模拟试题八
Model Test Eight
Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral students
试卷一（Paper One）
Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
Section A
Directions：In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example.
You will hear：
Woman：I feel faint.
Man：No wonder.You haven’t had a bite all day.
Question：What’s the matter with the woman？
You will read：
A.She is sick.
B.She was bitten by an ant.
C.She is hungry.
D.She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Sample Answer
A B●D
Now let’s begin with question number 1.
1.A.Cancers have a high mortality.
B.Skin cancer will not lead to death.
C.Lung cancer has higher mortality.
D.Cancers cannot be curable.
2.A.In a doctor’s offce.B.In an operating room.
C.In a professor’s offce.D.In a gymnasium.
3.A.She needs to improve her study skills.
B.She’ll feel better if she get some rest.
C.She should make a doctor’s appointment.
D.Her medication isn’t working well.
4.A.People enjoy shopping in the drug store.
B.People spend little time in the drug store.
C.People who spent shorter time in the store are more likely to buy something there.
D.People spend too much time reading articles about quick cures sold there.
5.A.Use cream on her rash.
B.See if her rash improves in a few days.
C.Check out a medical book from the library.
D.See a doctor about her rash.
6.A.He would scratch the paint off its surface.
B.He would tear it down frst.
C.He would make some repairs.
D.He would rebuild it by himself.
7.A.She hurt her foot.B.Her health problem has come back again.
C.She’s feeling better now.D.She needs an operation soon.
8.A.More doctors should be doing research.
B.He is studying to be a doctor.
C.An important new medical treatment may be available soon.
D.He has already tried the new medicine.
9.A.Go to bed earlier.B.Go to the gym less often.
C.Go to the gym later in the day.D.Go to the gym with a friend.
10.A.Her hometown doctor works at the student health center.
B.She cannot help the man choose a doctor.
C.She didn’t know she needed a physical exam to play basketball.
D.The man should visit a doctor in his hometown.
11.A.He felt better an hour ago.
B.His headache should be gone in an hour.
C.He forgot to take the medicine for his headache.
D.His head still hurts.
12.A.Short of breath.B.Dizzy.
C.Knocking into the fridge.D.Feeling sick.
13.A.It is as good as always.B.It is good enough for something new.
C.It is good，but not as good as before.D.It is better than usual.
14.A.Mental stress.B.Sleep too little.
C.Washing hair too often.D.Washing hair once a week.
15.A.He doesn’t like wearing one.
B.He doesn’t feel professional wearing one.
C.He doesn’t wear one in his department.
D.He doesn’t want to pay for one.
Section B
Directions：In this section you will hear three passages.After each one，you will hear five questions.After each question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
16.A.Causes of illness.B.The discovery of antibiotics.
C.The history of prescription drugs.D.Characteristics of antibiotics.
17.A.Blood poisoning.B.A penicillin.
C.A heart attack.D.A car accident.
18.A.To give an example of a bad reaction to penicillin.
B.To show how penicillin has changed over the years.
C.To emphasize the importance of antibiotics.
D.To explain why penicillin requires a prescription.
19.A.In a pharmacology course.B.From her mother.
C.At the student health center.D.From her doctor.
20.A.Look up some information about his medicine.
B.Take an extra dose of his medicine.
C.Ask his doctor to change his prescription.
D.Begin to do research for his lab project.
Passage Two
21.A.The impact of enzymes on chemical reactions.
B.The way the body produces enzymes.
C.The structure of enzymes.
D.Types of chemical products created with enzymes.
22.A.It divides into two different parts.
B.It keeps the same chemical structure.
C.It becomes part of a new chemical compound.
D.It produces more of the enzyme.
23.A.Provide extra energy to start the reaction.
B.Raise the temperature of the chemicals.
C.Release a chemical needed to start the reaction.
D.Lower the amount of energy needed to start the reaction.
24.A.To show that enzymes are very effective.
B.To point out that enzymes can sometimes fail to work.
C.To explain what enzymes are made of.
D.To describe different types of enzymes.
25.A.Enzymes are what make many of the body’s biochemical reactions possible.
B.Enzymes are what make many of the body’s chemical reactions possible.
C.Enzymes are what make many of the body’s reactions possible.
D.Enzymes are what make many of the body’s biochemical reactions impossible.
Passage Three
26.A.Learning autonomy.
B.American education.
C.Respect for professors.
D.Guidelines for using the library in the USA.
27.A.To know all the answers.
B.To know a library works.
C.To be completely dependent on their professors.
D.To take the initiative and be independent.
28.A.Professors in the United States are very busy.
B.Professors in the U.S.have some other duties besides teaching.
C.Professors in the U.S.enjoy publishing articles and books.
D.Professors in the U.S.do not have much time to spend with their students outside class.
29.A.He should go to the library.
B.He should turn to his professor for help during offce hours.
C.He should set offce hours for his professor.
D.He should always seek help from his professor in class.
30.A.One who is interested in getting good grades in exams.
B.One who can fnish the assignment on time.
C.One who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning.
D.One who can spend much time with his professor.
Part ⅡVocabulary（10%）
Section A
Directions：In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B， C and D，are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then，mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.Sometimes you can get quite____when you are trying to communicate with someone in English.
A.frustrated B.depressed C.approved D.distracted
32.The company has____itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.
A.promised B.committed C.attributed D.converted
33.I haven’t met anyone____the new tax plan.
A.in honor of B.in search of C.in place of D.in favor of
34.Salk won____as the scientist who developed the world’s frst effective vaccine against polio.
A.accomplishment B.qualifcation C.eminence D.patent
35.This software can be____to the needs of each customer.
A.tailored B.administrated C.entailed D.accustomed
36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergency but a hospital doesn’t dare for lives are____.
A.in circulation B.under consideration C.on hand D.at stake
37.As we need plain，____food for the body，so we must have serious reading for the mind.
A.wholesome B.dietary C.tasteful D.edible
38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilograms he had____lately.
A.shown up B.piled up C.put on D.taken on
39.The teacher tried hard to read the____handwriting in her students’test papers.
A.irregular B.illiterate C.illegible D.irrational
40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____insuffciency of blood supply to the heart.
A.denoting B.donating C.relating D.resorting
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.Peter was seen crying when he came out of the offce.We can deduce that he must have been punished.
A.confer B.refer C.prefer D.infer
42.On September 2，1937，President Roosevelt signed legislation that was to have far-reaching consequences for American wildlife.
A.effect B.disaster C.challenge D.magic
43.The president is often awakened by a noisy crowd which assembles on the White House.
A.concentrates B.assumes C.involves D.gathers
44.Overcoming setbacks takes time，efforts and perseverance.
A.maintenance B.assistance C.persistence D.determination
45.His major task is to integrate the work of various bureaus under the ministry.
A.organize B.coordinate C.correspond D.respond
46.Sometimes the messages are conveyed through deliberate“conscious gestures”，other times， our bodies talk without our even knowing it.
A.defnite B.intentional C.interactive D.delicate
47.Initial reports were that multiple waves of warplanes bombed central Baghdad，hitting oil refneries and the airport.
A.beating B.knocking C.hurting D.striking
48.The scenery on the way was truly spectacular，with beautiful mountains，rivers and valleys， and I took a lot of pictures from the window.
A.notorious B.amazing C.noble D.diplomatic
49.Providing frst-class service is one of the tactics the airline adopts to attract passengers.
A.methods B.attitudes C.thoughts D.solutions
50.The boss felt suspicious about the truth of the account，therefore，he determined to get down to having a good check.
A.mistrustful B.furious C.considerate D.depressed
Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)
Direcrions:For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A,B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals，but this is largely because， 51 animals， we stand upright.This means that our noses are 52 to perceiving those smells which foat through the air， missing the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact，though，we are extremely sensitive to smells， even if we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of 53 human smells even when these are 54 to far below one part in one million.
Strangely，some people find that they can smell one type of fower but not another，whereas others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 55 smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 56 to the brain.However，it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at frst can suddenly become sensitive to it when 57 to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 58 new receptors if necessary.This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not 59 of the usual smell of our own house but we notice new smells when we visit someone else’s.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 60 for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke，which might indicate the danger of fre.
51.A.above B.unlike
C.excludingD.besides
52.A.limited B.committed
C.dedicated D.confned
53.A.distinguishing B.discovering
C.determining D.detecting
54.A.diluted B.dissolved
C.determining D.diffused
55.A.unusual B.particular
C.unique D.typical
56.A.signs B.stimuli
C.messages D.impulses
57.A.subjected B.left
C.drawn D.exposed
58.A.introduce B.summon
C.trigger D.create
59.A.sure B.sick
C.aware D.tired
60.A.available B.reliable(https://www.daowen.com)
C.identifable D.suitable
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this section there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
When a heart-lung machine was invented that could take over the job of the heart，put oxygen into the blood and keep the circulation going during surgery，surgeons could stop the heart while they were cutting and suturing.Recently，in certain cases，some surgeons have begun operating without the pump while the heart continues to beat.
“The benefts of off-pump surgery are tremendous for patients who meet the criteria for this procedure，”said Dr.Jim Zellner with the Alliance of Cardiac，Thoracic and Vascular Surgeons. “There is less need for blood products，less chance of complications during and after surgery，earlier recovery and earlier return to regular activity.”
Seawood Murray felt he was led by God to find Dr.Zellner and Memorial Hospital and to have off-pump surgery.A veteran of the United States Navy as a nuclear weapons security offcer and commanding officer of a mine assembly group for more than 31 years，Seawood has never complained about stress or pain.He saw three tours of duty off the coast of Vietnam.However， after suffering from chest pain for almost a year and being misdiagnosed with chronic heartburn， Seawood knew something was seriously wrong.At the Veteran’s hospital in Murfreesboro，he learned he had heart disease and was told to come back in six weeks.
“I didn’t want to wait that long and asked for a referral to The Chattanooga Heart Institute，” Seawood said.“Dr.Noel Hunt found that 40%of my heart was not getting the amount of blood it needed to operate properly.”Four days later，Seawood was undergoing off-pump triple bypass surgery at Memorial Hospital under the hand of Dr.Zellner.
“I was sitting up that evening，walking around the second day and feeling good enough to go home the third day，but I stayed till the fourth morning，”Seawood said.“Two others who had on-pump bypass surgery the same day I had mine off-pump were barely walking when I left.”
61.How do surgeons usually operate on a heart-attacker according to the passage？
A.They operate without a pump.
B.They operate with a heart-lung machine.
C.They operate by stopping the heart.
D.They operate with nothing but cutting and suturing.
62.Which of the following statements is NOT the beneft of off-pump surgery？
A.The heart-attack patients will be recovered in one day.
B.There are fewer chances for heart-attack patients to suffer from other new diseases during the course of hear attack.
C.Off-pump surgery needs fewer blood products.
D.The heart-attack patients will be well again earlier.
63.What’s wrong with Seawood Murray？
A.He suffered from chronic heartburn.
B.He suffered from heart attack.
C.He had three tours of duty off the coast of Vietnam.
D.His heart couldn’t get blood it needed to operate.
64.What did Dr.Zellner do for Seawood Murray’s disease？
A.Dr.Zellner gave him a surgery with a heart-lung machine.
B.Dr.Zellner diagnosed his disease as chronic heartburn.
C.Dr.Zellner gave him an off-pump triple bypass surgery.
D.Dr.Zellner referred him to another hospital.
65.What can we learn from the last paragraph？
A.Seawood Murray could hardly walk four days after the surgery.
B.Seawood Murray got recovered more slowly than other patients.
C.Seawood Murray felt well and went home the third day after the surgery.
D.Seawood Murray went home the fourth day after the surgery.
Passage Two
Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when，in retrospect，we see how truly strange they are.
When I was a psychiatric resident，we had a faculty member who was famous for his messy offce：stacks of papers and old journals covered every chair and table as well as much of the foor.One day，as I walked past the open offce door with one of my supervisors，he murmured mildly，“odd duck”.And that was as far as anyone seemed to refect on this peculiar state of affairs within an institution staffed by psychiatrists.Eventually，the faculty member had to be given another offce in which to see patients.
Not surprisingly，the psychiatric diagnostic manual does not list“messy room”in the index.But it does mention a symptom：inability“to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value”.It comes under the diagnosis obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，an obscure cousin of the more famous obsessive-compulsive disorder.
I was barely aware of the diagnosis.Every era has popular mental disorders due to cultural or scientifc reasons.In Freud’s day it was hysteria.Currently，depression has moved to center stage.But other ailments go relatively ignored，and this disorder was one.
It came with a list of additional symptoms that appeared to be peculiar bedfellow：anxiety about spending money，excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities，rigidity about following rules，and perfectionism in doing takes—at times to the point of interfering with fnishing them.
In moderation，the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profle of the diagnosis.Relentless work orientation and perfectionism may even be assets in rule and detail oriented professions like accounting or law.
But when the symptoms are too intense or pervasive，they become crippling.Beneath seemingly adaptive behaviors lies a central disability.People with this diagnosis have enormous diffculty making decisions.They lack the internal sense of completion that most of us experience at the end of a choice or a task，even one as simple as throwing something out or making a purchase.In obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，this feeling occurs only after endless deliberation and revision，if at all.
The need to come up with the“correct”answer，the best purchase or the perfect proposal leads to excess rumination over each decision.It can even lead to complete paralysis.For such people，rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent pre-made decisions.Open-ended assignments，like writing papers，are nightmares.
For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation.The picture leaps out from the previously disorganized background.But undoubtedly，at times we can become too reductionistic，seeing patterns where none exist：sometimes a messy room is just a messy room
66.Which of the following best describes people’s attitude towards the faculty member？
A.They disliked him，and that’s why he got his separate room to see patients.
B.They thought he is a little strange，but didn’t pay much attention to his behavior.
C.They were interested in his behavior，as they were all psychiatrists.
D.They thought he suffered from mental retardation.
67.According to the passage，a dog can still move in a coordinated manner，will eat and sleep， and even bark when____is（are）removed.
A.hysteria B.depression
C.messiness D.obsessive-compulsive disorder
68.The reason why symptoms of the“obsessive-compulsive personality disorder”go unnoticed is that____.
A.they are highly thought of in according to law
B.some of the mild symptoms ft in with a workaholic culture
C.they have a low profle
D.they take a long time to become intense or pervasive
69.Rules are godsend to persons with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder because____.
A.they do not involve decision making.
B.they are open-ended assignments
C.they lead to complete paralysis
D.they are made by others
70.From the last paragraph we can see that the author’s view is that____.
A.a messy room is just a messy room.
B.a messy room is an indication of the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
C.psychiatrists should pay attention to a messy room.
D.psychiatrists should see patterns of seemingly disorganized behaviors，but should be too reductionistic.
Passage Three
Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization，a great deal of attention to the individual，a vast amount of advanced technical equipment，and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the fnancial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things badly.
But the Americans are in a mess.The problem is the way in which health care is organized and fnanced. Contrary to public belief，it is not just a free competition system.To the private system has been joined a large public system，because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.
But even with this huge public part of the system，which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 percent of the U.S.budget—large numbers of Americans are left out.These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fxed by a government trying to make savings where it can.
The basic problem，however，is that there is no central control over the health system.There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services.Other than what the public is able to pay.The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed.When faced with toothache，a sick child，or a heart attack，all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.
Two-thirds of the population are covered by medical insurance.Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.
The medical profession has as a result become America’s new big businessmen.The average income of doctors has now reached$100，000 a year.With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor’s surgery is as likely to be about the doctor’s latest financial deal，as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.
The rising cost of medicine in the USA is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country’s health cost climbed 15.9 percent—about twice as fast as prices in general.
71.In the U.S.patients can expect，in medical treatment，____.
A.occasional mistakes by careless doctors B.a great deal of personal attention
C.low charge by doctors and hospitals D.stacking nurses and bad services
72.Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because____.
A.they fear to be sued by the patients B.they care much about their reputation
C.they compete for getting more patients D.they wish to join the private medical system
73.What do most Americans think about health care in the U.S.？
A.It must be in total chaos.
B.It must be a free competition system.
C.It should cover the unemployed.
D.It should involve private care.
74.From Paragraph 3 we know that____from the public health system.
A.millions of jobless people get support
B.those with steady income do not seek help
C.some people are made ineligible to beneft
D.those with private health care are excluded
75.It is implied that American doctors often____.
A.trade their professionalism for fnancial benefts
B.fails to recognize the paying power of the patients
C.discuss about how to make money during the surgery
D.gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.
Passage Four
Cell membranes act as barriers to most，but not all，molecules.Development of a cell membrane that could allow some materials to pass while constraining the movement of other molecules was a major step in the evolution of the cell.Cell membranes are differentially permeable barriers separating the inner cellular environment from the outer cellular（or external）environment.
Water potential is the tendency of water to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.Energy exists in two forms：potential and kinetic.Water molecules move according to differences in potential energy between where they are and where they are going.Gravity and pressure are two enabling forces for this movement.These forces also operate in the hydrologic（water）cycle. Remember in the hydrologic cycle that water runs downhill（likewise it falls from the sky，to get into the sky it must be acted on by the sun and evaporated，thus needing energy input to power the cycle）.
Diffusion is the net movement of a substance（liquid or gas）from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.You are on a large（10 ft x 10 ft x10 ft）elevator.An obnoxious individual with a lit cigar gets on at the third foor with the cigar still burning.You are also unfortunate enough to be in a very tall building and the person says“Hey we’re both going to the 62nd foor！”Disliking smoke you move to the farthest corner you can.Eventually you are unable to escape the smoke！An example of diffusion in action.Nearer the source the concentration of a given substance increases.You probably experience this in class when someone arrives freshly doused in perfume or cologne，especially the cheap stuff.
Since the molecules of any substance（solid，liquid，or gas）are in motion when that substance is above absolute zero（0 degrees Kelvin or-273 degrees C），energy is available for movement of the molecules from a higher potential state to a lower potential state，just as in the case of the water discussed above.The majority of the molecules move from higher to lower concentration，although there will be some that move from low to high.The overall（or net）movement is thus from high to low concentration.Eventually，if no energy is input into the system the molecules will reach a state of equilibrium where they will be distributed equally throughout the system.
The cell membrane functions as a semi-permeable barrier，allowing a very few molecules across it while fencing the majority of organically produced chemicals inside the cell.Electron microscopic examinations of cell membranes have led to the development of the lipid bilayer model（also referred to as the fuid-mosaic model）.The most common molecule in the model is the phospholipid，which has a polar（hydrophilic）head and two nonpolar（hydrophobic）tails.These phospholipids are aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.This layering is termed a bilayer since an electron microscopic technique known as freeze-fracturing is able to split the bilayer.
76.This passage is mainly concerned with____.
A.bilayers B.cell membranes
C.cellular environment D.phospholipid
77.According to the author，the two forms that energy exists in are____.
A.inner and outer B.higher and lower
C.hydrophilic and hydrophobic D.potential and kinetic
78.The author mention the word“perfume”in Paragraph 3 for the purpose of____.
A.promoting perfume
B.illustrating diffusion
C.comparing cologne with the cheap stuff
D.showing his dislike for smoking
79.Molecules of a system will reach a state of equilibrium____.
A.when no energy is input into the system
B.when the molecules move from a higher to a lower potential state
C.when the substance is above absolute zero
D.when molecules move from a lower to a higher concentration
80.The development of the lipid bilayers model____.
A.owes to the studies on the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surface of the membrane
B.paves the way to the research of cell membranes
C.is the result of electron microscopic examinations of cell membranes
D.leads to the development of an electron microscopic technique
Passage Five
Breast cancer is second only to skin cancer as the most common malignancy diagnosed in women in the United States.In 2001，about 192，200 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed and 40，200 women died of the disease.Only lung cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women.
The incidence of breast cancer has increased over the last 20 years.Although some of the increase can be attributed to changes in reproductive patterns，such as delayed childbearing and having fewer children， much of the rise is due to the increased detection of smaller，earlier-stage cancers with the widespread adoption of mammography screening in asymptomatic women.According to data from the Surveillance， Epidemiology，and End Results Program，incidence rates of tumors less than 2.0 cm in diameter more than doubled from 1980 to 1987，whereas rates of tumors greater than 3.0 cm decreased by 27%.In particular， incidence rates of in situ breast cancer have risen dramatically over the last 25 years.The annual increase in age-adjusted ductal carcinoma in situ incidence rates from 1983 to 1992 was 17.5%.
Although the incidence of breast cancer has been increasing，there has been a decline in breast cancer mortality.Death rates decreased 1.6%annually between 1989 and 1995，then 3.4% annually between 1995 and 1998.This improvement in the mortality rate has been attributed to both mammography screening and improvements in breast cancer treatment.
Breast cancer has a number of identifiable risk factors.Aside from a personal history of breast cancer，the most important risk factor in women is age.Between 1994 and 1998，77%of new cases of breast cancer and 84%of breast cancer deaths occurred in women older than 50 years.Other nonmodifiable risk factors include family history，age at birth of the woman’s first child，early menarche，and late menopause.Potentially modifable risk factors include alcohol consumption，use of postmenopausal hormones，and obesity after menopause.Risk factors and their relative risk are listed in table 1 in order of the strength of their association.
Although most breast cancer cases are sporadic，up to 10%are linked to genetic predisposition. Women with a family history of breast cancer，especially in a frst-degree relative（ie，mother，sister，or daughter），have an increased risk of breast cancer.In general，a“positive family history”of breast cancer confers a relative risk of 2.0 to 3.0，with the degree of risk varying directly with the closeness of the relationship.Paternal and maternal relatives with breast cancer contribute similarly to the increased risk.
Most women with a family history of breast cancer do not have a history striking enough to suggest the presence of an inherited breast cancer syndrome.In many cases，primary care physicians can readily distinguish between families with heritable cancers and those with several sporadic cases.Women at high risk of inherited breast cancers typically have several relatives with breast cancer diagnosed before age 45 to 50 and may also have a family history of bilateral breast cancer，ovarian cancer，or male breast cancer.
81.The author of the passage is mainly concerned with____.
A.statistics of breast cancer incidence B.diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer
C.reasons for breast cancer deaths D.breast cancer and its risk factors
82.The author implies that there were fewer cases of breast cancer in the past____.
A.because they were not detected with mammography screening in asymptomatic women
B.because many women did not have as many children as they do now
C.because they were smaller than they are now
D.because breast cancer was not common in childbearing women
83.The incidence of breast cancer has increased while mortality has decreased owing to____.
A.reduced risk factors
B.changed reproductive patterns
C.regular mammography screening and improvements in breast cancer treatment
D.the annual increase in age-adjusted ductal carcinoma in situ incidence rate
84.Risk factors of breast cancer do NOT include which of the following？
A.The most common malignancy diagnosed in the United States.
B.Delayed childbearing and having fewer children.
C.Alcohol consumption and use of postmenopausal hormones.
D.A family history of breast cancer.
85.According to the passage，women with a family history of breast cancer____.
A.may not necessarily have an inherited breast cancer syndrome
B.do not have any striking history of breast cancer
C.have an increased risk of breast cancer
D.usually have a family history of sporadic breast cancer
Passage Six
For some time scientists have believed that cholesterol plays a major role in heart disease because people with familial hypercholesterolemia，a genetic defect，have six to eight times the normal level of cholesterol in their blood and they invariably develop heart disease.These people lack cell-surface receptors for low- density lipoproteins（LDL’s），which are the fundamental carriers of blood cholesterol to the body cells that use cholesterol.Without an adequate number of cell-surface receptors to remove LDL’s from the blood，the cholesterol-carrying LDL’s remain in the blood，increasing blood cholesterol levels.Scientists also noticed that people with familial hypercholesterolemia appear to produce more LDL’s than normal individuals.How， scientists wondered，could a genetic mutation that causes a slowdown in the removal of LDL’s from the blood also result in an increase in the synthesis of this cholesterol-carrying protein？
Since scientists could not experiment on human body tissue，their knowledge of familial hypercholesterolemia was severely limited.However，a breakthrough came in the laboratories of Yoshio Watanabe of Kobe University in Japan in 1980.Watanabe noticed that a male rabbit in his colony had ten times the normal concentration of cholesterol in its blood.By appropriate breeding，Watanabe obtained a strain of rabbits that had very high cholesterol levels.These rabbits spontaneously developed heart disease. To his surprise，Watanabe further found that the rabbits，like humans with familial hypercholesterolemia， lacked LDL receptors.Thus，scientists could study these Watanabe rabbits to gain a better understanding of familial hypercholesterolemia in humans.
Prior to the breakthrough at Kobe University，it was known that LDL’s are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor，called very low-density lipoproteins（VLDL’s），which carry triglycerides as well as relatively small amounts of cholesterol.The triglycerides are removed from the VLDL’s by fatty and other tissues.What remains is a remnant particle that must be removed from the blood.What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the removal of the VLDL remnant requires the LDL receptor.Normally，the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded.In the Watanabe rabbit，due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells，the VLDL remnants remain in the blood and are eventually converted to LDL’s.The LDL receptors thus have a dual effect in controlling LDL levels.They are necessary to prevent oversynthesis of LDL’s from VLDL remnants and they are necessary for the normal removal of LDL’s from the blood.With this knowledge， scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramatically lower cholesterol levels in people afficted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia.
86.In the passage，the author is primarily concerned with____.
A.presenting a hypothesis and describing compelling evidence in support of it
B.raising a question and describing an important discovery that led to an answer
C.showing that a certain genetically caused disease can be treated effectively with drugs
D.discussing the importance of research on animals for the study of human disease
87.The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions？
A.Which body cells are the primary users of cholesterol？
B.How did scientists discover that LDL’s are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor？
C.Where in the body are VLDL remnants degraded？
D.Which body tissues produce triglycerides？
88.According to the passage，by studying the Watanabe rabbits scientists learned that____.
A.VLDL remnants are removed from the blood by LDL receptors in the liver
B.LDL’s are secreted from the liver in the form of precursors called VLDL’s
C.VLDL remnant particles contain small amounts of cholesterol
D.LDL receptors remove LDL’s from the blood
89.The development of drug treatments for some forms of familial hypercholesterolemia is regarded by the author as____.
A.possible，but not very important B.interesting，but too costly to be practical
C.promising，but many years off D.highly probable
90.The passage implies that Watanabe rabbits differ from normal rabbits in which of the following ways？
A.Watanabe rabbits have more LDL receptors than do normal rabbits.
B.The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains more VLDL remnants than does the blood of normal rabbits.
C.Watanabe rabbits have fewer fatty tissues than do normal rabbits.
D.The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains fewer LDL’s than does the blood of normal rabbits.
Please turn to the next page and go on to Paper Two.（注意：考试进行到115分钟时收试卷一，然后开始做试卷二。）
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part ⅤWriting（20%）
Directions：Please read the following article in Chinese carefully，and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
21世纪的发展呈现一个高度信息化的趋势，世界各国对21世纪的人才教育培养都非常重视，许多国家都对教育改革做出了相应的重大决策，以面对新世纪面临的挑战。体育教育是医学教育体系中非常重要的一个部分，为了满足新时代的需要，作为医学教育重要组成部分的体育教学改革也势在必行。体育教学改革效果的好坏是医学教育改革能够顺利、协调发展的重要保障之一。而运动生理学、体育保健学等运动医学也是体育教学改革的重要组成部分，因此体育教学改革与医学教育改革是相辅相成的，应引起各级领导和教师的高度重视。
1.培养医学意识与体育意识
俗语曰，“生命在于运动”，可见体育与医学有着密不可分的联系，而高校体育是对学生进行系统体育教学的最后阶段，只有注重培养学生对体育活动的热爱，才能使学生在未来的工作生活中，自觉、持久地进行体育锻炼，引导他们认识到健康的体魄不仅是顺利完成学业的基础，也是他们在未来的工作中创先争优、建功立业的保障。故此，应加强对体育院校学生运动医学的理论教育，研究常见运动性伤病的发生、发展规律，伤病后的训练及常见病的体育康复并制定和实施科学的防治措施和伤病康复的手段和方法，以达到维护和促进体育运动参加者身心健康及提高运动成绩的目的。医学院校学生对医学知识的掌握比较全面，在教学过程中可以多运用启发式教学，让学生用医学知识来解决体育问题，这既可以为学生提供理论联系实际的机会，也能够引导学生从医学角度去了解体育的真谛和价值。此外，结合阳光体育计划和全民健身计划在全国的实施，充分利用一切机会使学生体会到运动的快乐，在校园营造一种崇尚健身、参与健身的体育环境和风气，使学生真正从思想上认识到参加体育活动的必要性和重要性，树立良好的生活观和体育运动观，让未来的生活更美好。
2.体育与医学中的理论和技能相结合
体育和医学不仅是简单的教学或比赛和肤浅的生理指标，它们更是一种生活理念和生活态度。医学在体育中的主要任务是运用相关的运动人体科学基础理论及卫生学、保健学和有关临床医学等基本知识和技能，研究体育运动参加者的身体发育、健康状况和运动训练水平，为科学合理地安排体育教学、运动训练与竞赛提供科学依据，并给与医务监督和指导；而医学院校的学生有着丰富的专业医学理论知识，为体育教学提供了一个良好的条件。在体育课教学中将康复体育作为重点，使未来的医务工作人员不仅能为病人进行药物治疗，而且能根据患者的实际情况进行体育治疗。体育运动不仅可以做到防患于未然，而且对某些医学上难以治愈的疾病都有一定疗效。由此可见，掌握丰富的体育理论知识对将来的医务工作是很重要的。
3.终身体育的培养理念
树立良好的生活观，将有效引领我们驶入积极向上的生命轨迹，而树立良好的体育运动观，能在一定程度上培养我们勇往直前、顽强奋斗的精神，这将点燃我们对生活、对未来的希望与憧憬。学校的体育教育应该向以学生可以终身锻炼的教学方向发展，对于铅球、标枪、艺术体操、骑马、跑步等平常生活中难以接触到的运动或者大家都会的本能运动在理论课中做简单的讲解，有基本的了解即可。而对与有着广泛的群众热爱基础，又有可实现运动场地的运动或者实用性运动，如羽毛球、篮球、乒乓球、游泳、太极拳等在技能课中培养学生学习，使学生在毕业后既懂得规则又有一定运动技巧且有运动场地的技能，可以锻炼身体。
医疗体育，又称康复体育，它在21世纪越来越受到重视，是运动医学的一部分，是指病患者为了配合治愈某些疾病而进行的身体锻炼，是运用各种体育运动方法治疗创伤和疾病的学科。其应用范围十分广泛：战争创伤、生产事故、交通事故、运动损伤、生活中意外事故等引起的运动器官伤残都需要进行运动器官的体疗康复，以及骨关节病、身体发育畸形、偏瘫、截瘫、外周神经损伤等运动器官功能障碍的康复等。在体育教学中应加强有关体育医疗保健知识的学习。如中国传统体育中的太极拳、五禽戏、八段锦、导引养生功、健身气功等，一般采用动作轻缓、运动负荷较小的散步、慢跑、太极拳、气功、按摩、保健操等。为提高康复效果、缩短疗程而与药物治疗相结合，在医生指导下，按运动处方进行定量锻炼。医疗体育不仅治疗疾病，同时还能促进各种脏器机能的恢复，既对全身有积极影响，又对局部器官产生强有力的作用。医学界把用体育运动治病的方法称为体育疗法。这些内容是学生在医学专业课上学不到的，为适应未来医学工作的需要，必须利用体育教学进行学习。
总之，体育教学与医学教育要不断改革，以适应未来的需要，更好地适应21世纪的人才培养。体育和医学是我们生命之中不可缺少的部分。两者相辅相成关系十分密切，既可为学生树立良好的生活观和体育运动观以及掌握医学常识，带动全民健身的发展，也可为国家培养适应我国新世纪现代化建设需要的具有创新精神、实践能力和创业精神的高素质人才。体育与医学的共同发展将带领我们走向美好、有活力、有希望的未来。
This is the end of Model Test Eight.（注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。）