模拟试题九
Model Test One
Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral Students
试卷一（Paper One）
Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
Section A
Directions：In this section you will hear ffteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example：
You will hear：
Woman：I feel faint.
Man：No wonder.You haven’t had a bite all day.
Question：What’s the matter with the woman？
You will read：
A.She is sick.
B.She was bitten by an ant.
C.She is hungry.
D.She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Sample Answer
A B●D
Now let’s begin with question number 1.
1.A.Iron tablets.B.Sleeping pills.
C.Blood pressure.D.Broken arms.
2.A.Mother and daughter.B.Nurse and patient.
C.Doctor and nurse.D.Teacher and student.
3.A.It’s a dragging type.B.It’s a sharp pain.
C.It’s a colicky type.D.It’s a burning type.
4.A.Two hours.B.Four hours.
C.Six hours.D.Eight hours.
5.A.She enjoys making up stories about other people.
B.She can never keep anything to herself for long.
C.She is eager to share news with the woman.
D.She is the best informed woman in town.
6.A.A stabbing pain.B.A sharp pain.
C.A pricking pain.D.A blunt pain.
7.A.Julie’s dress is not outdated.B.Julie’s dress does not suit her.
C.Julie looks fne in that dress.D.Julie should follow the fashion.
8.A.He fell.B.He had a fght.
C.He was killed.D.He was punished.
9.A.An examination to test ulcer.
B.A way to exam ulcer in stomach.
C.A way to cure gastric ulcer.
D.A chemical examination.
10.A.Away from home.B.In the army
C.At a distant college.D.At camp.
11.A.Dr.Smith’s waiting room isn’t tidy.
B.Dr.Smith enjoys reading magazines.
C.Dr.Smith has left a good impression on her.
D.Dr.Smith may not be a good choice.
12.A.Admitted to the hospital immediately.
B.Have an operation right now.
C.Go home and prepare for admission.
D.Go home and relax.
13.A.Packing up to go abroad.
B.Drawing up a plan for her English course.
C.Brushing up on her English.
D.Applying for a visa to the United Sates.
14.A.He is anxious to fnd a cure for his high blood pressure.
B.He doesn’t think high blood pressure is a problem for him.
C.He was not aware of his illness until diagnosed with it.
D.He did not take the symptoms of his illness seriously.
15.A.Chest pain.B.Tight in the chest.
C.Dizziness.D.Coronary heart disease.
Section B
Directions：In this section you will hear three passages.After each one，you will hear fve questions. After each question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
16.A.He went to a private clinic.B.He took some medicines for cold.
C.He had blood test and CT.D.He did nothing about it.
17.A.Be admitted into hospital.B.Be injected with some fuid.
C.Go back home and have a rest.D.Have blood test and CT.
18.A.Take the slips and make the payment.B.Go to the lab frst.
C.Go to the CT room frst.D.Go to the nurse station frst.
19.A.Cough.B.Cold.
C.Pneumonia.D.Oral problems.
20.A.He will accept intravenous injection.B.He will prefer to take oral medication.
C.He will not have any medication.D.He will take some painkillers.
Passage Two
21.A.Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world.
B.A new medication to cure cancer.
C.A new blood test to fnd cancer.
D.How a cancer patient should do.
22.A.He is a professor in University of Swansea in Wales.
B.He is a cancer patient in Wales.
C.He is a doctor studying cancer.
D.He is a scientist in the U.S.
23.A.Look for cancer itself.
B.Look for the damage made by cancer.
C.Identify the cancer directly.
D.Cure the cancer.
24.A.Those damaged cells can only be found out by special equipment.
B.There are more damaged cells than normal ones.
C.Those damaged cells lack a surface protein which healthy cells normally have.
D.Those damaged cells are much bigger than normal ones.
25.A.200.B.300.C.400.D.Millions of.
Passage Three
26.A.100 million.B.100 billion.C.120 million.D.120 billion.
27.A.They are effective for almost all the depression patients.
B.They are effective for many depression patients.
C.They are effective for few depression patients.
D.Their effectiveness is still to be tested.
28.A.A machine.B.Wires.C.A soft hat.D.Helmet.
29.A.Yes，it is a new research result.
B.No，it has been used for around 100 years.
C.Yes，it has a long way to go.
D.No，it was used about 30 years ago.
30.A.It will bring weak abdomen pain.
B.It will lead to suicide.
C.It will cause minor headache.
D.It is not decided yet.
Part ⅡVocabulary（10%）
Section A
Directions：In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B， C and D，are given beneath each of them.You are to choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then，mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.The person he interviewed was____his former schoolmate.
A.no other than B.no more than C.none other than D.none the less
32.The bed has been____in the family.It was my great-grandmother’s originally.
A.handed out B.handed over C.handed down D.handed round
33.There are some people who will use any kind of argument，no matter how illogical，so long as they can____an opponent.
A.rebuttal B.dispute with C.score off D.scorn with
34.The human intelligence that created industrial civilization now has the assignment of making that civilization____man’s basic prerequisites.
A.compatible with B.warrantable for C.assignable to D.reducible to
35.Scientists in the United States are close to a major cancer____after trials for a new universal blood test detected eight common forms of the disease.
A.breakthrough B.development C.improvement D.enhancement
36.Overall，the tests found 70 percent of the cancers.Researchers say more work is needed to____its accuracy.
A.certify B.justify C.verify D.testify
37.Professor Johnson’s retirement____from next January.
A.carries into effect B.takes effect C.has effect D.puts into effect
38.Many sat at the table，looked at the plate and____her lips.
A.smacked B.opened C.parted D.separated
39.She’s always been kind to me—I can’t just turn____on her now that she needs my help.
A.my back B.my head C.my eye D.my shoulder
40.When he frst started in university，he really felt at____with his major—economics.
A.shore B.bank C.ocean D.sea
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.Rodman met with Tony to try and settle the dispute over his contract.
A.mark B.involve C.solve D.avoid
42.When a man knows that he will be put into prison if he uses a potentially deadly object to rob or do harm to another person，he will think twice about it.
A.passive B.lifelong C.unhappy D.fatal
43.The dean can’t see you at the moment.He is addressing the frst-year students in the lecture hall.
A.complaining to B.arguing with C.speaking to D.consulting with
44.Floods have undermined the foundation of the ancient bridge.
A.weakened B.reached C.spoiled D.covered
45.The temperatures are somewhat lower than the average temperature in May this year.
A.rather B.very C.a little D.less
46.Some psychologists argue that the traditional idea“spare the rod and spoil the child”is not rational.
A.helpful B.kind C.sensible D.effective
47.He must not allow this unusual barrier to stop him from fghting against the enemy.
A.interior B.obstacle C.interruption D.interference
48.Many of the local residents left homes to ward off the danger of fooding.
A.overcome B.enclose C.encounter D.avoid
49.I found this very proftable in diminishing the intensity of narrow-minded prejudice.
A.lessening B.refecting C.removing D.increasing
50.Personality in Americans is further complicated by successive waves of immigration from various countries.
A.uninterrupted B.successful C.forceful D.overwhelming
Part ⅢCloze（10%）
Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A，B，C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Have you ever gone to a concert and realized that your seats were right next to the booming speakers？Are you guilty 51 turning up the volume on your portable cassette or CD player to drown out the whining of your little brother？Sometimes it’s diffcult to avoid loud music or noises，but they can be bad news because loud noises can 52 temporary or permanent hearing loss.
Extremely loud music and noises that go on for long periods of time are common causes of deafness.If a noise is so loud that you have to shout to make yourself 53 ，there is a 54 that the mechanism inside your ear can be injured.
Temporary hearing loss can happen after you’ve been exposed to loud noise for only 15 minutes.If you have temporary hearing loss，you won’t be able to hear as 55 as you normally can, and you may have tinnitus, which is a fancy word for ringing in the ears.Your ears call feel “full”,too. 56 ,these things usually go away and your hearing soon return to normal.
Permanent hearing loss can happen when someone is exposed to loud noise over and over.Construction workers and people who work in factories must 57 ear protectors because the equipment they use can be extremely loud.
But even some lawn mowers and power tools can permanently 58 a person's ability to hear high-pitched noises and can also give him permanent tinnitus.Listening to extremely loud music over and over can also have the same effect on a person's hearing. And using headphones on a portable cassette or CD player can be dangerous 59 if the volume is too high and the headphones are used a lot,the noise can damage the ears.
The best way to avoid hearing loss is to wear ear protectors when working with machinery and earplugs when going to a concert. Headphones are OK to wear when you're listening to music; just be sure the volume isn't too high, and give them a rest 60 0nce in a while.
51.A.of B.in
C.at D.on
52.A.increase B.take
C.cause D.confrm
53.A.heard B.appreciated
C.tracked D.welcomed
54.A.meaning B.point
C.chance D.sense
55.A.good B.well
C.frequently D.stable
56.A.Unfortunately B.Accordingly
C.Luckily D.Unexpectedly
57.A.bear B.hear
C.wear D.tear
58.A.affect B.effect
C.offer D.show
59.A.while B.though
C.because D.unless
60.A.each B.every
C.for D.all
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this section there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Should doctors ever lie to beneft their patient—to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death？In medicine as in law，government，and other lines of work，the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs：the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy；to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.(https://www.daowen.com)
What should doctors say，for example，to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who，though he feels in perfect health，is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months？Is it best to tell him the truth？If he asks， should the doctors deny that he is ill，or minimize the gravity of the illness？Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation？
Doctors confront such choices often and urgently.At times，they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake；in their eyes，such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition，and that informing them risks destroying their hope，so that they may recover more slowly，or deteriorate faster，perhaps even commit suicide.As one physician wrote：“Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake，and that is‘as far as possible do no harm.”
But the illusory nature of the benefits is now coming to be documented.Studies show that， contrary to the belief of many physicians，an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth，even about grave illness，and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information，humanely conveyed，helps patients cope with illness： help them tolerate pain better，need less medicine，and even recover faster after surgery.
There is urgent need to debate this issue openly.Not only in medicine，but in other professions as well，practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception.Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception，for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted，to spread，and to erode trust.Neither in medicine，nor in law，government，or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying，“What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”
61.According to the author’s opinion，lies____.
A.can beneft the patients B.can help the patients to recovery
C.can do nothing to the patients’illness D.cannot beneft the patients
62.Which of the following statements is NOT true？
A.Most of the doctors believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition.
B.The truthful information helps patients to deal with their illness.
C.There is a need to discuss whether to lie or not to the patients.
D.It is true that“What you don’t know can’t hurt.”
63.What is the main idea of the last paragraph？
A.There is urgent need to debate this issue openly.
B.Neither in medicine，nor in law，government，or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying，“What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”
C.The public has every reason to be wary of professional deception.
D.We need to discuss this issue in medicine，but not in other professions.
64.What does the author mainly discuss in the passage？
A.Deception is benefcial to patients.
B.Whether patients should be told the truth of their illness.
C.Whether patients really want to know the truth of their illness.
D.Who benefts from deception.
65.The reasons that the doctors lie to the patients are____.
A.seriously ill patients do not want to be told the truth
B.informing them risks destroying their hope
C.telling truth may make them deteriorate faster
D.all the above
Passage Two
English speakers pick up pitch in the right hemispheres of their brains，but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well.It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch， Donald Wong of the Indiana School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week.
Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes，the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action.This fts in with the idea that emotive nuances of language— which in English are often carried by the rise and fall of the voice—are perceived on the right.
But in“tonal”languages like Thai，Mandarin and Swedish，pitch not only carries emotional information，but can also alter the meaning of a word.Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain—in particular Broca’s area，which processes the linguistic content of language.
To test this，the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen to 80 pairs of Thai words，and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography.The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same，either by consonant or by tone. In some eases，the words had no intelligible meaning.
None of the words was emotionally charged，so even when Thai speakers could understand them，there was no right-side activation.But sure enough the Thai speakers consistently lit up the left side of the brain，especially Broca’s area，while the English speakers did not.
The researchers are now planning to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences，complete with emotional information.“Both hemispheres will be engaged，”predicts Wong.
66.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere，according to the passage，is that it____.
A.belongs to the English language exclusively B.is an emotive nuance of language
C.can be easily heard D.is a regular sound
67.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test，they____.
A.were registered on the English speakers’right hemispheres
B.slowed down the blood fow in the volunteers’brains
C.activated the Thai speakers’left hemispheres
D.sounded exactly the same to the volunteers
68.A tonal language____.
A.possesses no pitch B.carries pitch with dual functions
C.is superior to the English language D.holds more linguistic content than English
69.In Wong’s future experiment，the volunteers____.
A.will use either their right or left hemisphere
B.will use both English and a tonal language
C.will listen to emotionally-charged sentences
D.will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged words
70.What is the passage mainly about？
A.Two hemispheres to the sound of speech.
B.Two functions of pitch in language.
C.Two hemispheres of the human brain.
D.Two languages and two hemispheres.
Passage Three
British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fght cancer，which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.
If successful，virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer，while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.
Leonard Seymour，a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University，who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the U.S.，will lead the trials later this year.Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof.Seymour’s pioneering techniques.
One of the country’s leading geneticists，Prof.Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly，while avoiding harm to healthy tissue.“In principle，you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy，”he said.
Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system.“If a cancer doesn’t do that，the immune system wipes it out.If you can get a virus into a tumour，viruses fnd them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating.You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’heel.”
Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer.“They replicate，you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process，”said Prof.Seymour.
Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs.“It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours，which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before.”
Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientifc journals.American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.
Prof.Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immune system， effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do—spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are.The big hurdle has always been to fnd a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.
“What we’ve done is make chemical modifcations to the virus to put a polymer coat around it- it’s a stealth virus when you inject it，”he said.
After the stealth virus infects the tumour，it replicates，but the copies do not have the chemical modifcations.If they escape from the tumour，the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.
The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers，called metastases，which sometimes spread around the body after the frst tumour appears.“There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west… with malignant cancers；75%of them go on to die from metastases，”said Prof.Seymour.
Two viruses are likely to be examined in the frst clinical trials：adenovirus，which normally causes a cold-like illness，and vaccinia，which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox.For safety reasons，both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial，but Prof.Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.
The frst trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours，in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed.Several more years of trials will be needed，eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses， before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS.Though the approach will be examined at frst for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments，Prof.Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.
71.What is the passage mainly concerned about？
A.New weapon to fght cancer. B.Chemical modifcations to the virus.
C.Gene therapy to cancers. D.Gene therapy of virus therapy.
72.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage？
A.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.
B.Cancer’s Achilles’heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.
C.To infect the cancer cells，a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.
D.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.
73.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found____.
A.on TV B.in magazines
C.on Internet D.in newspapers
74.To treat tumors spreading out in body，researchers try to____.
A.change the body’immune system
B.inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream
C.increase the amount of injection
D.disguise the viruses on the way to tumors
75.When the chemical modifed virus in tumor replicates，the copies____.
A.will soon escape from the tumor and spread out
B.will be wiped out by the body’s immune system
C.will be immediately recognized by the researchers
D.will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out
Passage Four
The idea of test-tube babies may make you either delighted at the wonders of modern medicine or irritated while considering the moral，or legal，or technological implications of starting life in a laboratory.But if you’ve ever been pregnant yourself，one thing is certain：You wonder what it’s like to carry a test-tube baby.Are these pregnancies normal？Are the babies normal？
The earliest answers come from Australia，where a group of medical experts at the Queen Victoria Medical Center in Melbourne have taken a look at the continent’s first nine successful in vitro pregnancies.The Australians report that the pregnancies themselves seemed to proceed according to plan， but at birth some unusual trends did show up.Seven of the nine babies turned out to be girls.Six of the nine were delivered by Caesarean section.Undone baby，a twin，was born with a serious heart defect and a few days later developed life-threatening problems.
What does it all mean？Even the doctors don’t know for sure，because the numbers are so small. The proportion of girls to boys is high，but until there are many more test-tube babies none will know whether that’s something that just happened to be like that or something special that happens when egg meets sperm in a test tube instead of a Fallopian tube.The same thing is true of the single heart defect；it usually shows up in only 15 out of 60，000 births in that part of Australia，but the fact that it occurred in one out of nine test-tube babies does not necessarily mean that they are at special risk.One thing the doctors can explain is the high number of Caesareans.Most of the mothers were older，had long histories of fertility problems and in some cases had had surgery on the fallopian tubes，all of which made them likely candidates for Caesareans anyway.
The Australian researchers report that they are quite encouraged.All the babies are now making normal progress even the twin with the birth defects.
76.What would people be most concerned about according to the author？
A.Whether the test-tube babies would be legally accepted by society.
B.Whether the test-tube babies would be normal from pregnancy to birth.
C.Whether modern medicine is advanced enough for test-tube babies’delivery.
D.Whether there would be always more girls than boys out of the test-tube babies.
77.What does the Latin word“in vitro”（Paragraph 2）most probably mean？
A.Normal. B.Test-tube. C.Virtual. D.Fallopian tube.
78.The Australian experiment of the test-tube babies has the following unusual trends except that____.
A.most of the babies are girls
B.most of the babies are delivered by means of surgical operations
C.there is a serious heart disease case
D.the babies do not appear to be normal
79.Which of the following explanations regarding the high number of Caesarean operations is NOT true？
A.Some mothers have passed the best age for a natural delivery.
B.Some mothers have physical problems with pregnancy.
C.Some mothers volunteer to be the candidates of the Caesarean operations.
D.Some mothers have had surgical operations on the fallopian tubes.
80.What is the author’s attitude toward the idea of test-tube babies？
A.Optimistic. B.Pessimistic. C.Delighted. D.Irritated.
Passage Five
On September 7，2001，a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg，France，had her gall bladder（胆囊）removed by-surgeons operating，via computer form New York.It was the frst complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4，000 miles away from their patient.
In New York，Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation.A high-speed fber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg.The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system， designed by Computer Motion Inc.that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive.The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.
The high-speed fber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay.It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation，between the surgeon’s movements in New York and the return video（from Strasbourg）on his screen.The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.
France Telecom’s engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds.“I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room，”says Marescaux.
The successful collaboration（合作）among medicine，advanced technology，and telecommunications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training.Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures.The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians.More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.
Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a“third revolution”in surgery within the last decade.The frst was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery，enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera，meaning that the abdomen（腹部）and thorax（胸腔）do not have to be opened.The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery，where complicated software algorithms（计算法）enhance the safety of the surgeon’s movements during a procedure，making them more accurate，while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient.It was thus natural to imagine that this distance-currently several meters in the operating room could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.
81.The title that best expresses the main idea is____.
A.How the Second Revolution in Surgery Comes Out
B.The Telesurgery Revolution
C.A Patient Was Saved
D.Dream Comes True
82.The italicized word“telesurgery”（Par.1，Sentence 2）can be best explained as____.
A.an operation done over a distance B.an operation done on television
C.an operation demanding special skills D.an operation demanding high technology
83.How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation？
A.24 hours. B.48 hours.
C.About a week. D.Almost a month.
84.What is the major barrier to telesurgery？
A.Distance. B.Advanced technology.
C.Delay. D.Medical facilities.
85.The writer implies that____.
A.diffcult operation can be successfully performed all over the world now
B.compared to the“third revolution”in surgery，the frst two are less important
C.all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operation
D.a new breakthrough has been made in surgery
Passage Six
We all have offensive breath at one time or another.In most cases，offensive breath emanates frombacteria in the mouth，although there are other，more surprising causes.
Until a few years ago，the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness.Now they are fnding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.
Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows.Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue.The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases， the worst of which is hydrogen sulfde.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions.Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down.When we sleep，for example，the saliva stream slows，and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand，producing classic“morning breath”.Alcohol，hunger， too much talking，breathing through the mouth during exercise—anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath.So can stress，though it’s not understood why.Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.
Saliva fow gradually slows with age，which explains why the elderly have more bad-breath trouble than younger people do.Babies，however，who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.
For most of us，the simple，dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured.Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria.Breakfast often stops morning breath.
Those with chronic dry mouth fnd that it helps to keep gum，hard candy，or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.
Surprisingly，one thing that rarely works is mouthwash.The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell，but the effect lasts no more than an hour.Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath.The trouble is，they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus.If the mouthwash contains alcohol—as most do—it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.
86.The phrase“emanate from”in Paragraph 1 most probably means“____”.
A.thrive on B.account for C.originate from D.descend from
87.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath？
A.Tooth trouble. B.Sulfur-rich food. C.Too much exercise. D.Mental strain.
88.According to the passage，alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because____.
A.it keeps offending bacteria from reproducing B.its smell adds to bad breath
C.it kills some helpful bacteria D.it affects the normal fow of saliva
89.Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because____.
A.they can’t mask the bad odor long enough
B.they can’t get to all the offending bacteria
C.their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse
D.they can’t cover the thick layers of mucus
90.We can infer from this passage that____.
A.offensive breath can’t easily be cured
B.elderly people are less offended by bad breath
C.heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breath
D.offensive breath is less affected by alcohol
Please turn to the next page and go on to Paper Two.（注意：考试进行到115分钟时收试卷一，然后开始做试卷二。）
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part ⅤWriting（20%）
Directions：Please read the following article in Chinese carefully，and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
家庭环境因素对儿童健康的影响
没有哪一个地方像家那么重要？真的吗？世卫组织的一项新研究确定了危及儿童健康的家庭环境因素。
世卫科学家们在报告中指出，欧洲婴幼儿和儿童多达90%的时间是在家中度过的，家庭环境从很多方面影响着儿童健康。该研究对世卫组织欧洲区的八个城市就住房、健康状况等进行了全面的分析和回顾。这八个城市分别是：法国的安格斯、德国的波恩、斯洛伐克的布拉迪斯拉发、匈牙利的布达佩斯、葡萄牙的佛雷拉、意大利的福尔姆、瑞士的日内瓦、立陶宛的维尔纽斯，以及后来加入的吉尔吉斯斯坦的奥沙。
根据这份报告，虽然家常常被认为是对儿童而言最安全的地方，但家却包藏了各种有害的环境因素：霉菌、噪音、环境烟草烟气、家用固体燃料燃烧、不洁用水、铅中毒及意外事故。下面是研究中的部分结果。
潮湿环境促使霉菌生长，从而导致儿童呼吸系统疾病。床垫上10µg/g的尘螨含量对11岁以前双亲有过敏性哮喘的儿童而言发病危险要增加五倍。50%以上哮喘患儿都有由猫、狗引发的病症。
环境烟草烟气（ETS）、室内固体燃料的燃烧、潮湿环境、尘螨颗粒以及宠物脱落的毛屑都构成了对儿童呼吸的主要威胁。在世卫组织欧洲区，据估计每年约有5万以上0～4岁儿童死于由室内污染导致的急性下呼吸道感染。在该地区，总体上说，使用固体燃料是室内空气污染的最大来源，在同年龄组中因此而死亡的病例达1万例之多。
睡眠质量也与健康状况有关。睡眠受到噪音干扰的儿童患偏头痛的几率是免受噪音干扰儿童的120%，并且这些儿童中90%以上极有可能伴有呼吸系统功能紊乱。
在所调查的8个城市中，1%的儿童家中没有水源，12%的儿童家中没有热水。虽然该数字因城市不同而变化，但还没有一个城市的所有儿童都可以在其住所用上热水。
对儿童健康最严重的威胁之一是铅中毒。在老房子，油漆和管道焊接处都有铅。禁止使用含铅汽油是减少血铅浓度含量高的儿童数量的有效措施，这些措施已使一些国家大于10µg/dl血铅浓度的儿童从1976—1980年的88.2%降至1999—2000年的2.2%。然而要彻底解决这个问题，就一定要在欧洲区实施该措施。
意外事故是5～15岁儿童致死的首要原因，家是他们容易受伤的一个地方，但很多危险是可以预防的。
在调查的儿童中，20%的孩子抱怨家周围没有足够的空间可以进行娱乐活动。这可能对进行体育活动的量产生直接影响。
This is the end of Model Test Nine.（注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。）