A.in a similar way B.in another way
C.in a direct way D.in an unauthorized way
45.I would recommend this inn highly on account of its wonderful location.
A.as a result of B.because of C.with regard to D.with a view to
46.Television advertisements do more than merely refect dominant ideologies.
A.exactly B.faithfully C.repeatedly D.simply
47.The legislative provision has a great impact on the operations of the department.
A.law B.passage C.revision D.clause
48.In spite of a problem with the faulty equipment，some very useful work was accomplished.
A.imperfect B.temporary C.emergency D.reinstalled
49.Talks on climate change resumed in the German city of Bonn on July 16 to combat global warming.
A.focus on B.settle down C.fght against D.sum up
50.Bob believes that the invasion of the marketplace into the university is undermining fundamental academic values，and that we must act now to halt this decline.
A.lace B.plug C.cease D.digest
Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)
Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A,B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries.Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.
Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs.The brain 51 a protein substance which can act directly 52 the brain to change aspects of mental activity.Some may change or improve，for example，creativity，intelligence，imagination，and good 53 .
Chemicals found in the brain 54 messages. In recent years scientists have found chemicals that 55 mood，memory and other happenings of the mind.About 25 have been found 56 .
Today the role of chemicals and the protein substance in human behavior is creating much interest.Research seems to show that they may help 57 insomnia，pain，and mental illness.They have a great 58 to stimulate the brain to 59 defciencies.They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain.They 60 the secret on mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more effcient brain.
51.A.entertains B.restrains
C.sustains D.contains
52.A.against B.on
C.for D.to
53.A.character B.temper
C.spirit D.memory
54.A.obtain B.accept
C.carry D.receive
55.A.approach B.affect
C.aid D.apply
56.A.so many B.so much
C.so far D.so good
57.A.conceal B.compress
C.confne D.control
58.A.courage B.capacity
C.authority D.curiosity
59.A.contain B.contest
C.conquer D.condemn
60.A.held B.hold
C.are holding D.will hold
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this section there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.(https://www.daowen.com)
Passage One
At 9：00 in the evening on January 29，just as President George W.Bush was about to begin his frst State of the Union address，I gathered with three anxious scientists in a small，windowless laboratory in Worcester，Massachusetts.We were at Advanced Cell Technology—a privately owned biotechnology company that briefly made international headlines last fall by publishing the first scientific account of cloned human embryos.The significance of the achievement was debatable：the company’s most successful embryo had reached only six cells before it stopped dividing（one other had reached four cells，another had reached two）—a fact that led to a widespread dismissal，in the media and the scientifc community，of ACT’s“breakthrough”.The work was largely judged to be preliminary，inconsequential， and certainly not worthy of headlines.Many people in political and religious circles，however，had a decidedly different view.They deemed ACT’s work an ethical transgression of the highest order and professed shock，indignation，and horror.
Nonetheless，ACT was pressing ahead—which was why I had come to the company’s cloning lab that night in January.The door to the lab was locked；a surveillance camera mounted on the ceiling watched our every move；and the mood was at once urgent and tense.A human egg，retrieved just hours earlier from a young donor，was positioned under a microscope，its image glowing on a nearby video monitor.The egg’s chromosomes would shortly be removed，and the scientists in the room would attempt to fuse what remained of the egg with a human skin cell.If the procedure succeeded，the result would be a cloned human embryo.
Skin cell to embryo—it’s one of the most remarkable quick-change scenarios modern biology has to offer.It’s also one of the most controversial.Since the announcement，in 1997，of the cloning of the sheep Dolly，attempts to use human cells for cloning have provoked heated debate in the United States， separating those who have faith in the promise of the new technology from those who envision its dark side and unintended consequences.
Crucial to the debate is the fact that human cloning research falls into two distinct categories： reproductive cloning，a widely frowned-on effort that aims to produce a fully formed child；and therapeutic cloning，a scientifcally reputable procedure that takes place entirely at the microscopic level and is designed to advance medical therapies and cure human ailments.The two start out the same way —with a new embryo in a Petri dish.But the scientists I was observing in the lab had no intention of creating a person.Instead they were embarking on an experiment that，if successful，would be a frst step toward creating radical new cures for patients like the donor of the skin cell—Trevor Ross（not his real name），a two-year-old boy afficted with a rare and devastating genetic disease.
The mood in the lab was tense in part because of the uncertain outcome of the experiment.But it was also tense because of concern over what President Bush might say about cloning in his address to the nation.A radio in one corner of the room was tuned to the broadcast as the scientists began their work，and they were listening carefully：in perhaps no other felds of science are researchers as mindful of which way the political winds are blowing.The ACT scientists had good reason to be concerned— what they were doing that night might soon be made illegal.
61.The author was most probably as____.
A.an observer B.a secretary
C.a secret agent D.a correspondent
62.According to the author，____.
A.ACT’s scientists had no intention of creating a person
B.ACT’s experiment would be the frst step towards creating radical new cures
C.ACT’s scientists were very mindful of government’s perceptions
D.all the above
63.According to the passage，human cloning is clearly categorized as____.
A.political and religious
B.reproductive and therapeutic
C.debatable and controversial
D.preliminary and inconsequential
64.According to this passage，attempts to use human cells for cloning____.
A.have encouraged those who have faith in the premise of the new procedure
B.have criticized those who envision only the dark side and unintended consequences
C.have provoked heated debates in the United States
D.have made ACT’s work an ethical transgression of the highest order
65.The mood of the ACT’s scientists was tense because____.
A.what they were doing that night might soon be made illegal
B.they would soon make ACT’s breakthroughs
C.they would make international headline that night
D.President George W.Bush might come to their lab that night
Passage Two
Modern biology is based on several unifying themes，such as the cell theory，genetics and inheritance，Francis Crick’s central dogma of information flow，and Darwin and Wallace’s theory of evolution by natural selection.In this frst unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science.
The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander（611-547 B.C.）and the Roman philosopher Lucretius （99-55 B.C.）coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time.The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental.Another ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle，developed his Scala Naturae，or Ladder of Life，to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants，then animals and fnally man.This concept of man as the“crown of creation”still plagues modern evolutionary biologists.
Post-Aristotlean“scientists”were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages— the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety.Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland，in the late 1600’s calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in the biblical book of Genesis.According to Ussher’s calculations， the earth was formed on October 22，4004 B.C.These calculations were part of Ussher’s book，History of the World.The chronology he developed was taken as factual，and was even printed in the front pages of Bibles. Ussher’s ideas were readily accepted，in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times； comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked apple carts of church and state.
Often new ideas must“come out of left field”，appearing as wild notions，but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the“truth”.Ussher’s ideas were comfortable，the Bible was viewed as correct，therefore the earth must be only 5，000 years old.
Geologists had for some time doubted the“truth”of a 5，000 year old earth.Leonardo da Vinci （painter of the Last Supper，and the Mona Lisa，architect and engineer）calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy.Da Vinci concluded it took 200，000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo，convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe，studied fossils（evidence of past life）and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts.James Hutton， regarded as the father of modern geology，developed the Theory of Uniformitarianism，the basis of modern geology and paleontology.According to Hutton’s work，certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today，with minor exceptions of rates，etc.Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5，000 years old.
66.Which of the following is NOT a theme of modern biology？
A.The sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy.
B.Darwin and Wallace’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
C.The cell theory，genetics and inheritance.
D.Francis Crick’s central dogma of information fow.
67.Science at the times of Anaxiamander was____.
A.experimental B.advanced C.inanimate D.observational
68.Aristotle developed____.
A.the advancement of living things from inanimate matters to fnal man
B.the concept of man as“crown of creation”
C.the classical science of their time
D.the concept that all living things were related
69.Unlike Galileo，Ussher’s concept was accepted by both the church and state of his time because ____.
A.his ideas would not weaken the power of the church and state
B.he calculated the age of the earth accurately
C.he was not constrained by the prevailing thought pattern of the Middle Ages
D.his calculation was printed in the front pages of Bibles
70.It is implied in the passage that the biblical book of Genesis____.
A.was the basis of modern geology and paleontology
B.operated today in much the same way as it did in the past
C.greatly infuenced scientists during the post-Aristotlean times
D.was based on the genealogies from Adam and Eve
Passage Three
What new research reveals about the adolescent brain—from why kids bully to how the teen years shape the rest of your life.They say you never escape high school.And for better or worse，science is lending some credibility to that old saw.Thanks to sophisticated imaging technology and a raft of longitudinal studies，we’re learning that the teen years are a period of crucial brain development subject to a host of environmental and genetic factors.This emerging research sheds light not only on why teenagers act the way they do，but how the experiences of adolescence—from rejection to binge drinking—can affect who we become as adults，how we handle stress，and the way we bond with others.
One of the most important discoveries in this area of study，says Dr.Frances Jensen，a neuroscientist at Harvard，is that our brains are not finished maturing by adolescence，as was previously thought. Adolescent brains“are only about 80 percent of the way to maturity”，she said at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in November.It takes until the mid-20s，and possibly later，for a brain to become fully developed.
An excess of gray matter（the stuff that does the processing）at the beginning of adolescence makes us particularly brilliant at learning—the reason we’re so good at picking up new languages starting in early childhood—but also particularly sensitive to the infuences of our environment，both emotional and physical.Our brains’processing centers haven’t been fully linked yet，particularly the parts responsible for helping to check our impulses and considering the long-term repercussions of our actions.“It’s like a brain that’s all revved up not knowing where it needs to go，”says Jensen.
It’s partially because of this developmental timeline that a teen can be so quick to conjure a stinging remark，or a biting insult，and so uninhibited in fring it off at the nearest unfortunate target—a former friend，perhaps，or a bewildered parent.The impulse to hurl an insult is there，just as it may be for an adult in a stressful situation，but the brain regions that an adult might rely on to stop himself from saying something cruel just haven’t caught up.
In a paper published last year in the Journal of the American Academy of Child&Adolescent Psychiatry，Dr.Jay Giedd，a scientist at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institutes of Mental Health，wrote that，according to brain scans conducted over several years，gray-matter volume peaks around or just before the beginning of puberty，and then continuously declines.In contrast，white matter （the stuff that helps connect areas of the brain）increases right up to，and beyond，the end of puberty.
These adolescent brain developments don’t happen to all parts of the brain at the same time.“The order in which this maturation of connection goes，is from the back of the brain to the front of the brain，”says Jensen.
And one of the last parts to mature is the frontal lobe，a large area responsible for modulating reward， planning，impulsiveness，attention，acceptable social behavior，and other roles that are known as executive functions.It’s thanks in part to the frontal lobe that we are able to schedule our time with any sort of effciency， plan in advance to arrange for a designated driver on a night out（or stop drinking before one is over the legal limit），and restrain ourselves from getting into fghts any time we get involved in an argument.Unfortunately， it’s just these sorts of behaviors that teenage brains are not fully endowed to deal with—and the consequences are potentially fatal when it comes to high-risk behavior like drinking and driving.
This blast of teen-brain change is compounded by profound social and psychological shifts.Of particular importance is that adolescence is the time when we develop stronger social connections with our peers，and more independence from our parents.
“Before the transition to adolescence，kids interact with one another，and the kinds of friendships that they have，are substantially different，”explains Dr.Mitch Prinstein，professor and director of clinical psychology，at the University of North Carolina，Chapel Hill.“After adolescence they can really confde in friends，they turn to them as frst sources of social support.Kids tell us all the time they are more likely to tell their friends about things going on in their lives，and stressors，than any adult.”
This cuts both ways.Healthy relationships have a positive effect on how an adolescent navigates through a tumultuous period of life.But at the same time，this reliance on friends makes young people susceptible to the infuence of peer pressure，even when it is indirect.
71.One of the most important discoveries in the adolescent brain is that adolescent brain____.
A.have become fully developed
B.are mainly affected by environmental and genetic factors
C.are particularly sensitive to activities such as drinking
D.remain immature
72.Teenagers are likely to____.
A.hurt the people closest to them
B.be indifferent to their environment
C.have bewildered parents
D.try to stop themselves from saying something cruel
73.Which of the following statements is CORRECT？
A.At the beginning of adolescence，our brains’processing centers have been fully linked.
B.White matter volume peaks just before the beginning of puberty.
C.All parts of the adolescent brain do not develop at the same time.
D.The maturation of connection goes from the front of the brain to the back of the brain.
74.With the maturity of the frontal lobe，teenagers____.
A.can deal with high-risk behavior like drinking and driving
B.will avoid arguing
C.never get into fghts
D.schedule their time effciently
75.The author’s attitude towards kids’reliance on their friends is____.
A.positive B.objective C.subjective D.skeptical
Passage Four
Allelomimetic behavior may be defned as behavior in which two or more individual animals do the same thing，with some degree of mutual simulation and coordination.It can only involve in species with sense organs that are well enough developed so that continuous sensory contact can be maintained.It is found primarily in vertebrate，in those species that are diurnal，and usually in those that spend much of their lives in the air，in open water or on open plains.
In birds，allelomimetic behavior is the rule rather than the exception，though it may occasionally be limited to particular seasons of the year as it is in the redwing blackbird.Its principal function is that of providing safety from predators，partly because the fock can rely on many pairs of eyes to watch for enemies，and partly because if one bird reacts to danger，the whole fock is warned.
Among mammals，allelomimetic behavior is very rare in rodents，which almost never move in focks or herds.Even when they are artifcially crowded together，they do not conform in their movements.On the other hand，such behavior is a major system among large hoofed mammals such as sheep.
In the pack-hunting carnivores，allelomimetic behavior has another function that of cooperative hunting for large prey animals such as moose.Wolves also defend their dens as a group against larger predators，such as bears.Finally，allelomimetic behavior is highly developed among most primate groups，where it has the principal function of providing warning against predators，though combined defensive behavior is also seen in troops of baboons.
76.The author implies that allelomimetic behavior occurs most often among animals that____.
A.prey on other animals
B.are less intelligent than their enemies
C.move in groups
D.have one sense organ that dominates perception
77.Which of the following is most clearly an example of allelomimetic？
A.Bears hunting for carnivores. B.Cattle feeing from a fre.
C.Horses running at a racetrack. D.Dogs working with police offcers.
78.According to the passage the primary function of allelomimetic behavior in bird is to____.
A.defend nests against predators B.look at each other
C.locate prey D.warn against predators
79.According to the passage，what happens to the behavior of rodents when they are artificially crowded together？
A.Their allelomimetic behavior increases.
B.Continuous cooperation between them is maintained.
C.They become aggressive and attack each other.
D.They show little allelomimetic behavior.
80.Which of the following groups of human beings would probably show the greatest amount of allelomimetic behavior？
A.A group of students taking a test.
B.Tennis players competing in a tournament.
C.A patrol of soldiers scouting for the enemy.
D.Drivers waiting for a traffc light to change.
Passage Five
The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms.Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land；birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere；burrowing invertebrates such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate father unless it has been recently disturbed by men.Fish cover a wider range，from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures.Fungi and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile，blown there hy winds from the lower air.Balloon exploration of the stratosphere as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles，recently the USA’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them，in decreasing numbers，at heights up to eighteen feet，compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles（the usual altitude of jet aircraft），and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacifc trench，sometimes as deep as seven miles；they are certainly not inactive.Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled（while prospecting for oil）at depths of as much as l，200 feet.Thus we can say，disregarding the exploits of astronauts，that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles，in the sea，on land and in the lower atmosphere，but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so.If this planet were scaled down to the size of an orange，the biosphere，at its extreme width，would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin，excluding the pith.
In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life.The way in which living creatures interact with each other，depend on each other or compete with each other，has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history.Living things exist in a fne balance which is often taken for granted for，from a practical point of view，things could not be otherwise. Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy.The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed，yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance.The science of ecology—the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment—has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature.
81.According to the passage，the“biosphere”is the layer on the earth’s surface____.
A.where the atmosphere meets the sea
B.in which birds，fsh and animals would die
C.in which plant and animal life can exist
D.in which earthworms and other invertebrates can live
82.The writer states that fungi and bacteria____.
A.are only found below the normal altitude of jet planes
B.have been found well at the normal altitude of jet planes
C.are not found below the surface of the earth
D.are mainly found below the surface of the earth
83.The passage says that the biosphere____.
A.extends only l，200 feet below the earth’s surface
B.is about seven miles in width
C.is as much as twenty-fve miles in thickness
D.is a zone only about one hundred feet wide
84.According to the text，the balance of nature is____.
A.something which we should not take for granted
B.most frequently apparent when it is upset
C.only now becoming of interest to scientists
D.very diffcult to preserve
85.The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the____.
A.fner details of the balance of nature
B.role of organisms in the environment
C.way living creatures compete with each other
D.way nature readjusts to a new balance
Passage Six
The more medical science discovers about the complex interplay between nature and nurture， genetics and environment，the larger the role family history appears to play in disease.Last month’s announcement that most of the 30，000-plus genes in the human genome had been identifed is likely to prompt a better understanding of family-related illness and new gene-based treatments.But until such treatments are available，people with a family history of certain diseases need to be watchful.They also need to remember that for most diseases，family history is not destiny.
If you have what’s known as a frst-degree relative—a parent or sibling—who has been diagnosed with an illness，say，cancer，then your risk of developing the same illness rises.Having two affected frst-degree relatives，or family members across generations—your mother and your grandmother— increases your risk further.“If the illness is occurring in multiple，close relatives，at younger ages than is typical for that disease，and over more than one generation，you have a truly problematic family history， says Robin Bennett of the Medical Genetics Clinic at the University of Washington Medical Center.
In families afficted with certain inherited disorders such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fbrosis， genes alone seem to determine who gets sick.But for most people，family history，lifestyle，and environment all infuence which illnesses they develop，and at what age.Even if you have strong family history of，say，breast cancer，heart disease，or diabetes，taking advantage of the proven screening tests and treatments and changing your lifestyle may tip the odds back in your favor.
Nearly everyone faces some kind of genetic risk.By comparing the health histories of twins with same genetic makeup，scientists have estimated the contribution genes make to trait like weight， cholesterol level，and blood pressure.Kenneth Kendler，a professor of psychiatry and genetics at the medical College of Virginia，has found that genes contribute heavily to some mental disorders，too.“We’re pretty sure that with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders，70 or 80 percent is inherited.Alcohol and drug dependence，50 to 60 percent.Depression，35 to 40 percent.”Even so，he adds，“The strongest predictor of major depression is still your life experience.There aren’t genes that make you depressed；there are genes that make you vulnerable to depression.”
86.Which of the following family histories is most indicative of your chance of developing the same disease？
A.Several of your aunts and uncles had high blood pressure in their twenties.
B.Several of your aunts and your nieces had high blood pressure in their twenties.
C.One of your brothers has high blood pressure.
D.Your mother and grandmother have high blood pressure.
87.By saying“family history is not destiny”（Para.1），the author means that____.
A.we should determine the role family history plays in a person’s chance of developing a disease
B.a person’s chance of developing a disease may depend on factors other than family history
C.a person’s chance of developing a disease can be lessened in spite of a strong family history
D.there is no such thing that family history enhances a person’s chance of developing a disease
88.According to the text，which of the following conditions has more to do with genes？
A.Bipolar disorders. B.Drug dependence.
C.Depression. D.Sickle cell anemia.
89.Which of the following is TRUE？
A.A person with a family history of depression will develop the condition in spite of a healthy lifestyle.
B.A person with healthy genes will not develop depression.
C.A person with a family history of depression but with a healthy lifestyle may be less likely to develop the condition than a person who has no such family history.
D.A person with a family history of depression is more likely to develop the condition than a person without a family history but with an unhealthy lifestyle.
90.What is the probable best title for the passage？
A.Gene Is Destiny B.Family Disease Awaits You Somewhere
C.Gene Doesn’t Have the Final Say D.Nature and Nurture
Please turn to the next page and go on to Paper Two.（注意：考试进行到115分钟时收试卷一，然后开始做试卷二。）
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part ⅤWriting（20%）
Directions：Please read the following article in Chinese carefully，and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
“伤不起”的过度运动
“生命在于运动”，适当的运动可以增强我们的免疫力，但过度的运动适得其反，会给人带来骨关节、肌肉和心脏等方面的损伤。所以，建立科学、合理的运动理念比运动更为重要。
过度运动引发滑膜炎和骨质增生
陈岩是贵阳市一名普通的公司职员，对于长时间在办公室久坐的他来说，工作之余会选择在绿茵场上踢踢足球锻炼身体。最近，陈岩又迷恋上了登山，几乎每周都会到市外登山，不过这两天，他明显感到膝盖不适。
陈岩告诉笔者：“以前踢球也出现过这种情况，但休息一两天就没事了，这次膝盖疼了五六天都没恢复，走路都觉得膝盖疼。”到医院拍片后，医生说是由于陈岩最近爬山运动过量，引发了膝关节滑膜炎。
医生向陈岩解释道，滑膜炎是由于过度运动引发关节损伤，刺激关节滑膜产生炎症，造成分泌液失调形成积液的一种病变。高强度的运动会使滑膜发生反应，引发充血、水肿，渗出液体，因此，人就会出现关节部位的肿胀疼痛感。
过度运动除了会引发关节滑膜炎外，还会对关节带来什么危害？
“运动过量还可能引发骨质增生。”陕西咸阳市中心医院骨一科副主任杨雷刚在接受媒体访问时说，运动使关节部位的骨骼磨损过度，造成关节软面的不平整，使关节部位之间的相互作用力在关节软骨上分布不均衡，引发关节的骨质破坏和增生，以达到应力相对平衡状态，就像很多运动员在早期就发生膝关节的骨质增生。
那么，减少运动是不是能更好地保护关节呢？对此杨雷刚表示，适度的运动是可以预防骨质增生的。他解释说，因为关节软骨营养来自于关节液，而关节液只能通过“挤压”才能进入软骨，促进软骨的新陈代谢，所以适当运动尤其是关节的运动，能够增加关节腔内的压力，促进关节液向软骨渗透，减轻关节软骨的退行性改变，从而减轻或者预防骨质增生。
高强度运动造成肌肉溶解
37岁的王先生上周连续做下蹲一小时，让他万万没想到的是，运动后造成的下肢酸痛，睡一觉起来并没有恢复，更让他慌神的是随后排出了“酱油色”的小便。他赶紧就医，医生诊断为运动过度导致的肌肉溶解。
过度运动为什么能引发肌肉溶解？四川省雅安市人民医院外科主治医生甘德俊告诉记者，短时间内的高强度运动会加速血液循环，当血液循环超过人体骨骼肌耐受范围后，就会产生肌肉缺血，从而导致肌肉溶解，短时间内高强度的局部缺血将使细胞难以恢复。
据介绍，从科学原理上讲，运动过量引发毛细血管渗透性增强，肌细胞膜受损失常后，肌细胞钙离子浓度会发生变化，从而造成细胞功能失调，磷酸化酶、蛋白酶等化学物质被激活，加剧了细胞死亡，而这些因素可能导致运动后肌细胞缺血坏死。
专家提醒说，过度运动可能还会造成肾衰竭，其中缺血性急性肾衰竭是由于有效循环血量不足，肾脏血管收缩而引起的。过度运动所造成的肾小管腔的阻塞、肾小管上皮细胞组织损伤，都会带来肾脏损伤。
别让过度运动伤人“心”
医学专家说，当人在运动过程中，一旦出现胸闷、胸痛或者头晕缺氧等症状，就应该立即停止运动，并到附近医院进行检查。盲目的追求运动量和运动成绩容易增加心脏负担。
据介绍，过度运动会造成心脏受损，其中最易受损的部位是右心房、右心室和内膜下心肌组织。过度运动会让心肌线粒体钙离子超载，而与之相反的就是游离钙离子浓度的降低，线粒体里面的酶活性增强，改变了线粒体膜的通透性，造成心肌损伤。
甘德俊告诉记者，运动会使心跳加快，加速人体血液流通；但若是运动过度，则可能造成心肌缺血。人吸入的氧气是通过肺泡进入血液，再通过血液流通到心脏的方式给心脏供氧的。因此，心肌缺血就会导致心脏的供氧减少，使得心肌能量代谢不正常；心脏不能正常工作，比如心肌耗氧的增加，血管里斑块的脱落导致的传导阻滞，或心率过低导致的心脏骤停，都会让你身处危险之中。
科学运动，拒绝过度
过度运动危害很多，但怎样的运动才算是过度运动？是否有衡量的标准？
甘德俊认为，由于每个人的身体机能不一样，因此衡量的标准也是因人而异的。若人在运动后出现腰膝酸软、肌肉疼痛是急性疲劳现象，且在下一次运动前未能恢复，那么就需要减少运动或暂停运动，如果运动后出现反应能力下降和平衡感降低，吃不香睡不好，易怒、肠胃消化失常，且不能及时恢复的情况，就需要及时到医院就诊。
This is the end of Model Test Six.（注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。）