第二部分　阅读理解总则　

第二部分　阅读理解总则　

1.目标原文原则

•什么是目标原文

在解答每一道题时，我们都要根据题干、选项提供的信息锁定文中“能够回答或帮助回答题干问题”的原文，或锁定文中“能够补全或帮助补全题干句子”的原文，即“目标原文”。“潜伏”在四个选项中的正确选项其实就是在重复或概括这一目标原文，如果我们找到了目标原文，也就找到了正确选项的参照物，因此锁定目标原文就成了我们解题的先决条件。

需要说明的是，我们有时可以根据题干、选项的信息直接锁定能够回答或补全题干的句子，但有时我们锁定的原文是“与题干或选项信息有逻辑关系”的句子，它们可以间接地回答或补全题干，这些能够直接或间接回答题干问题、补全题干句子的原文也被认定为

目标原文。

•锁定目标原文

通常情况下，我们可以根据题干信息、选项信息和文章大意来锁定目标原文，使用何种策略锁定目标原文往往是由题型决定的，具体来说有以下三种。

1）根据题干信息锁定目标原文——猜词题、逻辑关系题、具体信息题、推断题。

2）根据选项信息（或加题干信息）锁定目标原文——段落信息题。

3）根据段落和文章大意来锁定目标原文——主旨题、态度题。

•目标原文的特点

1）根据题干锁定的目标原文常为原文的一句话或有紧密逻辑关系的几句话。

①目标原文可能是能够直接回答“题干的问题”或“补全题干句子”的原文句子。

②与题干信息有顺承、转折、替代、因果、例证、比较、解释等逻辑关系的句子，它们是能够间接地回答“题干的问题”或“补全题干句子”的原文句子，这些句子也被认定为目标原文。

2）段落信息题对应的目标原文为散落在一个或多个段落里的多句话，即多个目标原文。

这些目标原文分别与不同的选项对应，我们需要耐心地根据各个选项将它们一一搜索出来，并逐一与对应的选项进行比较，所以段落信息题是较为耗费体力的阅读题。

3）主旨题和态度题对应的目标原文是能够体现文章大意或作者态度的文章句子。

①主旨题对应的原文可能是一两句概括全文的句子（常出现在前几段中），也可能是多句分散在各段中的概括段落大意的句子（常出现在段首或段尾）。

②态度题的目标原文分为三种情况：“评价文章主题的态度题”的目标原文与主旨题的目标原文特点相似；“预测文章主题前景的态度题”的目标原文常位于文章末段；“评价具体事物、现象的态度题”的目标原文可能是具体某段中或某句子中评价性的词（如形容词和副词）、所列举的事例或引语等，需要根据题干信息锁定。

注：关于不同题型的目标原文的具体情况请参看下面章节中的详细说明。

•目标原文与正确选项

上文提到，“目标原文能够回答题干问题或补全题干句子”，而正确选项也是要“回答题干问题或补全题干句子”，目标原文是文章中的句子或短语，正确选项是出题者以目标原文为参照物所设计的选项，其信息应被包含在目标原文之内，如下图。

正确选项经过出题者对原文加工后，常常变成了另一番模样（下文将详细说明出题者如何设计正确选项以及正确选项的特点），但所有的正确选项在文中一定有对应原文，所以即使某个选项非常符合“常识的推理判断”，但如果没有对应原文，也只能是错误选项。

根据这条原则我们可以规范我们的解题思路，对于所有选项的判断都要依据原文，不可以仅凭借常识、个人喜好进行脱离文章的推理或判断。

•目标原文与题干对应原文

在这里，需要跟大家交代一下“题干对应原文”的说法。题干对应原文是指包含题干信息的原文句子，它们可能是直接“回答题干问题或补全题干句子的”的目标原文，也可能是能够引出目标原文的一般句子，由于它们是根据题干中的信息锁定的，因此可以被称为“题干对应原文”，下面举例说明。

文章：…Mary quit the job because she was not fond of the working environment there.…

题干：Why did Mary quit the job？

题干对应原文：Mary quit the job（包含题干的信息原文）

目标原文：…she was not fond of the working environment there.（能够回答题干问题的原文）

练习

原文：Developed countries are more willing to promote free trade because there economies are more competitive.

2.排除法原则

•三错一对

目前，国内大多英语考试（包括英语一、二）的阅读理解题还是以选择题为主要考查手段，而非问答题，符合我们常说的“三错一对”原则。其中的“一对”，即正确选项在经过出题者“加工打磨”后往往变得不再“平易近人”，而“三错”中的“一错”或“两错”却往往很容易排除（下文中的“错误选项特点”部分详细分析了如何认定错误选项），在排除它们后我们往往会在剩下的两个选项面前思路大开，“茅塞顿开”地锁定正确选项或是通过“两错相权取其轻”的方式锁定正确选项。

•排除法缩小选择范围

绝大多数情况下，出题者在设计正确选项时都不会原封不动地将文中的词、句原样拿出（请看下文正确选项的特点），而一定会制造障碍、增加难度（请参看正确选项的特点）。有时出题者会将正确选项设计得“面目全非”（与原文相比），这就增加了我们锁定正确选项的难度；与此同时，出题者在设计错误选项时，由于目标原文所包含的信息是有局限性的，所以很难同时将三个错误选项都设计成干扰性很强的选项（请参看错误选项特点），所以我们往往可以通过原文，尤其是目标原文，利用常见错误选项的特点，较容易地排除其中一个或两个干扰性较弱的选项，从而缩小选择范围，降低该题的难度。

•排除法不是“偏方”而是“正方”

根据上面所述和大量的实践证明，较为合理和系统的解题机制是在通读文章、根据题干或选项信息锁定目标原文后，首先使用系统的方法和技巧认定和排除较为明显的错误选项，再仔细分析、比较剩余选项与目标原文来选出在信息出处、含义和逻辑关系上都符合原文的选项，并用正确选项的评判标准对其进行检验。

所以，排除法不应被视为“偏方”，而应被看作是“正方”。综合使用排除法和目标原文分析法会让我们的解题思路变得清晰，认清选项错在哪里、对在哪里，从而大幅度提高解题的成功率。

3.错误选项的特点

实际上，在通读文章和锁定目标原文之后，解题的主要过程就是分析判断哪些选项是错误选项的过程，我们大多数情况下是在认定了一两个错误的选项之后，才做出最后的选择，因此了解错误选项的特点，并较为系统地、高效地分析并判断一个选项是否为错误选项往往是解题的关键所在。

与设计正确选项的理念正相反，出题者要尽量将错误选项设计得非常“像”正确选项。我们知道正确的选项要在信息、含义和逻辑方面都要与原文一致，而错误的选项即便是再“像”原文，只要上述三条中的一条稍有不符合原文就可被认定为错误的选项，因此我们可以从信息出处、含义、逻辑关系三个层次入手。

1）信息出处有误

我们前面提到阅读理解的第一个原则是“根据题干、选项提供的信息尽量准确地锁定能够回答题干问题、补全题干句子的原文，即目标原文”，它是正确选项的参照物。作为能够“回答题干问题”或“补全题干句子”的正确选项，其信息就是出自于目标原文，那么如果一个选项的部分信息或全部信息不是来自于目标原文，就可以被确定为错误选项。

信息出处有误的选项情况较为复杂，我们可以利用简单的图示加以说明。

①虚构信息——选项的信息大多为脱离文章的伪造信息。

这样的选项常为根据常识的推理或联想，但脱离了文章的范畴。

②答非所问——选项的信息是目标原文之外的其他段落或句子里的信息。

这样的选项较为常见且具有较强的迷惑性，因为选项中的信息或用词多出自于文章，看起来很“像”正确选项，但这些信息并不能回答题干的问题，也就是说这些信息和用词虽然出自于文章，但并非出自于目标原文，或与目标原文不能对应，因此是干扰性较强的错误选项。

③断章取义——选项的部分信息来自于目标原文，但剩余部分信息或是出题者伪造的信息（左图），或是目标原文外的信息（右图）。

此情况较为常见，出题者为使选项具有干扰性，一般会用到目标原文中的词，使选项的部分信息出自目标原文，而剩下的信息或为虚构或出自于文章的其他部分，这样的选项常被称作“断章取义”的选项。

此外，即使某个选项信息均出于目标原文，这个选项也并非一定是正确选项，因为它还要满足在含义和逻辑关系上与原文一致，若不一致就会出现下列的情况。

2）含义不符合

①张冠李戴——选项将目标原文中的信息错误搭配。

②含义相反——选项的含义与目标原文的含义相反。

③含义夸大——选项的含义夸大目标原文的含义，如我们常说的过度推理就是其典型的例子。

3）逻辑关系不正确

①原因与结果倒置——如题干要求我们寻找原因，选项给出的是结果。

②方式与结果倒置——如题干要求我们寻找影响，选项给出的是方式。

③其他逻辑关系的混淆。

4.正确选项的特点

要知道，正确选项与目标原文的用词一定会有差别，为增加难度，出题者一定会将其修改得“面目全非”，达到增强其迷惑性的目的。出题者的这些加工、设计正确选项的手法是有一定规律可循的，常见的有替换改写、简化总结和正话反说这三种方法，其中以“替换改写”最为常见。英语二的历年真题表明，如果某个选项与原文是替换改写的关系，那么它成为正确选项的可能性就是非常大的。因此，熟练识别“原文”与“选项”的替换改写关系是解答英语二阅读理解题最为重要的技能。

下面，大家可以通过实例认识和了解出题者是如何利用三种方法对原文进行加工，得到正确选项的。

1）同义词或结构的替换改写

同义词、近义词替换（包括表达相同含义范畴词语的替换）是各类阅读题的出题者必用、多用的设置障碍的技巧，相信大家对此已经非常熟悉。需要我们注意的是，有时为了增加难度，出题者可能将正确选项的句子结构也加以变化，但含义相同。

【例】

原文：cheaper medals

选项：inexpensive medals

原文：by mid-nineteenth century

选项：around 1850

原文：more than one quarter of all the US households can surf in cyberspace

选项：more than 25 percent US families have linked to Internet today

原文：Customers tip more when they like the server.

选项：Waiters get more tips if they win customers'favor.

请试将意思接近的词或短语连线

1.deceptive　a.uncertain

2.fear　b.threatened language

3.a key factor in preservation　c.misleading

4.relative isolation　d.accumulated too heavy a health-care burden

5.remain to be seen　e.…is best preserved in

6.endangered languages　f.relatively isolated

7.as a sign of　g.nervous

8.“legacy”health-care costs　h.indicate

2）简化总结

选项设计的一条原则是使用简练的语言和较少的词语，这就是为什么很多正确选项具有较强的概括性，它们其实就是对原文的简化和总结。

【例】

原文：his paintings are always featured by the colors of red，yellow，pink and white

选项：his paintings often include bright colours

原文：It's possible to organize the experts'information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning.

选项：It can be useful for decision makers.

原文：Computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues.Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.

选项：Computer is helpful in that it facilitates the learning and using of those languages

3）正话反说，反话正说，双重否定.

我们熟知的一条原则是“双重否定”相当于“肯定”，而出题者常将“双重否定”变换成“否定”加反义词结构来给选项增加难度，这就是所谓的正话反说或反话正说。

【例】

原文：Developed economies are more competitive.

选项：Under-developed countries are less competitive.

原文：Girls are less comfortable with complex soft wares

选项：Boys feel more at home with complicated soft wares

原文：online access are growing more rapidly among the most prosperous

选项：people of low-income level gaining access to the Internet at a less speed.

替换改写的特点体现在大部分的正确选项上，一些正确选项可能综合了上述的几个特点。

5.阅读理解步骤

Step 1：通读全文——了解文章的主题或观点、判断文章的结构或走向

细读：文章首段、各段首末句、转折处、承接处、递进处、事例前的观点、引语处、因果处、强调处等含义深刻处和逻辑关系承接处。

注1：由于报刊文章一般都会在文章的开篇部分阐明主题来吸引读者，所以我们一定要仔细研读整个首段和第二段的段首部分，尤其是总结概括或转折处，它们往往成为文章的主题所在。

注2：另外，其余段落定位了文章的走向和结构，我们要仔细阅读各段的首末句，体会各段间的关系，它们阐述了主题或观点的哪一个侧面。

略读：不是所有的细节都将被提问到，为提高效率，通读时要选择性地暂时放弃事例、解释、身份介绍等细节信息。

Step 2：锁定目标原文——根据题干（或选项）信息锁定目标原文

一般情况下我们直接根据题干信息锁定“题干对应原文”，之后要做的事情就是用逐个分析选项是否对应我们锁定的“目标原文”。由于不同题型所对应的目标原文不尽相同，后面的章节详细叙述了不同题型里目标原文的不同特点与相应的分析技巧。

此外，一些题的题干中信息很少，只指明了段落，或干脆没有任何信息（如Which of the following is True？），这时我们需要根据选项的信息锁定各自对应的原文，即包含选项信息的原文句子，它们可以被称为“对应各自选项的目标原文”。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文——分析选项的信息出处、含义和逻辑关系是否符合目标原文

利用前面所讲述的错误选项评判标准来逐个分析四个选项的信息出处、含义和逻辑关系是否符合目标原文，尽可能地排除掉不符合目标原文的选项；之后再利用正确选项的特点来验证剩余的选项是否替换改写、简化总结或正话反说了目标原文，最终锁定最大限度上符合目标原文的选项。

时间分配：

Step 1——7～8分钟；

Steps 2＆3——8～10分钟。

主旨题

一、备考攻略综述

1.什么是主旨题

主旨题是指要求我们给文章选择恰当的题目或归纳文章的主题、大意的题目。主旨题的位置相对固定，一般位于最后；但如果同时存在态度题或上下文推断题，主旨题有可能位于第一题或倒数第二题。

2.主旨题出现频率

3.主旨题分两类

根据提问方式可将主旨题分成题目主旨题和主题、大意主旨题，不过它们的解题思路和策略都是一致的，该分类只是为了增加我们对主旨题特点的了解。

1）题目主旨题

①What might be the appropriate title of this passage?(2005:50)

②Which of the following might serve as the best title of the passage?(2006:45)

③Which of the following might serve as the title of this passage?(2007:60)

④The best title for the passage may be________.(2008:50)

⑤The most appropriate title for this text could be________.(2010:25)

⑥The most appropriate title for this text would be________.(2011:30)

特点：title

2）主题、大意主旨题

①What does the passage mainly discuss?(2005:53)

②What is the subject of this essay?(2006:46)

③This passage was written to________.(2006:60)

④This passage is mainly about________.(2007:55)

⑤Which of the following best summarizes this passage?(2008:55)

⑥The main idea of the passage might be________.(2009:45)

⑦What does the passage mainly discuss?(2009:56)

⑧Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?(2010:29)

⑨In discussing the US jury system，the text centers on________.(2010:40)

特点：discuss，be written to，about，summarize，idea，center on

4.主旨题解题攻略

1）主旨题选项特点

我们可以简单地将主旨题的选项分成两个组成部分：一是文章的话题，二是对该话题的描述。不论一篇文章属于哪一个题材，它一定会有一个主要的评述对象，如方便食品、付小费的做法或计算机自动化等，这些就是文章的话题。同时，由于篇幅限制，文章不可能描述这个话题的所有方面，而是对该话题的某个方面进行描述：或围绕作者对该话题的观点展开议论，或阐述该话题存在的问题、原因和解决方法，或说明该话题的发展或趋势等。

简单地说，话题就是指议论文的议论对象或说明文的说明对象，描述就是指议论文的论点或说明文的说明内容。

综上所述，解决主旨题需要完成两个任务：一是确定文章的话题，二是归纳作者对于该话题的描述。

2）确定文章话题

①考研阅读文章多为时文，时文的特点是常在首段直接指明话题或通过提问、事例、数据、交代背景等方式引出话题，所以我们要仔细阅读首段来确定文章主要评述的对象，即文章的话题。

②在考试文章并非是从第一段开始节选的文章（即节选自原始文章的中间部分），或文章的话题不为我们熟知，或出题者故意缺失原始文章首段的部分信息来增加难度等情况下，我们可能无法根据第一段确定话题，这时我们要根据第二段首句和其他各段（尤其是各段首句）归纳文章里出现最频繁的词（包括其同义词、近义词和表达同范畴的词），我们在这里将重复出现频率最高的词语称之为核心关键词，那么这个核心关键词就是文章的主要评述的对象，即文章话题。

3）归纳文章主题

①上面提到，文章大多在首段提出话题，在提出话题后文章很多情况下会紧接着陈述作者的观点或说明的主要内容，即我们常说的主题句。事实上，大量的时文（包括考试的文章）证明，表明文章主题的句子常出现首段的开始或末尾、第二段的开始部分，因此首段和第二段的首句是我们仔细研读的重点。

主题句常具有概括性、深刻性。事例后面的句子，转折含义词语（如but等）后面句子是主题句最愿意“藏身”的地方。

②若首段或第二段没有明显表明主题的句子，或作者故意省略一些信息，我们需要总结、归纳其他段落里包括核心关键词的句子，将它们进行叠加、分析来确定文章的主题。

4）正确选项特点

①包含表达文章话题的词（核心关键词）或其同义词、近义词和相同含义范畴的词。

②体现文章主题句的含义或体现文章主要段落的大意。

5）错误选项特点

①多数情况下为以偏概全（即只概括或涉及文章某一段或几段中的细节信息，判断方法是检验其他段落是否以该选项的信息为议论或说明的中心）；

②与原文主题观点相反；

③与原文主题无关；

④概括范围过大。

5.解题步骤总结

二、例题精解

例题一

【题源】2005：53

【材料】

Convenience food helps companies by creating growth，but what is its effect on people?For people who think cooking was the foundation of civilization，the microwave is the last enemy.The communion of eating together is easily broken by a device that liberates households citizens from waiting for mealtimes.The first great revolution in the history of food is in danger of being undone.The companionship of the campfire，cooking pot and common table，which have helped to bond humans in collaborative living for at least 150,000 years could be destroyed.(Para.1)

Meals have certainly suffered from the rise of convenience food.The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend，among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness.Indeed，the day's first meal has all but disappeared.In the 20th century the leisure British breakfast was undermined by the corn flake；in the 21st breakfast is vanishing altogether a victim of the quick cup of coffee in Starbucks and the cereal bar.(Para.2)

Convenience food has also made people forget how to cook.One of the apparent paradoxes of modern food is that while the amount of time spent cooking meals has fallen from 60 minutes a day in 1980 to 13M a day in 2002，the number of cooks and television programmer on cooking has multiplied.But perhaps this isn't a paradox.Maybe it is because people can't cook anymore，so they need to be told how to do it，or maybe it is because people buy books about hobbies—golf，yachting—not about chores.Cooking has ceased to be a chore and has become ahobby.(Para.3)

Although everybody has a kitchen，its facilities are increasingly for display rather than for use.Mr.Silverstein's now book ，“trading up”look at mid-range consumer's milling now to splash out.He says that industrial-style Viking cook pot，with nearly twice the heat output of other ranges，have helped to push the“kitchen as theater”trend in hour goods.They cost from＄1,000 to＄9,000.Some 75% of them are never used.(Para.4)

Convenience also has an impact on the healthiness ，or otherwise，of food，of course there is nothing bad about ready to eat food itself.You don't get much healthier than an apple，and supermarkets sell a better for you range of ready-meals.But there is a limit to the number of apples people want to eat；and these days it is easier for people to eat the kind of food that makes them fat.The three Harvard economists in their paper“Why have Americans become more obese?”point out that in the past，if people wanted to eat fatty hot food，they had to cook it.That took time and energy a good chip needs frying twice，once to cook the potato and once to get it crispy，which discouraged consumption of that cost of food.Mass preparation of food took away that constraint.Nobody has to cut and double cook their own fries these days.Who has the time?(Para.5)

【题目】53.What does the passage mainly discuss？

A.The bad effects of convenience food.

B.Mr.Silverstein's new book.

C.People's new hobby.

D.Disappearance of the old symbol of togetherness.

精解

53.这篇文章主要讨论了什么？

A.方便食品的坏影响。　B.Silverstein先生的新书。

C.人们新的爱好。　D.古代和睦象征的消失。

Step 1：锁定关键词convenience food（各段段首主要重复对象，文章议论的主要对象）

归纳主题句Convenience food…，but what is its effect on people？（首段首句）

Step 2：选项对照原文

分析：A选项，A选项中bad effects对应的是各段的首句中所体现的方便食品所带来的坏影响，如：Para.2中Meals have certainly suffered from…，Para.3中Convenience food has made people forget how to cook，Para.5中Convenience also has an impact on the healthiness。此外，文章的第一句中的问题“what is its（convenience food's）effect on people？”也提供了主题线索，下文可以判断出该effects为bad effects，所以A为正确选项。

B，C，D选项只涉及了某一段落的细节信息，属于“以偏概全”，故排除。

实际上，例一中主旨题的四个选项的中心词为名词且侧重点明显不同，这种情况下我们只要准确找到全文的核心关键词，再与四个选项的中心词相比较，这样答案就变得非常明显了。

该文出自2003年12月11日的《经济学人》的Make it convenient—That tends not to mean healthy一文，且节选其原文的后半部分，前半部分通过事例引出并介绍了方便食品的发展。不过，近年来英语二阅读中节选的文章多为原文章的前半部分。

例题二

【题源】2007：55

【材料】

When Thomas Keller，one of America's foremost chefs，announced that on Sept.1 he would abolish the practice of tippingat Per Se，his luxury restaurant in New York City，and replace it with European-style service charge.I knew three groups would be opposed:customers，servers and restaurant owners.These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites.To oppose tipping，it seems，is to be anti-capitalist，and maybe even a little French.(Para.1)

But Mr.Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.(Para.2)

Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense.“Waiters know that they won't get paid if they don't do a good job”is how most advocates of the system would put it.To be sure，this is a tempting，apparently rational statement about economic theory，but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.(Para.3)

Michael Lynn，an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration，has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumer's assessment of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.(Para.4)

Rather，customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled，in other words，customers tip more when they like the server，not when the service is good.Mr.Lynn's studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.(Para.5)

What's more，consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases.Thus，the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call“upselling”:every bottle of imported water，every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket.Aggressive upselling for tips is often rewarded while low-key，quality service often goes unrecognized.(Para.6)

I n addition，the practice of tip pooling ，which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon，has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter.In an unreasonable outcome，you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one.Indeed ，there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service.(Para.7)

【题目】55.This passage is mainly about .

A.reasons to abolish the practice of tipping B.economic sense of tipping

C.consumer's attitudes towards tipping　D.tipping for good service

精解

55.这篇文章主要关于。

A.废除小费做法的理由　B.付小费的经济意义

C.顾客对于付小费的态度　D.为好的服务付小费

Step 1：总结全文关键词tipping（各选项所共有的词，文章主要论述的对象）。

归纳文章主题句But Mr.Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.（典型的事例背景＋but＋主题句的结构）

分析：文中第一段交代了Thomas Keller打算放弃小费的做法引来了餐饮界所有人（customers，servers and restaurant owners）的反对，第二段给出了作者自己的观点。

Step 2：选项对照原文

分析：选项A，本文第一段提到Thomas Keller的“abolish the practice of tipping”（废除小费的做法）遭到人们的反对，而第二段中作者用but进行转折，指出“Mr.Keller is right to move away from tipping”，这是作者真正的观点，它对应A选项的“abolish the practice of tipping”。而A选项中reasons对应的是主题句的后半部分“it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice（值得探究的是为什么餐饮界其他人对付小费做法的坚持是错误的）”。explore（探究）指明文章要研究什么，文章研究了why，其实就是研究了reasons，所以A为正确选项。

选项B，对应细节，且是作者在驳论前陈述反方的观点，故排除。

选项C，对应第一段的细节，全文并非都是在讲消费者对小费的态度，故排除。

选项D，观点与文章主题句观点相反，且只概括部分段落，故排除。

例二中主旨题的选项都包含“tipping”，那么我们需要进一步寻找主题句。而对于以事例或背景开头的文章，事例和背景后的总结性的句中常常给出作者真正的观点。

该文出自2005年8月10日的《纽约时报》的Tipped Off一文，且节选其前半部分。

例题三

【题源】2006：45

【材料】

Office jobs are among the positions hardest hit by compumation （计算机自动化）.Word processors and typists will lose about 93，000 jobs over the next few years，while 57，000 secretarial jobs will vanish.Blame the PC：Today，many executives type their own memos and carry their“secretaries”in the palms of their hands.Time is also hard for stock clerks，whose ranks are expected to decrease by 68，000.And employees in manufacturing firms and wholesalers are being replaced with computerized systems.（Para.1）

But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line.Many will shift to growing positions within their own companies.When new technologies shook up the telecomm business，telephone operator Judy Dougherty pursued retraining.She is now a communications technician，earning about＄64，000 per year.Of course，if you've been a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years，and you find yourself replaced by an E-Zpass machine，it may be of little consolation（安慰）to know that thetelecomm field is booming.（Para.2）

And that's just it：The service economy is fading；welcome to the expertise（专门知识）economy.To succeed in the new job market，you must be able to handle complex problems.Indeed，all but one of the 50 highest—paying occupations—air-traffic controller—demand at least a bachelors degree.（Para.3）

For those with just a high school diploma（毕业证书），it's going to get tougher to find a well-paying job.Since fewer factory and clerical jobs will be available，what's left will be the jobs that compumation can't kill：Computers can't clean offices，or care for Alzheimer's patients（老年痴呆病人）.But，since most people have the skills to fill those positions，the wages stay painfully low，meaning computation could drive an even deeper wedge（楔子）between the rich and poor.The best advice now：Never stop learning，and keep up with new technology.（Para.4）

For busy adults，of course，that can be tough.The good news is that the very technology that's reducing so many jobs is also making it easier to go back to school—without having to sit in a classroom.So-called Internet distance learning is hot，with more than three million students currently enrolled，and it's gaining credibility with employers.(Para.5)

Are you at risk of losing your job to a computer?Check the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics'Occupational Outlook Handbook，which is available online at bls.gov.(Para.6)

【题目】45.Which of the following might serve as the best title of the passage？

A.Blaming the PC　B.The booming telecomm field

C.Internet distance learning　D.Keeping up with compumation

精解

45.下列哪项可以作为文章的题目？

A.计算机的责任　B.蓬勃发展的电信领域

C.网络远程学习　D.跟上计算机自动化

Step 1：总结全文关键词compumation，PC，computer，new technology（这些关键词内涵相同）。

归纳文章主题句　首段和第二段中没有明显的主题句，我们需要叠加各段的主题句。

•But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line(due to PC).(Para.2)

•To succeed in the new job market，you must be able to handle complex problems(with new technology knowledge).(Para.3)

•The best advice now:Never stop learning，and keep up with new technology.(Para.4)

•Are you at risk of losing your job to a computer?(Para.6)

归纳：If your career was hit by computers，you should keep up with the computer technology.

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：A选项，虽然包含文章关键词，但位于第一段的事例中，且第二段开始的but给我们提示，文章的主题应该与第一段数据（作用与事例相同）和背景所体现的观点相反。作者的观点并非要指责PC，而是鼓励那些工作受计算机影响的人们继续学习，寻找新的工作机遇，所以A被排除。

B选项，对应第二段的细节，其他段落并非以电信领域为中心，故排除。

C选项，对应第五段的网络远程教学，但其只出现在此段，故排除。

D选项，包含文章关键词，也与归纳出的文章大意相符，所以D为正确选项。

例三属于有两个选项包含文章关键词，这帮助我们排除其他两个选项。其文章仍以数据开头，数据和事例的作用相同，都是要引出作者想讨论的话题，而作者的观点常出现在第一段段尾或第二段开头，第二段的but是作者观点的一个强烈的提示。但第二段的首句概括性不强，所以我们需要继续在其他段落总结出重要的观点，最终归纳出文章的主题。

该文并非时文，而是出自于《读者文摘》的Will You Be Digitized？—Computers are making some jobs obsolete（过时的），其主题未直接给出，需要我们总结归纳，文章整体结构属于“问题＋解决型”。

三、技巧点拨

1.后做

除主旨题外的其他四道题常常提问主题的某一个方面，它们或多或少会提供一些提示，有助于我们总结题目或归纳主题、大意。

同时，主旨题的干扰项常常“以偏概全”地针对文章的一个段落或细节，完成其他四道题有助于我们衡量各选项的覆盖范围，从而去除以偏概全的选项。

2.总结全文关键词

从2005年到2011年真题中可以看到，多数主旨题的选项都以一个或两个名词为中心词，而非完整的一句话。这一个或两个名词指向文章的话题，就是全文不断重复或论述的核心关键词，那么总结全文关键词就成了解决主旨题至关重要的一步，很多情况下也只需要这一步。

方法：锁定文章多数段落和句群不断重复的关键词或多数段落和句群论述的对象。

3.确定文章主题

在文章的核心关键词非常明显时——如2011年第30题，出题者会在多个选项中使用相同的核心关键词，这时我们需要寻找出文章的主题句，再与各选项比较。

方法：英语二的文章多数为报刊文章，多数情况下这类文章开始部分会通过事例或背景吸引读者眼球，然后直接交代主题。所以我们可以一边透过事例和背景分析文章的主旨，一边认真阅读事例或背景后面（常常位于第一段末尾或第二段开始）的部分，寻找主题句。必须注意的是，一些文章的主题、大意常与事例或背景交代的情况相反，事例或背景与主题之间常用but或相当于but的词或短语连接。

4.归纳文章大意

对于主题交代不明显的文章，我们可以找出每段里总结性的句子或我们认为最重要的句子，然后将它们叠加来归纳出文章的大意。

对于记叙或散文体裁的文章，我们可以通过文中的事例或具体观点总结出作者的写作目的或主要评述对象。

总结：文章关键词为全文重复的词（包括其同义词），是分析选项的重要依据。

文章的主题或藏于事例、数据、背景等之后，或散布在各段之中。

5.排除法

在确定文章话题或归纳文章主题受阻时，我们可以利用主旨题错误选项的特点排除只涵盖部分细节信息的选项、只概括部分段落的选项或与主题明显不符的选项来缩小备选范围。

四、实战测试

1.

【题源】2005：50

【材料】

Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise.All of this will be in the future of sport.The spectator(the television audience)will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality:sport as a business.

The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the conventional channels.They will be the ones who decide what to see.And they will have to pay for it.In the United States the system of the future has already started:pay-as-you-view.Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose.The review Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the middle of the next century.It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic，flat screen occupying the whole of one wall，with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present；they could watch from the trainer's stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game.And at their disposal will be the sane option s the producer of the recorded programmer has to select replays，to choose which camera to me and to decide on the sound whether to hear the public，the players，the trainer and so on.

Many sports executives，largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches.They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television，for example，it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.

It is also the argument of these sports executives that television harming the modest team.This is true，but the future of those teams is also modest.They have reached their ceiling.It is the law of the market.The great events continually attract larger audience.

The world is being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and，in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities.Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.

The most visionary executives go further.That philosophy is:rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television?

【题目】What might be the appropriate title of this passage？

A.The arguments of sports executives.

B.The philosophy of visionary executives.

C.Sport and television in the 21st century.

D.Sport:a business.

2.

【题源】2006：60

【材料】

It looked just like another aircraft from the outside.The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964.But appearances were deceptive，and the 13 students from Europe and the USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.

Inside，the area that normally had seats had become a long white tunnel.Heavily padded（填塞）from floor to ceiling，it looked a bit strange.There were almost no windows，but lights along the padded walls illuminated it.Most of the seats had been taken out，apart from a few at the back，where the young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear.

For 12 months，science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invention of the European Space Agency.The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions.

For the next two hours，the flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason，shooting upwards towards the heavens before rushing towards Earth.The invention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.

The aircraft took off smoothly enough，but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds.Then the engines cut out and we became weightless.Everything became confused and left or right，up or down no longer had any meaning.After ten seconds of free-fal1 descent（下降）the pilot pulled the aircraft out of its nosedive.The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss，but was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.

Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless，a new team conducted its experiment.First it was the Dutch who wanted to discover how it is that cats always land on their feet.Then the German team who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station.The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.

After two hours of going up and down in the lane doing their experiments，the Predominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness.Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one they would be keen to repeat.

【题目】This passage was written to .

A.encourage young people to take up science

B.describe the process of a scientific competition

C.show scientists what young people can do

D.report on a new scientific technique

3.

【题源】2007：60

【材料】

“I promise，”“I swear to you it'll never happen again.”“I give you my word”“Honesty.Believe me.”Sure，I trust.Why not？I teach English composition at a private college.With a certain excitement and intensity，I read my students'essays，hoping to find the person behind the pen.As each semester progresses，plagiarism（剽窃）appears.Not only is my intelligence insulted as one assumes I won't detect a polished piece of prose from an otherwise-average writer，but I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer.Writers have styles like fingerprints and after several assignments.I can match a student's word with his or her name even if it's missing from the upper left-hand corner.

Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA）？When we're threatened or sick，we make conditional promises“if you let me pass math a will…”“Lord，if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I'll…”.Once the situation is behind us，so are the promises.Human nature？Perhaps，but we do use that cliché（陈词滥调）to get us out of uncomfortable bargains.Divine interference during distress is asked；gratitude is unpaid.After all，few fulfill the contract，so why should anyone be the exception，why not？

Six years ago，I took a student before the dean.He had turned in an essay with the vocabulary and sentence structure of a PhD thesis.Up until that time，both his out-of-class and in-class work borderline passing.

I questioned the person regarding his essay and he swore it was his own work.I gave him the identical assignment and told him to write it in class，and that I'd understand this copy world not have the time and attention an out-of-class paper is given，but he had already a finished piece so he understood what was asked.He sat one hour，then turned in part of a page of unskilled writing and faulty logic，I confronted him with both essays.“I promise…I'm not lying.I swear to you that I wrote the essay.I'm just nervous today.”

The head of the English department agreed with my findings.And the meeting with the dean had the boy's parents present.After an hour of discussion，touching on eight of the boy's previous essays and his grade-point average，which indicated he was already on academic probation（留校察看），the dean agreed that the student had plagiarized.His parents protested，“He's only a child”and we instructors are wiser and should be compassionate.College people are not really children and most times would resent being labeled as such…except in this uncomfortable circumstance.

【题目】Which of the following might serve as the title of this passage？

A.Human Nature　B.Conditional Promises

C.How to Detect Cheating　D.The Sadness of Plagiarism

答案与详解

1这篇文章合适的题目可以是哪一项？

A.体育管理者的辩论　B.有远见的经理的观点

C.21世纪的体育和电视　D.体育：一桩生意

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：总结全文关键词　sport，television，new technologies（根据前两段分析得出本文新科技指的是体育和电视相结合，第二段有详细解释。）

归纳文章主题句　Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television…（首段首句）

Step 2：选项对照原文

分析：选项A，arguments of executives出现在第四段，并非文章关键词，并且根据下一句中“This is true，but…”判断出其含义与作者观点相反，故排除。

选项B，对应文章最后一段，全文并非主要关于体育取代电视，故排除。

选项C，包含文章的关键词，作者对文中多次出现的new technologies持积极态度，其实new technologies指的就是the marriage of sport and television（体育和电视的结合），而对new technologies持消极态度的一些old and conservative executives虽然有arguments，但是都被作者否定了。此外选项中的21st century对应第一段中…is heading for…，…will…，…in the future…，所以C为正确选项。

选项D，对应文章第一段末尾，迷惑性非常强，但本文开端并非是事例加观点的结构，而是开门见山地在首句就给出主题。文中多次描述了电视观众，强调电视对体育有积极的影响。若选此选项就会以偏概全，无法与二、三段中的主题new technologies（暗含体育与电视结合）对应，故排除。

C选项中的21st century代表了future，即表明了体育和电视未来的发展，即future development，在时间和发展方面具有较强的概括性。

2这篇文章的写作目的是___。

A.鼓励年轻人从事科学研究　B.描述一场科学竞赛的过程

C.向科学家展示年轻人所能做的事情　D.关于一个新的科学技术的报告

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：总结全文关键词　flight，young scientists，weightless，experiment（本文属较为特殊的文体，报告了一个完整的事件，缺乏较为集中的文章关键词。）

归纳文章主题句　全文是按时间顺序对在飞机上做试验进行了一步一步的描述，呈现出报告的特点。

Step 2：选项对照原文

分析：选项A，文中并未提到鼓励年轻人从事科学研究，故排除。

选项B，文章的含义是经历competition后才有机会参加这次飞行，与选项含义不同，排除。

选项C，文章提到young scientists试验他们的想法，并未提到年轻的科学家展示他们的才能，故排除。

选项D，文章采用时间顺序叙述了年轻科学家在失重状态下试验他们的想法，全文对应选项中的report；飞机失重所创造出的试验环境对应选项中a new scientific technique（注意technique不同于technology，指“方法”而非“科技”），所以D为正确选项。

report一词具有较强的概括性，遇到这样的词，我们要从该词指明的视角，重新审视全文，加以印证。事实上，主旨题的正确选项往往具有概括性，如efforts，development等。

3下列哪项可以充当这篇文章的题目？

A.人的本质　B.有条件的承诺　C.如何查明作弊行为　D.剽窃的悲哀

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：总结全文关键词　plagiarism（相同含义的词或短语buying a paper，plagiarize）

归纳文章主题句　…I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer.

文章开篇通过引用“多句学生在抄袭被发现后所说的话”来引出文章的话题——plagiarism（抄袭），并紧接着就给出作者的观点：“Not only…，but I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer.（我为学生需要依靠出钱买文章而感到伤心。）”从第二段开始的其他段落为进一步的议论，并举例证明。

Step 2：选项对照原文

分析：选项A，对应第二段的细节，全文并非讨论人的本质，故排除。

选项B，对应第三段的细节，其他段落里并没有以承诺作为主题，故排除。

选项C，对应第一段的细节，作者只在第一段提到很容易发现学生作弊，故排除。

选项D，包含文章关键词，sadness在第一段中有相同的对应词，这也是作为老师对学生抄袭的普遍的感受，所以D为正确选项。

英语二的阅读文章的首段多数情况下都担负着引出主题的作用，或通过数据，或通过事例，或通过对比，或像本文一样通过引语来引出主题。

五、打通经脉——确定话题、归纳主题

1）我们知道主旨题需要我们确定文章的主要评述的话题和归纳对于该话题的描述，其中确定文章的话题相对容易得多。较为简单的主旨题四个选项往往指向不同话题，我们只需要确定话题即可；稍难些的主旨题有两个选项针对文章的话题，我们需要做出二选一；较难的主旨题的四个选项指向同一个话题，这种情况下我们需要确定或归纳文章的主题，即总结作者是如何对该话题进行描述的。

主旨题的发展趋势是难度越来越大，近年的主旨题很少出现根据文章的话题就能直接确定正确选项的，我们常常需要归纳出文章的主题。但如果出题者选用的文章是关于我们不熟悉的话题，如方法论等，我们以后还会见到四个选项针对不同话题的情况。

2）对于主旨题，在做题前我们要先比较一下选项：如果各选项用词都不同，该题的主要任务就是搜索核心关键词；如果各选项都共用一个词，那么这个词为核心关键词，这时我们要继续寻找主题句或归纳文章的大意。

3）对于主旨题，我们同时分析潜在的正确选项和以偏概全的错误选项，去掉错误选项常常要比分析出正确选项更加容易。

4）我们要认识一些路标性的词或短语，如：but，rather后常给出不同于上面的观点（有可能是作者真正的观点）；what's more，in addition常指向相同话题的另一个方面。

5）出题者为增加题的难度常用同义词、近义词来替换核心关键词，常用概括性的词语来总结文章的主旨或题目，所以在判断选项时我们要特别注意能够表达出与文章话题具有相同含义范畴的词和具有概括性的词语。

具体信息题

一、备考攻略综述

1.什么是具体信息题

具体信息题是指针对具体的人、事物、事件、事实、方式、问题、意义或影响等具体细节进行提问的题。

2.具体信息题出现频率

3.具体信息题

1)Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families?(2005:36)

2)Which of the following is affected most by working irregular hours?(2005:37)

3)How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies?(2005:48)

4)What is the paradox in the third paragraph?(2005:52)

5)How did Mrs.Stifter get the attention of one of the author's children?(2006:47)

6)The author believes that the most effective way for a teacher is to________.(2006:48)

7)According to the spokeswoman，the name change of Beaver College________.(2006:55)

8)According to the writer，how did the young scientists feel before the flight?(2006:57)

9)Minority languages can be best preserved in________.(2007:41)

10)According to Michel Lynn's studies，waiters will likely get more tips if they________.(2007:53)

11)The Internet barter system relies heavily on________.(2008:43)

12)Mayor Booker's efforts against crime seem to be________.(2008:49)

13)A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to________.(2009:42)

14)To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?(2009:43)

15)Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?(2009:52)

16)Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it________.(2009:54)

17)According to the author，the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his________.(2009:55)

18)The three Ds metioned in the last paragraph are________.(2010:24)

19)What is most wives'main expectation of their husbands?(2010:26)

20)According to Dr.Curtis，habits like hand washing with soap________.(2010:31)

21)The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed________.(2010:37)

22)After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed，________.(2010:39)

23)According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure，the firm is likely to________.(2011:23)

24)The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans'________.(2011:31)

25)Mies held that elegance of architectural design________.(2011:33)

标志：what；how；which；________.（需要补全的可能是词、短语或句子）

4.具体信息题解题攻略

1）根据题干信息锁定题干对应原文和目标原文

•根据题干问题包含的有效信息词（尤其是提供新信息的词），从上一题目标原文的下方开始寻找与本题题干相对应的句子，即题干对应原文。

•在题干对应原文的上、下文中（尤其是下文），分析出能够回答题干问题的原文，即目标原文。

•利用题干中专有名词、时间、数据等特殊信息词来加快搜索速度。如：Eliot，Mary，IMF，University of Neberaska，1960s，1.23%…

•注意同义词替换和句式转换。出题者在设计题干时可能使用了原文的同义词，或使用能够表达相同含义范畴的词；另外，为增加我们锁定目标原文的难度，出题者也可能使用不同于原文的句式来设计题干，如：原文——Teachers give higher grades when students…题干——Students'papers are marked higher if they…

•在无法根据题干锁定目标原文时，可根据选项信息粗略圈定目标原文，然后先使用排除法去掉不符合原文的选项，再认真对比符合原文的几个选项中哪个选项能够回答题干的问题。

2）选项对应原文

•利用错误选项的特点排除信息出处、含义或逻辑关系不符合原文的选项，缩小备选范围。（请参看第一章中错误选项的特点。）

•利用正确选项的特点分析剩余选项是否与原文发生了“同义词或结构的替换改写”“简化总结”或“正话反说，反话正说，双重否定”的情况。（请参看第一章中正确选项的特点。）

5.具体信息题的一般解题步骤

二、例题精解

例题一

【题源】2005：48

【材料】

Many sports executives，largely t ooold and tooconservative t ofeel at home with the new technologieswill believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches.They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television，for example，it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.

【题目】48.How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies？

A.They are too old to do anything.　B.They feel ill at ease.

C.They feel completely at home.　D.Technologies can go hand in hand with sports.

48.很多的体育经理对新科技的感觉如何？

A.他们太老了以至于什么都做不了。B.他们感觉不自在。

C.他们感觉非常自在。　D.技术能和运动齐头并进。

精解

Step 1：锁定目标原文

♦题干关键词：sports executives，feel with，the new technologies

♦题干对应原文：Many sports executives，largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies

♦锁定目标原文：Many sports executives，largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies（很多体育经理，大多是年龄太大或是太保守以至于对新科技感到不舒服）。

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，原文的too old to加上杜撰出的anything让此原文含义过于绝对，较容易排除。

B选项，原文中too…to（太……以至于不能）本身含有否定含义，与feel at home结合正好相当于feel ill at ease，属于反话正说，因此B为正确选项。

C选项，根据上面分析，C选项的含义与原文和B选项正相反，排除。

D选项，这个选项是出题者编造出来的，虽然接近文章主题，但不能回答本题，故排除。

本题考查的主要对象是我们对于too…to的理解。too…to结构本身含有否定含义，在历年考试中已多次出现。

例题二

【题源】2005：52

【材料】

Convenience food has also made people forget how to cook.One of the apparent paradoxesof modern food is that whilethe amount of time spent cooking meals has fallen from 60 minutes a day in 1980 to 13M a day in 2002，the number of cooks and television programmer on cooking has multiplied.But perhaps this isn't a paradox.Maybe it is because people can't cook anymore，so they need to be told how to do it，or maybe it is because people buy books about hobbies——golf，yachting——not about chores.Cooking has ceased to be a chore and has become a hobby.

Although everybody has a kitchen，its facilities are increasingly for display rather than for use.Mr.Silverstein's now book，“trading up”look at mid-range consumer's milling now to splash out.He says that industrial-style Viking cook pot，with nearly twice the heat output of other ranges，have helped to push the“kitchen as theater”trend in hour goods.They cost from＄1,000 to＄9,000.Some 75% of them are never used.

【题目】52.What is the paradox in the third paragraph？

A.People don't know how to cook.

B.The facilities in the kitchen are not totally used.

C.People are becoming more obese，thus unhealthy.

D.Convenience food actually does not save people time.

52.第三段中的矛盾指的是什么？

A.人们不懂得如何烹饪。　B.人们没有充分使用厨房里的用具。

C.人们变得更胖，因此变得不健康。D.人们并没有因为方便食品而节省时间。

精解

Step 1：锁定目标原文

•题干关键词：paradox，in the third paragraph

•题干对应原文：One of the apparent paradoxes of modern food…

•锁定目标原文：One of the apparent paradoxes of modern food is that while the amount of time spent cooking meals has fallen…，the number of cooks and television programmer on cooking has multiplied.（现代食物一个明显的矛盾是：虽然烹制食物的时间减少了，但是厨师和烹饪电视节目的数量却增多了。）

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，我们知道有需求才有供应，目标原文提到厨师和关于烹饪的电视节目的数量增加，人们之所以看这样的电视节目是因为A选项提到的“People don't know how to cook”，下文也有解释“Maybe it is because people can't cook anymore，so they need to be told how to do it”，因此A为正确选项。

B选项，虽然基本符合下一段的原文，但已经超出了目标原文所覆盖的范围，我们无法推理出烹饪时间、厨师或电视节目与厨房用具有任何关系，故排除。

C选项，属于杜撰的选项，与此题无关，排除。

D选项，文章中没有提到方便食品不节省时间，故排除。

我们再读一遍第一段会发现此段是总分结构：首句“Convenience food has also made people forget how to cook”为总的观点，接下来的部分（包括题干对应原文和目标原文）是对此句进行解释，我们所选的A选项其实就是部分重复了这个观点。常见的段落结构包括：总—分、总—分—总、分—总。“分”展开、解释、例证，　“总”的逻辑关系对于我们解题是非常有帮助的，也有题型（如事例题）专门考查它们的逻辑关系。

例题三

【题源】2006：47

【材料】

Our son was a high-school senior when he had Mrs.Stifterfor English.“He sits in the back of the room talking to his friends，”she told me.“Why don't you move himto the front row？”I urged，believing the embarrassment would get him to settle down.Mrs.Stifter said，“I don't move seniors.I flunk（使……不及格）them.”Our son's academic life flashed before my eyes.No teacher had ever threatened him.By the time I got home I was feeling pretty good about this.It was a radical approach for these times，but，well，why not？“She's going to flunk you.”I told my son.I did not discuss it any further.Suddenly English became a priority（头等重要）in his life.He finished out the semester with an A.

【题目】47.How did Mrs.Stifter get the attention of one of the author's children？

A.Flunking him.　B.Moving his seat.

C.Blaming him.　D.Playing card with him.

47.Stifter女士是如何抓住作者的一个孩子的注意力的？

A.让他不及格。　B.给他调座位。

C.责备他。　D.与他一起玩牌。

精解

Step 1：锁定目标原文

•题干关键词：Mrs.Stifter，attention of one of the author's children

•题干对应原文：第一段Line 1～Line 4，第二段。

•锁定目标原文：“I don't move seniors.I flunk them.”（我不给高年级的学生换座位，我给他们不及格。）

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，原文中由“She's going to flund you”以及“Suddenly became a priority in his life”，可知作者通过“flunk him”来引起作者的孩子的关注，所以A为正确选项。

B选项，文中“why don't you move him…”是作者的建议，并未真正发生，而后文中的“I（Mrs.Stifter）don't move seniors.”与B选项含义正相反，故排除B。

C选项，杜撰选项，排除。

D选项，card在超出这两段的其他段落里出现，大大超出目标原文的范围，且是“王牌”的含义，并不是指老师和学生打牌，很容易排除。

文中I＝Mrs.Stifter；them＝seniors。题干中get his attention对应原文Suddenly English became a priority in his life.（突然英语变成了他生活中头等重要的事。）据此，我们应注意到“题干的各部分信息可能在应原文的不同句中得以体现”。

三、技巧点拨

1.题干对应原文、目标原文和选项对应原文

第一章中提到：题干对应原文是指根据题干信息锁定的与题干含义相同的原文；目标原文是能够回答题干问题的原文；正确选项能够回答题干问题，因此其对应原文就是目标原文；而错误选项的信息出处是非常随意的，可以对应文中的任何句子，甚至可以是作者完全虚构的信息。

当我们站在“高处”来“俯瞰”细节信息题时就会发现，一般情况下，细节信息题对应的目标原文为一句话，若我们锁定了这句话，再与四个选项进行对比，答案就再明确不过了。可是，出题者为增加细节信息题的难度不会让我们轻而易举地锁定目标原文，但是细节信息题中目标原文的存在是一个事实，它隐藏得再深也只是穿上了词语或句式的替换、改写、概括或双重否定（常常是反义词加否定词）的“外衣”。

2.排除法

排除法是解题最好的钥匙。在我们无法锁定目标原文时，我们可以先比较每个选项与其对应原文的关系，若某个选项的信息出处、含义或逻辑关系与原文不符时可直接将其排除，因为不符合原文的选项一定无法回答题干的问题。

若选项符合它所对应的原文，我们还需检验该选项对应的原文是否能回答题干的问题，若题干对应的句子和选项对应的句子没有联系或明显分布在相距较远的段落中，则说明该选项无法回答题干的问题。

3.所有的选项都要依据原文进行判断

细节题中，即便暂时没有锁定目标原文，我们也不能离开原文而根据自己的主观态度、一般推理或常识对选项进行取舍，而是要先采用上述提到的排除法，再根据正确选项的特点来验证剩余选项是否与题干对应句子的上文或下文发生改写、总结或正话反说的情况。

四、实战测试

1.

【题源】2006：57

【材料】

Inside，the area that normally had seats had become a long white tunnel.Heavily padded（填塞）from floor to ceiling，it looked a bit strange.There were almost no windows，but lights along the padded walls illuminated it.Most of the seats had been taken out，apart from a few at the back，where the young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear.

For the next two hours，the flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason，shooting upwards towards the heavens before rushing towards the Earth.The invention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.

2.

【题目】57.According to the writer，how did the young scientists feel before the flight？

A.Sick.　B.Keen.　C.Nervous.　D.Impatient.

【题源】2007：41

【材料】

Prior to the 20th century，many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries.The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation，a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.

It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead.Many powerful forces appear to work against it:population growth，which pushes migrant populations into the world's last isolated，locations；mass tourism；global telecommunications and mass media；and the spread of gigantic global corporations.

【题目】41.Minority languages can be best preserved in___________ .

A.an increasingly interconnected world

B.maintaining small numbers of speakers

C.relatively isolated language communities

D.following the tradition of the 20th century

3.　

【题源】2007：53

【材料】

Michael Lynn，an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration，has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumer's assessment of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.

Rather，customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled，in other words，customers tip more when they like the server，not when the service is good.Mr.Lynn's studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.

【题目】53.According to Michael Lynn's studies，waiters will likely get more tips if they________ .

A.have performed good service　B.frequently refill customer's water glass

C.win customer's favor　D.serve customers of the same sex

4.

【题源】2008：43

【材料】

Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was，barter is now big business on the Net.This year more than 400，000 companies worldwide will exchange some＄10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites.These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency，which they can use to buy goods from other members.In Iceland，garmentmaker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange，earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries.The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4，600 services，from math lessons to ironing.

This is not a primitive barter system.By creating currencies，the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer，publisher of Barter News，calls“the double coincidence of wants.”That is，two parties once not only had to find each other，but also an exchange of goods that both desired.Now，they can price the deal in virtual currency.

【题目】43.The Internet barter system relies heavily on________.

A.the size of barter sites　B.the use of virtual currency

C.the quality of goods or services　D.the location of trading companies

5.

【题源】2008：49

【材料】

Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city，believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city.More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80% of the city's recent shootings have occurred.And more cameras are planned.

…

Some are skeptical.Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems:over 60% of children are in homes without fathers.The school system，taken over by the state in 1995，is a mess.But there is also some cause for hope.Since Mr.Booker was elected，there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development.Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark；now，a year，the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime.So far this year，crime has fallen 11%and shootings are down 30%(through the murder rate looks likely to match last year's high).

49.Mayor Booker's efforts against crime seem to be________.

A.idealistic　B.impractical　C.effective　D.fruitless

答案与详解

1根据作者描述，那些年轻的科学家在飞行前有什么样的感觉？

A.不舒服。　B.热切的。　C.紧张的。　D.不耐烦的。

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定目标原文

•题干关键词：young scientists，feel，before the flight

•题干对应原文：where the young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear

•锁定目标原文：Young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear.（年轻的

科学家快速就座，脸上露出害怕的神情。）

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：原文中Young scientists took their places （年轻的科学家们就座），说明这是在飞行之前，对应题干中before the flight；下文的For the next two our hours，the flight resembled…（在接下来的两个小时里，飞机航行像……），说明飞机接下来开始飞行。目标原文中a look of fear只与C选项的nervous对应，因此C为正确选项。

本题的难点在于通过took place（就座）来判断时间是在飞行之前。

2最好地保护少数人使用的语言可以通过___。

A.越来越紧密地相连世界　B.维持少量的使用者

C.相对孤立的使用语言的群体　D.延续20世纪的传统

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定目标原文

•题干关键词：Minority languages，best preserved

•题干对应原文：…many languages with small numbers of speakers…a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.

•锁定目标原文：…relative isolation，a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.　相对隔离的环境是维持和保存语言的一个关键因素。

说明：1）题干minority languages与原文many languages with small numbers of speakers对应，题干中动词preserve和原文中preservation对应。同义替换和词性变化是出题者常用的“把戏”。

2）本题考查的重点是目标原文“…to live in relative isolation，a key factor…”中包含的同位语结构（详见下面的提示），同位语结构在含义上是前者is后者，即relative isolation is a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.题干中的best主要体现在原文中a key factor这几个字上。

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，虽出自于原文，但非目标原文，其后的makes it much more difficult to live in relative isolation告诉我们，联系得越来越紧密的世界其实是有碍于小语种保护的，故排除。

B选项，将不同的两个句子的词组合起来混淆我们的视线，属于典型的“错误搭配”或“张冠李戴”。从含义上讲，越少的人说一种语言越不利于这种语言的保护，故排除。

C选项，符合目标原文的relative isolation，虽然词性和用词有变化，但含义基本一致，所以C为正确选项。

D选项，文章的第一句提到20世纪前小语种保存良好，所以应延续20世纪前的传统，故排除。

同位语结构是阅读考查的重点，语法结构上前后相等，在含义上后者常常对前者扩展、解释。其理解和解题策略是：前者is后者。如：I met my English teacher，Mr.Wang.句中可得到：My English teacher is Mr.Wang.再如：Pink，her favorite color，is used everywhere in her bedroom.句中可得到：Pink is her favorite color.所以本题relative isolation，a key factor in…可得到：relative isolation is a key factor in…

3根据Michael Lynn的研究，侍者会得到更多小费如果他们________。

A.提供好的服务　B.经常给顾客们的水杯添水

C.讨顾客们的喜欢　D.为同性别的顾客们服务

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定目标原文

•题干关键词：Michel Lynn's，waiters，get more tips

•题干对应原文：包括含Michel Lynn的段落及下面的段落。

•锁定目标原文：1）customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled

2)customers tip more when they like the server

说明：1）题干中waiters get more tips（侍者获得更多消费）对应文中customers tip more（顾客给更多的消费）。

2）目标原文共有两句，事实上后一句是前一句的另一种说法（in other words）。

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，与目标原文含义相反，故排除。

B选项，第一句目标原文提到，与添水相比，顾客更在乎是侍者是否与其有接触或交谈，所以B为干扰选项。

C选项，win sb.'s favor有赢得某人帮助/赞成/喜欢的含义，对应的是原文customers tip more when they like the server.所以C为正确选项。

D选项，serve customers of the same sex与文中male customers…for female servers while female customers…for male servers表达的意思正相反。

第二部分原文里包含…more…than的结构，说明比起“给杯中添水”的侍者，顾客更愿意给“轻轻碰他们一下，探身到桌边与他们交谈”的侍者更多的小费，与选项的意思并不一致；原文的后半部分包含的“in other words（换句话说）”往往成为考查的重点，它的作用与同位语相似，解释了前面的部分，这样的结构大家要重点掌握，类似的还有that is to say，this means，“：”等。

4网络易货系统在很大程度上依赖于______。

A.易货网站的大小　B.虚拟货币的使用

C.货物或服务的质量　D.贸易公司的地址

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定目标原文

•题干关键词：The Internet barter system relies heavily on

•题干对应原文：This is not a primitive barter system.…internet…

•锁定目标原文：By creating currencies，the Internet removes a major barrier.（通过创造货币，网络物物交换系统排除了一个主要的障碍。）

本题难点在于大家需要辨别出relies heavily on…（很大程度上依赖）对应by…remove a major barrier（通过……移除）。

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，虽然文中提到sites，但说的是网站的数量变多，没有提到网站的size（规模），属于断章取义的选项，排除。

B选项，符合目标原文。同时，上一段里作者提供数据并举例证明段首的“barter is now big business on the Net”。在例证中作者多次提到很多公司和网站在网上是通过virtual currency（虚拟货币）进行交易的，所以B为正确选项。

C选项，同A选项，虽然用到了文中的词，但这些词组合起来含义与原文大相径庭，故排除。

D选项，原文中没有提到，属杜撰选项，排除。

A，C，D三个选项似乎是符合常识，但阅读理解的解题原则是一定要检查每个选项在文中是否有对应原文，若没有，即便符合常识判断也为错误选项；但如果某个选项不符合常识，那就一定是错误选项。

5 Booker市长对抗犯罪的努力似乎是_______。

A.理想化的　B.不实际的　C.有效的　D.没有成果的

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定目标原文

•题干关键词：Mayor Booker's efforts against crime

•题干对应原文：Cory Booker who became mayor…More than 30 cameras were installed…

•锁定目标原文：…Mr.Booker was elected，there has been a rise in investment and rezoning for development.Only around 7% of…crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30%

题干中efforts against crime对应原文中Booker采取的措施，尤其是安装摄像头对抗枪击犯罪。

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：除选项C为积极含义的形容词外，其他三个形容词均表达了消极的含义。但是，通过各项数据来看，Booker's efforts against crime的效果还是比较好的，所以C为正确选项。

五、打通经脉

1）练习3中，原文中customers tip more对应选项中waiters get tips，类似的还有之前提到过的students learn对应teachers teach。用不同的表达方式表达相同的含义是出题者设置正确选项选择障碍的首要出发点，大家要牢记在心。

2）阅读材料中Dr.，Professor，Expert出现频率非常高，他们的名字后面往往有很长的同位语介绍其职位、身份等，我们常常可以把这个同位语忽略掉，直接看他或她的观点是什么，这里conclude是提示词，要注意专家“说”或“总结”的句子或直接引语的句子，其往往是考查的重点。

3）练习6中，在选项或原文中遇到不认识的单词或短语（如win sb.'s favor或being dissolved）是很正常的情况，这时我们要尽量排除我们能够理解的选项和对应较简单的原文的选项，因为出题者很可能留了“一扇窗”给我们。事实上，大量实践证明，我们做阅读题时往往是通过排除一部分错误选项才“豁然”体会出正确选项的。

4）为增加干扰项的难度，出题者大多会将文中的某个或某几个词放入干扰项，然后或虚构部分信息进行断章取义，或将文中的几个词语错误地搭配起来，即张冠李戴。所以我们一方面要考查选项中的所有信息是否都能在文中找到对应原文，另一方面还要检查这些信息组合起来是否与文章的含义相符。如果有必要的话，还需要精确地与目标原文相比较，检验选项在信息出处、含义与逻辑关系三个方面是否都符合目标原文。

5）对于概括性的选项，我们要给予足够的重视，虽然用词与原文不同，但可以是对原文高度的概括，仍然与原文对应。我们可以把这样的选项直接放在后面考虑，通过仔细阅读原文来确定选项的概括是否恰当。大量的实例证明，对原文的细节进行概括和总结的选项大多为正确选项。

段落信息题

一、备考攻略综述

1.什么是段落信息题

与具体信息题相比，段落信息题考查的理解对象是散落在一段或几段中的多条信息，其题干或是直接指明根据某一段（或几段）回答问题，或是对某一段（或几段）的主要评述对象（段落的核心关键词）进行提问。其中，题干中带有true/not/except标志的“是非题”是段落信息题的“主打”题型。

2.段落信息题出现频率

3.历年段落信息题

1)From the first paragraph we can learn that________.(2005:41)

2)According to the author，the function of the structured-inquiry method is________.(2005:44)

3)The structured-inquiry process can be useful for________.(2005:45)

4)From the first paragraph we can infer that all of the following persons are easily________.(2006:41)

5)Which of the following is NOT the reason for colleges to change their names?(2006:51)

6)What did the writer say about the plane?(2006:56)

7)What did the pilot do with the plane after it took off?(2006:58)

8)According to the author，bilingualism can help________.(2007:43)

9)Health problems mentioned in the passage include all the following EXCEPT________.(2007:46)

10)From the last paragraph we may learn that the“socialized medicine”is________.(2007:50)

11)Which of the following is NOT true according to the author?(2007:52)

12)Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?(2008:45)

13)What happened in Newark，New Jersey on August 4th?(2008:46)

14)We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT________.(2008:48)

15)Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?(2009:46)

16)All of the following statements are true EXCEPT________.(2009:47)

17)From the first two paragraphs we may learn that Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is________.(2009:51)

18)In his book，Mr.Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT________.(2009:53)

19)Which of the following is NOT true?(2010:23)

20)All of the following are true EXCEPT________.(2010:28)

21)Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's habits?(2010:33)

22)From the principles of the U.S.jury system，we learn that________.(2010:36)

23)We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be________.(2011:22)

24)What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?(2011:34)

25)What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?(2011:35)

26)To solve the Euro problem，German proposed that________.(2011:38)

关键词：paragraph，True，NOT，EXCEPT，what can we learn…

4.段落信息题的发展趋势

2005年以来，段落信息题所占比重一直居高不下，且有增加的趋势，原因是这类题的选项覆盖面较广，错误选项较容易设置，难易程度可控性较强。另外，段落信息题在近些年呈现出与推断题相结合的趋势，如：Which of the statements could be inferred from paragraph 3？对于这类题型，我们可综合使用这两种题型的解题策略。

5.段落信息题的解题攻略

1）放松心态

段落信息题是最易令我们失去耐心、变得烦躁，甚至恐慌的题型，因为这种题需要我们根据四个选项分别锁定位于不同句子甚至是段落的对应原文，花费的时间要长于其他题型，锁定原文的难度也要大于其他题型。

针对这种耗时长、难度大的题型，我们一定要放松心态，降下速度。其实，多年的真题表明，出题者常常会在这样的题中给我们留下“一扇窗”或“两扇窗”，即个别选项错误较明显，可以较容易地将其排除，在缩小范围后，我们又常会有“柳暗花明”的感觉。因此，对于占有较大比重的段落信息题，我们不能轻言放弃，而要以耐心取胜。

2）判断题型

大家细致地研究一下2005年以来段落信息题的题干便可以总结出其特点：

•含有True，NOT，EXCEPT的是非题是最为典型的段落信息题；

•题干指明段落；

•题干针对某段或某几段的主题进行提问；

•题干信息无法在文章中锁定的信息题。

3）锁定对应原文

①根据题干锁定大概区域，并做一般速度的阅读，归纳段落的大意和理清段落结构。

②根据选项信息锁定选项对应的原文，即目标原文。

•利用选项中的专有名词、数字、年代或提供新信息的词加快锁定对应原文的速度。

•应注意选项与原文可能存在“结构或用词替换或改写”的现象，换句话说，在我们无法根据选项关键词锁定对应原文时，应从选项的含义入手去文中寻找含义相同、相反或相关的句子。

4）比较选项与其对应原文——排除错误选项

①根据题干要求，直接排除含义违背文章主题或段落主题的选项。

②排除信息出处有误的选项。

信息错误的选项常为：部分信息出于题干所限定的段落，但剩余信息或为伪造信息，或出自于选项对应原文之外的其他段落。（关于信息出处的判断请参看第一章中错误选项特点一节的详细介绍。）

③排除含义与原文含义相反、无关或夸大的选项。

实际上多数选项“不合格”主要还是体现在其含义与对应原文的含义不符合。

④排除逻辑关系与题目要求不符的选项。

例如“Which of the following is Not the reason why Eliot failed according to paragraph 3？”，假设这个题干下面个的某个选项信息都是来自于文章的第三段，且含义与文章一致，但并不是Eliot失败的原因，那么这个选项就被认定为错误的选项，这样的选项就是属于逻辑关系与题目要求不符的选项。

5）比较选项与其对应原文——验证剩余选项

在排除较为明显的错误选项后，我们可以认真分析、比较剩余的一个或多个选项与其对应的原文。我们可以假定这个选项为正确选项，并利用正确选项的特点对其加以验证：

•是否在含义或结构方面发生了改写或替换；

•选项是否对原文进行了概括或总结；

•选项与原文是否是正话反说或反话正说的关系。

6.段落信息题的一般解题步骤

二、例题精解

例题一

【题源】2005：41

【材料】

Most human beings actually decide before they think.When any human being—executive，specialized expert，or person in the street—encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion，often within a matter of seconds，how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action?Answer:not very thoroughly.Very few people，no matter how intelligent or experienced，can take inventory of the many branching possibilities，possible outcomes，side effects，and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.Yet，those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that.And once their brains lock onto an opinion，most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.

【题目】41.From the first paragraph we can learn that ________.

A.executive，specialized expert，are no more clever than person in the street

B.very few people decide before they think

C.those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so

D.people tend to consider carefully before making decisions

41.根据第一段我们可以了解到________。

A.主管、专家不比街道上的普通百姓聪明

B.几乎没有人在思考之前做出决定

C.那些常以自己果断而自豪的人常常没有做到果断

D.人们常倾向于在做出决定前认真思考

精解

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：first paragraph

•锁定目标原文：first paragraph

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：选项A，虽然executive，specialized expert，person in the street在原文中有对应词，但是are no more clever属于虚构的信息，这类错误属于断章取义。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项C＋题干：those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so

原文：Very few people…can take inventory of the many branching possibilities，possible outcomes，side effects，and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.Yet，those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that.很少有人能在几秒钟的时间内盘点一个政策或行动方针的很多枝节的可能性、可能产生的结果、副作用和不希望得到的结果。但是很多以自己果断而自豪的人常常努力做到这一点。

分析：英语表达逻辑常常不同于汉语。汉语习惯先交代所有因素然后再水到渠成地得出结论，而英文常常把结论给出，然后再加以说明。按汉语表达习惯原文应为“Those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to take inventory…seconds.Yet，very few people can do that.”这样与C选项表达的含义就相同了，所以C为正确选项。

英汉不同的逻辑表达方式常常给我们带来困扰，我们要熟悉英语文章常使用“先果后因”“先结论后解说”的表达习惯。

例题二

【题源】2005：44

【材料】

The structured-inquiry method offersa better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate.With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed.By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process，slowing it down，and organizing the flow of logic，it's possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.

【题目】44.According to the author，the function of the structured-inquiry method is________.

A.to make decision by debate

B.to apply the Internet and wireless computer technology

C.to brake on the thinking process，slowing it down

D.to create a level of conceptual clarity

44.根据作者的观点，结构化探究方法的功能是________。

A.以辩论的方式做决定　B.应用网络和无线电脑科技

C.给思考过程刹车，使其放缓　D.使概念清晰度达到一定的层次

精解

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：function，structured-inquiry method

•题干对应原文：The structured-inquiry method offers…

•锁定目标原文：the whole paragraph

function is（功能是）对应的是文中的offers（提供），类似的例子如：这款手机“提供……”，则表明其“功能是……”。

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：选项B中的apply属于虚构的信息，在原文中并无对应，虽然其他信息相符，但组合在一起就成了一个断章取义的选项。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项A＋题干：The function of the structured-inquiry method is to make decision by debate.

原文：The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate.结构化探究法提供了一个更好的代替辩论决策的选择，辩论决策是指通过争论做出决定。

分析：在选项A所对应的原文中，decision making by debate指的是辩论决策而非结构探究法，故可以排除。

选项C＋题干：The function of the structured-inquiry method is to brake on the thinking process，slowing it down

选项D＋题干：The function of the structured-inquiry method is to create a level of conceptual clarity

原文：By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process，slowing it down，and organizing the flow of logic，it's possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.实际上通过在思维过程中添加一个制动装置，使其放缓，规划流畅的逻辑，那么就有可能使概念清晰度达到一定的层次，这种层次仅仅靠争论是无法比拟的。

分析：选项C对应的是原文前半句的“方式”，D选项对应的是原文后半句的“效果”，“效果”对应的是题干中的“功能”，所以D选项为正确选项。

为解除大家的疑虑，现举一个类似的例子：By applying most advanced CPU，the computer operates much faster than others.那么这台计算机的功能是运作非常快，而采用最先进CPU则是达到这种功能的方式。

例题三

【题源】2005：45

【材料】

The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts，then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together.Although it isn't possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting，it's possible to organize the experts'information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning.This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group；it's a simple，remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.

【题目】45.The structured-inquiry process can be useful for ________.

A.decision makers　B.intelligence analysis meeting

C.the expert's information　D.marketing focus groups

45.结构化的探究过程对________是有用的。

A.决策者　B.情报分析会议

C.专家的信息　D.关注营销的群体

精解

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：structured-inquiry process，useful for

•题干对应原文：The structured-inquiry process…

•锁定目标原文：题干的关键词为这一段的中心，所以对照原文应包括整段。

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项A＋题干：The structured-inquiry process can be useful for decision makers

原文：The structured-inquiry process introduces…，then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together.

分析：主语相同，题干中decision makers在原文中有相同的对应项，谓语部分原文为brings…together（把……联合在一起），将专家和决策者拉近当然有利于决策者做出决定，可以与be useful for对应。因此A为正确选项。

选项B＋题干：The structured-inquiry process can be useful for intelligence analysis meeting.

原文：Although it isn't possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting，…

分析：此句原文不包含于题干主语“structured-inquiry process”相对应的信息，该选项与题干放在一起，属于错误搭配，故排除。

选项C＋题干：The structured-inquiry process can be useful for the expert's information

原文：…it's possible to organize the experts'information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning.

分析：同上，此句原文也不包含于题干主语“structured-inquiry process”相对应的信息，该选项与题干放在一起，属于错误搭配，故排除。

选项D＋题干：The structured-inquiry process can be useful for marketing focus groups

原文：This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group；

分析：原文中this process对应题干中的the structured-inquiry process，marketing focus group也完全对应。但是谓语部分原文中resemble为“像……一样”，说明此处作者在做类比，并无题干中be useful for的含义，所以排除。

对于选项较短的信息题，选项可能分别就是文中的取出词，当然都与原文对应。所以我们可以直接进行Step 3，将各选项分别与题干合并起来再与原文比较。

三、技巧点拨

1.段落信息题与具体信息题

•与具体信息题相比，段落信息题的目标原文为散落在一段或多段中的多句话。

•与具体信息题根据题干锁定目标原文不同，段落信息题需要我们先根据题干信息初步锁定大致范围后，再依据四个选项找到各自的对应原文。

•对于某些细节题，若它们题干的信息词在文中难以锁定（如例题3），我们也必须从选项入手，采用段落信息题的解题策略，所以我们也将其收入在本章中。

2.请参看细节信息题技巧点拨

四、实战测试

1.

【题源】2006：41

【材料】

Office jobs are among the positions hardest hit by compumation（计算机自动化）.Word processors and typists will lose about 93，000 jobs over the next few years，while 57，000 secretarial jobs will vanish.Blame the PC：Today，many executives type their own memos and carry their“secretaries”in the palms of their hands.Time is also hard for stock clerks，whose ranks are expected to decrease by 68，000.And employees in manufacturing firms and wholesalers are being replaced with computerized systems.

【题目】4l.From the first paragraph we can infer that all of the following persons are easily thrown into unemployment EXCEPT________.

A.secretaries　B.stock clerks　C.managers　D.wholesalers

2.

【题源】2006：51

【材料】

Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education.As colleges strive for market share，they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make.Trenton State College，for example，became the College of New Jersey nine years ago when it began raising admissions standards and appealing to students from throughout the state.

【题目】51.Which of the following is NOT the reason for colleges to change their names？

A.They prefer higher education competition.

B.They try to gain advantage in market share.

C.They want to project their image.

D.They hope to make some changes.

3.

【题源】2006：56

【材料】

It looked just like another aircraft from the outside.The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964.But appearances were deceptive，and the 13 students from Europe and the USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.

Inside，the area that normally had seats had become a long white tunnel.Heavily padded（填塞）from floor to ceiling，it looked a bit strange.There were almost no windows，but lights along the padded walls illuminated it.Most of the seats had been taken out，apart from a few at the back，where the young scientists quickly took their places with a look of fear.

【题目】56.What did the writer say about the plane？

A.It had no seats.　B.It was painted white.

C.It had no windows.　D.The outside was misleading.

4.

【题源】2006：58

【材料】

The aircraft took off smoothly enough，but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds.Then the engines cut out and we became weightless.Everything became confused and left or right，up or down no longer had any meaning.After ten seconds of free-fall descent（下降）the pilot pulled the aircraft out of its nosedive.The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss，but was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.

【题目】58.What did the pilot do with the plane after it took off？

A.He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.

B.He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly.

C.He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds.

D.He climbed and then made the plane turn over.

5.

【题源】2007：43

【材料】

Only about 3，000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century.Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that？Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly culture groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language.To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）.Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres—at home，among friends，in community settings—and a global language at work，in dealings with government，and in commercial spheres.In this way，many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages，rather than yield to the homogenizing（同化的）forces of globalization.

【题目】43.According to the author，bilingualism can help________.

A.small languages become acceptable in word places

B.homogenize the world's languages and cultures

C.global languages reach home and community settings

D.speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identity

6.

【题源】2007：46

【材料】

Everyone，it seems，has a health problem.After pouring billions into the National Health Service，British people moan about dirty hospitals，long waits and wasted money.In Germany the new chancellor，Angela Merkel，is under fire for suggesting changing the financing of its health system.Canada's new Conservative Prime Minister，Stephen Harper，made a big fuss during the election about reducing the country's lengthy medical queues.Across the rich world，affluence，ageing and advancing technology are driving up health spending faster than income.

【题 目】46.Health problems mentioned in the passage include all the following EXCEPT________.

A.poor hospital conditions in U.K.　B.Angela Merkel under attack

C.health financing in Germany　D.long waiting lines in Canada

7.

【题源】2007：50

【材料】

Then there is the question of state support.Many Americans disapprove of the“socialized medicine ”of Canada and Europe.In fact，even if much of the administration is done privately，around 60% of America's heath-care bill ends up being met by the government.Proportionately，the American state already spends as much on health as the OECD（Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development）average，and that share is set to grow as the body-boomers run up their Medicare（老年保健医疗制度）bills and even more employers avoid providing health-care coverage America is，in effect，heading towards a version of socialized medicine by default.

【题目】50.From the last paragraph we may learn that the“socialized medicine”is________.

A.a practice of Canada and Europe　B.a policy adopted by the US government

C.intended for the retiring baby-boomersD.administered by private enterprises

8.

【题源】2007：52

【材料】

When Thomas Keller，one of America's foremost chefs，announced that on Sept.1 he would abolish the practice of upping at Per Se，his luxury restaurant in New York City，and replace it with European-style service charge，I knew three groups would be opposed:customers，servers and restaurant owners.These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites.To oppose tipping，it seems，is to be anti-capitalist，and maybe even a little French.

But Mr.Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.

Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense.“Waiters know that they won't get paid if they don't do a good job”is how most advocates of the system would put it.To be sure，this is a tempting，apparently rational statement about economic theory，but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.

【题目】52.Which of the following is NOT true according to the author？

A.Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world.

B.Waiters don't care about tipping.

C.Customers generally believe in tipping.

D.Tipping has little connection with the quality of service.

9.

【题源】2008：45

【材料】

Like eBay，most barter sites allow members to“grade”trading partners for honesty quality and so on.Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or non-tradable currencies to enter global trades.Next year，a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in Nairobi，offering barter deals to 38，000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas.Two small planes will deliver the goods.QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be“liberated from corrupt middlemen.”For them，barter evokes a bright future，not a pre-capitalist past.

【题目】45.Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author？

A.It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.

B.It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.

C.It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.

D.It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.

10.

【题源】2008：46

【材料】

The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence:New Jersey's biggest city has seen it all.Yet the murder of three young people，who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th，has shaken the city.A fourth，who survived，was stabbed and shot in the face.The four victims were by all accounts good kids，all enrolled in college，all with a future.But the cruel murder，it seems，has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.

【题目】46.What happened in Newark，New Jersey on August 4th？

A.The Newark residents witnessed a murder.

B.Four young people were killed in a school playground.

C.The new mayor of Newark took office.

D.Four college students fell victim to violence.

答案与详解

1根据第一段，我们可以推断出很容易陷入失业的人群不包含下列的________。

A.秘书们　B.股票交易职员　C.经理们　D.批发商们

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：first paragraph，persons are easily thrown into unemployment

•题干对应原文：…jobs will vanish，ranks are expected to decrease，being replaced with

•锁定目标原文：whole paragraph

Step 2：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项A＋题干：Secretaries are easily thrown into unemployment

原文：57，000 secretarial jobs will vanish.

分析：含义相同，排除。

选项B＋题干：Stock clerks are easily thrown into unemployment

原文：Time is also hard for stock clerks，whose ranks are expected to decrease by 68，000.当下日子对于股票交易职员来说也很艰难，该行业预计减少了68 000个职位。

分析：含义相同，排除。

选项C＋题干：Managers are easily thrown into unemployment

原文：Many executives type their own memos and carry their“secretaries”in the palms of their hands.很多高级职员打自己的备忘录并随身携带着他们的掌中“秘书”。

分析：executives对managers对应，但此外并没有提到他们会陷入事业的麻烦。所以C为正确选项。

选项D＋题干：Wholesalers are easily thrown into unemployment

原文：Wholesalers are being replaced with computerized systems.

分析：be replaced“被取代”，指丢掉工作，与题干和选项都对应，故排除。

文中用不同的表达方式来对应题干的unemployment，分别是jobs vanish，ranks decrease和be replaced。

2下列的哪一项不是学院改名的原因？

A.他们更喜欢高等教育的竞争。　B.他们试图在市场份额中占取优势。

C.他们想要展现出他们的形象。　D.他们希望做出一些转变。

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：NOT the reason，colleges，change their names

•题干对应原文：they are looking for names

•锁定目标原文：As colleges strive for market share，they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make.

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项A＋题干：Colleges change their names because they prefer higher education competition.

原文：Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education.

分析：通过对比原文我们可以看出：选项A中的they prefer是虚拟出的信息，在原文中没有对应；higher education competition是文章交代的背景，在这样的背景下，学院们不得不改名字吸引学生，而非为了或喜欢竞争（competition）。所以A为正确选项。3关于飞机，作者表述的是？

A.飞机没有座位。　B.飞机被粉刷成白色。

C.飞机没有窗户。　D.飞机的外表是误导人的。

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：plane

•题干对应原文：无。

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：C选项It had no windows（没有窗户）和其对应的原文There were almost no windows（几乎没有窗户）含义是有差别的，故排除。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项D＋题干：The outside of the plane was misleading.

原文：But appearances were deceptive.（飞机的）外表具有欺骗性。

分析：outside与appearances对应，misleading与deceptive对应，所以D为正确选项。

4在飞机起飞后，飞行员做了什么？

A.他使飞机迅速爬升并随后停止了引擎。

B.他使飞机爬升并随后使飞机缓慢降落。

C.他使飞机正常起飞并随后切断引擎20秒钟。

D.他使飞机爬升并让飞机翻转。

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：pilot，plane，took off

•题干对应原文：该段段首出现题干的后半部分The aircraft（即plane）took off，下面包含pilot都应是对照的原文，如段落中下划线所示。

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

每个选项包含两部分信息，正确选项要确保两部分都与原文一致。

分析：关于C选项，大家可以清晰地看到前半部分与原文完全对应，后半部分共有两个信息点分别为cut the engines和for 20 seconds。虽然这两个信息点在原文里都有体现，但属于不同句子且句子主语不同，这属于非常典型的错误，我们可以称之为“张冠李戴”或“错误搭配”。大家在熟练掌握之后可以在第二步迅速判断出，并加以排除。

大家要通过练习做到熟练识别出题者通过“错误搭配”设计出的障碍选项，其特点是选项中的两个或多个信息点出自于原文不同的句子，且由于这些句子描述的主语或其他成分不同使得这些信息点无法搭配，若强行搭配就会构成“错误搭配”或“张冠李戴”的错误选项。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项A＋题干：The pilot quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.

原文：The pilot put plane into a 45 degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds.飞行员开始了45度的爬升20秒。Then the engines cut out.飞机引擎熄火。

分析：关于A选项，大家需要点常识判断和推理，45度的爬升应该是很快的，并且持续20秒后要做自由落体的降落，这说明20秒内上升的高度是很高的，所以可以与quickly对应。另外，虽然原文“Then the engines cut out.”没有提到pilot，但是我们很容易判断切断引擎动作的执行者就是pilot（驾驶员），与题干对应。因此A选项为正确答案。

5根据作者的观点，双语能够帮助________。

A.小语种被外边的世界所接受　B.同化世界的语言和文化

C.全球语言进入家庭和社区　D.说小语种的人维持他们的语言和文化特征

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：bilingualism

•题干对应原文：bilingualism，bilingual speakers

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：选项A，原文提到Bilingual speakers could use…a global language at work，in dealings with government，and in commercial spheres（在商业领域），并没有提到小语种被同化，所以排除。

选项B对应的原文包含一个非常重要的短语rather than（而不是），表示否定后面的成分，所以与B选项含义相反。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项D＋题干：Bilingualism can help speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identity.

原文：Bilingual speakers could…In this way，many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity（完整）…

分析：Bilingual speakers对应题干中bilingualism和speakers，In this way（这样），承接上一句话，顺延了bilingualism和bilingual speakers，选项和题干一起对应原文。因此，D为正确选项。

文中的另一处也给我们些许选择D的提示：…wish to keep their identity alive through a native language.To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism.类似的逻辑可参考：Many people wish to lose some weight.To do so requires an emphasis on exercise.根据这句话我们可得出结论：Exercise can help people lose some weight.

6文中提到的健康问题不包含下列的________。

A.英国糟糕的医院条件　B.Angela Merkel受到攻击

C.德国医疗的资金支援　D.加拿大医院外的长队

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：Health problems

•题干对应原文：health problem，hospitals，health，medical health

Step 2：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项A＋题干：Poor hospital conditions in U.K.is not health problems

原文：British people moan about dirty hospitals.

分析：U.K.对应British，poor hospital conditions对应dirty hospitals，并且hospital问题属于health（医疗）的问题，故排除。

选项B＋题干：Angela Merkel under attack

原文：In Germany the new chancellor，Angela Merkel，is under fire for…

分析：Angela Merkel is under attack属于个人问题，不属于医疗问题，因此B为正确选项。

选项C＋题干：health financing in Germany

原文：…is under fire for suggesting changing the financing of its health system

分析：选项C与原文一致，且health与题干对应，属医疗问题，故排除。

选项D＋题干：long waiting lines in Canada

原文：Canada's Prime Minister，…about reducing the country's lengthy medical queues

分析：文中medical queues对应选项中long waiting lines，也属于医疗问题，故排除。

7根据最后一段我们了解到公费医疗制度是________。

A.一个加拿大和欧洲的实践　B.美国政府采取的一项政策

C.为婴儿潮的一代所设计的　D.由私企所管理的

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：socialized medicine

•题干对应原文：socialized medicine

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：C选项的intended for和D选项的enterprises（企业）都是根据原文所虚构的信息，虽然其他部分与原文一致，但合在一起就成了断章取义的选项了。B选项没有依据，且原文many Americans disapprove（不赞成）“socialized medicine”，故排除。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项D＋题干：“Socialized medicine”is a practice of Canada and Europe.

原文：…the“socialized medicine”of Canada and Europe.

分析：原文of表示所属关系，说明Canada and Europe实行socialized medicine。类比如：根据the one-child-only policy of China可以得出one-child-policy is a practice of China。所以D为正确选项。

8根据作者的观点，下列不正确的是哪一项？

A.付小费是餐饮界常见的做法。　B.侍者不在乎小费。

C.顾客一般相信付小费的效用。　D.付小费与服务质量没有多少联系。

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：Not true

•题干对应原文：tipping，common practice，restaurant world，waiters，customers，quality of service

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：选项A对应的原文…it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.值得探究的是为什么餐饮界每个人坚持付小费的做法是错误的。说明餐饮界里每个人都在坚持付小费。类似的例子：It's wrong that many people believe drinking water is endless.说明很多人认为饮用水是取之不尽的。

选项D对应的原文值得我们推敲一下。　“Waiters know that they won't get paid if they don't do a good job”is how most advocates of the system would put it.To be sure，…，but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.虽然这个系统的大部分拥护者都会说“侍者知道他们如果不好好服务就不会得到酬劳”。诚然，……但是在真正的餐饮业里它几乎没有多少适用性。说明作者否定了服务好就会得到更多的小费。这里有个常见的引导让步主语从句的To be sure（诚然，固然），类似的还有certainly，of course，presumably后面常与but连用。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项B＋题干：That waiters don't care about tipping is NOT true.

原文：customers，servers and restaurant owners.These three groups are all committed to tipping.

分析：原文提到顾客、服务人员和商店老板这三个人群都坚定付小费的做法。所以侍者不在乎小费的说法是不正确的。所以B为正确选项。

9根据作者的观点，下列哪项关于QL2的表述是正确的？

A.它因为经营方法落后而受到指责。B.它的目的是应对一些国家极度的通货膨胀。

C.它有助于摆脱贸易的中间商。　D.它的目的是对贸易伙伴的表现做出评价。

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：is true of QL2

•题干对应原文：Next year，a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two（QL2）…QL2 director…

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：准确来说，与题干QL2对应的原文是“Next year，…pre-capitalist past”，选项A、B、D都超出了这个范围。A中primitive在其他段落里出现；B选项中hyperinflation in some countries与QL2没有关系，属于错误搭配；D选项对应的原文grade（评级）trading partners的主语是most barter sites，所以与D不对应，属错误搭配。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项C＋题干：It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.

原文：the farmers are excited to be“liberated from corrupt middlemen.”农民们因摆脱掉了腐败的中间人而感到非常兴奋。

分析：因为这个非营利的机构直接与农民做交易，并用飞机直接运输货物“Two small planes will deliver the goods”，所以农民be liberated from corrupt middlemen，对应C选项的get rid of middlemen，因此C为正确选项。

10 8月4日在新泽西Newark发生了什么？

A.Newark的居民目睹了一宗谋杀案。B.四个年轻人在学校的操场被谋杀。

C.Newark的新市长就任。　D.四个大学生成为暴力的受害者。

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：Newark，New Jersey，on August 4th.

•题干对应原文：Newark…New Jersey's…August 4th.

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：选项A中witness a murder属于伪造信息，原文中无对应；选项C中提到市长对应的是下一个段落，在本段里没有体现。

Step 3：选项＋题干精确对照原文

选项D＋题干：Four college students fell victim to violence in Newark，New Jersey on August 4th

原文：Newark，…New Jersey…murder of three young people on August4th …A fourth，who survived，was stabbed（刺）and shot in the face.The four victims were by all accounts good kids，all enrolled in college

分析：选项和题干的对应信息分别位于这一段的几个句子中，所以D为正确选项。

五、打通经脉

1）较为隐蔽的段落信息题一般不指明段落，而是对某一段或几段的中心或主要评述对象进行提问，要么是这一段或几段重复出现的核心关键词，要么是这一段或几段的主题，常在段首指明。

2）对于出题者而言，段落信息题有两个好处。

一是，段落信息题是出题者最容易设计的一种题型。一篇文章的某些段落不免会对一些现象、观点等进行罗列，这时句子之间没有强烈的逻辑关系，无论设计哪一种题型对该部分内容进行考查都显得单薄或过于容易，这时出题者可以选用段落信息题将整段或几段的理解作为考查对象。

二是，段落信息题可以降下做题者的解题速度。一些解题技巧熟练的考友常常不阅读文章就直接做题，对待每一篇文章都像对待快速阅读一样，他们的阅读区域可能就是五句目标原文，且正确率与其他使用不同解题方法的考友相当。段落信息题可以通过强制扩大考生的阅读量来控制这种趋势。

因此，段落信息题型一直以来都占有相当高的比例。

词义题

一、备考攻略综述

1.什么是词义题

词义题是指推测文中某个单词或短语的含义。这个词或短语可能是超出考试大纲的，可能属于“熟词生义”的情况，也可能是熟词在文中有特别的含义。

2.词义题出现频率

3.历年态度题

1)What does the writer mean by the use of the phrase“an indissoluble marriage”in the first paragraph?(2005:46)

2)The phrase“come up with”(Line 3，Para.4)probably means________.(2006:53)

3)We may infer from the context that“upselling”(Line 2，Para.6)probably means________.(2007:54)

4)The phrase“borderline passing”(Line 3，Para.3)probably means________.(2007:58)

5)The word“techies”(Line 4，Para.1)probably refers to those who are________.(2008:41)

6)Judging from the context，the“Community Eye”(Line 5，Para.2)is________.(2008:47)

7)The word“savvy”(Line 2，Para.2)probably means________.(2008:52)

8)It can be inferred that“protection”(Line 1，Para.1)means________.(2008:56)

9)The phrase“cancer posse”(Line 4，para.3)probably refers to________.(2009:48)

10)Judging from the context，the word“rub”(Line 1，Para.3)probably means________.(2009:58)

11)Judging from the context，the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Para.2)most probably means________.(2010:27)

标志：mean，“refer to”

4.生词或短语的几种情况

1）超出大纲——常常考查其基本含义。

2）熟词生义——常见词的非常用含义。

3）语境含义——常见词在特定的语境下被赋予了特别的含义。

5.词义题解题规律

1）超出大纲——构词法（复合词、词根、词缀）＋上下文推测。

2）熟词生义——基本含义的引申＋上下文推测。

3）语境含义——基本含义＋上下文推测。

总结：字面意思＋上下文推测。

由上面的分析，我们可以看出英语二的词义题考查的是我们利用上下文来推断生词的能力，而不是检验我们是否背诵过某个单词或短语。

6.词义题解题攻略

•字面意思

1）根据构词法

如：“indissoluble”中含有的前缀in-有“不”或“里”的含义，前缀dis-有“否定”或“分开”的含义。

再如：“borderline”词中有border“边”和line“线”的含义。

2）根据词的基本含义

如“techies”一词应与“科技”相关。

再如“protection”一词应与“保护”相关。

•上下文推测

1）标识词

具有解释性的词语：means，that is（to say），refers to

2）标点符号

冒号（：），破折号（—）。

3）语法标识

定语从句（“word”which/who/that…）。

同位语结构（“word”，…）。

4）同义、反义、类比

同义如“word”and…；“word”…，another…/a parallel…

反义如“word”rather than…；not“word”but…

类比如compared with/just like“word”；“word”is（not）as…as…

5）其他上下文逻辑关系

6）特殊的语境含义

•选项代入法

在一些词义题中，出题者设计的选项与所考查的“词”或“短语”的形式一致，那么正确选项是所考查“词”的同义词或“短语”的同义短语。因此我们可以把四个选项分别代入、替换所考查的“词”或“短语”，错误的选项含义应与原文不符或上下逻辑关系不顺畅，这样通过验证、比较和排除的方式找出符合原文含义和逻辑关系的正确选项。

7.词义题的一般解题步骤

二、例题精解

例题一

【题源】2005：46

【材料】

Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with televisionand the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise.All of this will be in the future of sport.The spectator(the television audience)will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality:sport as a business.

【题目】46.What does the writer mean by the use of the phrase“an indissoluble marriage”in the first paragraph？

A.Sport is combined with television.　B.Sport controls television.

C.Television dictates sport.　D.Sport and television will go their own ways.

46.在第一段，作者用到“一个不能分解的婚姻”这个短语是什么意思？

A.体育与电视结合在一起。　B.体育控制电视。

C.电视控制体育。　D.体育和电视会分道扬镳。

【题目详解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：“an indissoluble marriage”in the first paragraph

•锁定目标原文：Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise.

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：in-“不”或“在……里”。

dis-“否定”或“分开”（有的考友可能认识dissolve“溶解，分解”，dissoluble“可分解的”，marriage“婚姻”）

分析：前缀in-表达“在……里”的可能性较小，无法与dis-的“否定”或“分开”搭配，所以我们可以把indissoluble理解成“不否定……（即肯定……）”或“不分开……”。

对于认识dissolve或dissoluble的考生可以直接推测出indissoluble为“不可分解的”含义。

•上下文推测：sport is heading for an“indissoluble marriage”with television体育与电视正朝着indissoluble婚姻的方向发展。

…and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise…（这样）被动的观众将会享受到个人的乐园……

分析：and连接的是顺承关系，我们可以确定and后面句子的含义是积极的，这说明前半句“体育”和“运动”也应向着积极的方向发展。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：根据第二部的分析我们可以推测“an indissoluble marriage”的含义为“不分开的婚姻”或“肯定……的婚姻”，且含义为积极的。据此我们可以判断B、C选项中“control”和“dictate”为虚构的信息；D选项“go on their own ways”表达“体育和运动将分开”的含义是消极，与第二部分推测的“不分开”　“积极含义”相反，所以A为正确选项。

英语二的考试大纲中列出了常见前后缀，了解它们不但有助于我们记忆单词，也有助于猜测文章的生词；文中的“…and…”结构给了我们很大的提示，前后的含义应相辅相成，and后面表达的含义积极，那么前半句也应表达积极的含义。

例题二

【题源】2006：53

【材料】

Now，after spending an undisclosed sum on an online survey and a marketing consultant's creation of“naming structures，”“brand architecture”and“identity systems，”the university has come up with a new name：the New School.Beginning Monday，it will adopt new logos（标识），banners，business cards and even new names for the individual colleges，all to include the words“the New School.”

【题目】53.The phrase“come up with”（Line 3，Para.4）probably means________.

A.catch up with　B.deal with

C.put forward　D.come to the realization

53.第四段第三行的“come up with”这个短语的意思很可能是________。

A.追赶上　B.处理　C.提议　D.意识到

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：come up with（Line 3，Para.4）

•锁定目标原文：the university has come up with a new name：the New School.

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：该短语由非常常见的三个词组成，单个词的含义都较多，所以较难根据字面意思做出推测。

•上下文推测：大学已经“come up with”一个新的名字：新学校。

分析：该题考查一个动词短语的含义，它前后连接的为主语和宾语，并使它们在含义上和逻辑上搭配：大学＋come up with＋新名字。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文——代入法

分析：我们之所以选择代入法是因为四个选项也同时为动词短语，其中的正确选项应为“come up with”的同义词，其他三个为干扰项，所以该题就如同一道多选题，如：

The university________a new name:the New School.

A.catch up with　B.deal with

C.put forward　D.come to the realization

分析：根据这句话和四个选项的含义，我们不难发现put forward（提议、提出）可以使这个句子连贯起来：“学校提议了一个新名字。”

例题三

【题源】2007：54

【材料】

What's more，consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases.Thus，the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call“upselling ”:every bottle of imported water，every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket.Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key，quality service often goes unrecognized.

【题目】54.We may infer from the context that“upselling”（Line 2，Para.6）probably means________.

A.selling something up　B.selling something fancy

C.selling something unnecessary　D.selling something more expensive

54.我们可以通过上下文推断出“upselling”的含义可能是________。

A.卖光　B.卖精美的东西

C.卖多余的东西　D.卖昂贵的东西

【题目详解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：upselling（Line 2，Para.6）

•锁定目标原文：upselling：every bottle of imported water，every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket.

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：该词为合成词，与sell有关。

分析：四个选项都包含sell，所以字面意思帮助不大。

•上下文推测：upselling后的“冒号”是很强烈的提示，下文应是对其进行的解释。

分析：upselling：（侍者每卖）一瓶进口水、一杯意式浓咖啡或一杯鸡尾酒都会带来额外的收入。

Step 3：选项分析

分析：在餐馆里，水、咖啡或酒都不可以定义为多余的东西，所以C不符合文意；作者没有用水、咖啡和酒来解释upselling，而是加了限定语，用“进口”水、“意式浓”咖啡和“鸡尾”酒这些价格较昂贵的饮品来解释upselling，所以D符合文意，为正确选项。

我们知道，单词的字面意思可以帮助我们猜测这个词（或几个词构成的短语）在文中的具体含义，但根据历年真题的经验，如果某个选项是出题者完全根据字面意思设计的，这样的选项往往被证明是迷惑性的选项。如本题的A选项，sell up就是将单词upsell简单地拆分开，为干扰项。

简单地说，字面意思具有指导性但不具有决定性，起决定作用的还是该单词或短语的上下文。

三、技巧点拨

1.字面意思

在下面两种情况下，我们往往无法根据字面意思推测：一是所猜词为较短的超纲词，如实战测试的第四题中的“savvy”；二是所猜短语是由常见词组成的动词短语，如例题二中的“come up with”，这时我们主要根据上下文来做推断。

所以字面意思作用主要体现在：根据名词短语中单词的字面意思、合成词中单词的字面意思和衍生词（简单地说是由词根和词缀合成的词）词缀的含义来推断词或短语的含义。

2.上下文推测

一种情况下，在上下文中，尤其是词或短语与下文间有较强的提示，如冒号、破折号或者是表达“意味着”含义的词、短语或结构，如means，indicates，which is或同位语结构等。

另一种情况是，该词或短语与上下文构成并列、转折或比较等的逻辑关系，通过已知词和逻辑关系来推测未知词的含义。

前两种情况中，我们都可找到明显的标志。那么在无明显标志的情况下我们需要综合范围较大的上下文来对四个备选项逐一排查。

3.代入法

代入法相当于做一道常见的词汇题，但这种解题方法限于四个选项被设计成与所猜词或短语词性相同，正确选项就是其同义词或短语。

四、实战测试

1.

【题源】2007：58

【材料】

Six years ago，I took a student before the dean.He had turned in an essay with the vocabulary and sentence structure of a PhD thesis.Up until that time，both his out-of-class and in-class work borderline passing.

I questioned the person regarding his essay and he swore it was his own work.I gave him the identical assignment and told him to write it in class，and that I'd understand this copy would not have the time and attention an out-of-class paper is given，but he had already a finished piece so he understood what was asked.He sat one hour，then turned in part of a page of unskilled writing and faulty logic，I confronted him with both essays.“I promise…I'm not lying.I swear to you that I wrote the essay.I'm just nervous today.”

【题目】58.The phrase“borderline passing”（Line 3，Para.3）probably means________.

A.fairly good　B.extremely poor

C.above average　D.below average

2.

【题源】2008：41

【材料】

Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip.Starting a year ago，MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff，including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat.Having announced his aim（the house）in advance，MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power.“My whole motto（座右铭）was‘Start small，think big，and have fun’，”says MacDonald，26，“I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”

【题目】41.The word“techies”（Line 4，Para.1）probably refers to those who are________.

A.afraid of technology　B.skilled in technology

C.ignorant of technology　D.incompetent in technology

3.

【题源】2008：47

【材料】

Grassroots organizations，like Stop Shooting，have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings.Yusef Ismail，its co-founder，says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence.They hope to get 50，000 to promise to“stop shooting，start thinking，and keep living.”The Newark Community Foundation，which was launched last month，announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye ，a surveillance（监视）system tailored towards gun crime

【题 目】47.Judging from the context，the“Community Eye”（Line 5，Para.2）is________.

A.a watching system for gun crime　B.a neighborhood protection organization

C.an unprofitable community business D.a grassroots organization

4.

【题源】2008：52

【材料】

According to a recent survey on money and relationships，36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner.While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship，in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.

With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce，men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy ，regardless of whether they are in a relationship.

The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult，even more so when children are involved.The lack of permanency in relationships，jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner；in other words，an“escape fund”.

【题目】52.The word“savvy”（Line 2，Para.2）probably means________.

A.suspicious　B.secure　C.shrewd　D.simple

5.

【题源】2008：56

【材料】

“The word‘protection’is no longer taboo（禁忌语）”.This short sentence，uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month，may have launched a new era in economic history.Why？For decades，western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good.Doing so，they reasoned，would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity，which in turn would improve human welfare.Championing free trade thus became a moral，not just an economic，cause.

【题目】56.It can be inferred that“protection”（Line 1，Para.1）means________.

A.improving economic efficiency　B.ending the free-trade practice

C.lowering moral standard　D.raising trade tariffs

答案与详解

1在第三段第三行的“borderline passing”这个短语的意思很可能是________。

A.非常好　B.极其差　C.平均分以上　D.平均分以下

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：borderline passing（Line 3，Para.3）

•锁定目标原文：Up until that time，both his out-of-class and in-class work borderline passing.I questioned the person regarding his essay…

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：border“边界”，line“线”，passing“通过”，即“边线通过”。

•上下文推测：上文both his out-of-class and in-class work（他的课内和课外的功课），下文I questioned the person regarding his essay…（我质疑他的文章）。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：C选项为平均线以上，成绩应为较好，但作者说其过及格线且对其文章进行质疑，所以C选项不符合文义。相比较而言，D选项可以体现其成绩并非很好，所以D为正确选项。

2第一段第四行的“techies”这个词很可能指那些________的人。

A.害怕科技　B.对科技熟练　C.不懂科技　D.对科技不适应

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：techies（Line 4，Para.1）

•锁定目标原文：MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power.

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：techies与technology（科技）有关，且为复数形式。

分析：四个选项也都包含technology，且题干指出techies指一些……科技的人。

•上下文推测：上文MacDonald获得来自techies的帮助，下文techies渴望看到网络可以通过这个大胆的关于网络力量的测试。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：A，C，D三个选项都含有消极的含义：害怕、不懂和不适应，但techies一词本身并无表示否定的前缀等。上下文指出techies是那些想帮助MacDonald并希望看到网络的能力的人，都无消极的含义，所以B选项符合techies的含义，为正确选项。

3根据上下文判断，第二段第五行的“Community Eye”是________。

A.一个监视枪击犯罪的系统　B.一个街区的保护组织

C.一个非盈利的社区买卖　D.一个草根组织

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：Community Eye

•锁定目标原文：it will help pay for Community Eye ，a surveillance（监视）system tailored towards gun crime.

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：Community（社区），Eye（眼睛），即社区的眼睛。

•上下文推测：上文it指代Newark Community Foundation，即纽瓦克社区基金会将为Community Eye付钱；下文Community Eye是一个针对枪击犯罪而设计的监视系统。

分析：下文中出现了“n.，n.”的同位语结构，后面的部分语法与前者相等，含义上解释了前者。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：B，C，D三个选项虽然是文中的词，但距离Community Eye较远，不与其构成含义或逻辑上的关联；A选项与Community Eye后面的同位语含义一致，因此为正确选项。

4第二段第二行的“savvy”这个词的意思很可能是________。

A.怀疑的　B.安全的　C.精明的　D.简单的

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：savvy（Line 2，Para.2）

•锁定目标原文：With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce，men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy ，regardless of whether they are in a relationship.

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：无提示。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文——代入法

With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce，men and women are realizing they need to be financially________，regardless of whether they are in a relationship.

A.suspicious　B.secure　C.shrewd　D.simple

随着半数的婚姻都以离婚结束，男士和女士意识到他们需要在经济上是________，不论他们是否有伴侣。

A.怀疑的　B.安全的　C.精明的　D.简单的

分析：因为四个备选项都是形容词，其中正确的选项应为savvy的同义词，放于句中符合句意，所以采用代入法。

这里B选项干扰性较强，但从逻辑的角度分析，人们无论单身与否，离婚率高低与否，都需要在经济上是安全的。换句话说，经济上需要安全不与句子前半句强调离婚率高达50%有关，逻辑上不是随着前者的发生而发生的；而原句强调的是伴随着半数婚姻以离婚而结束，人们才需要在经济上精明些，这样才能不因为离婚而遭受经济上的损失，所以C为正确选项。

本题没有明显的解题标志，但出题人在选项的设计方面给我们留了“一扇窗”，使我们可选用代入法解题。在采用代入法时，我们要保证正确的选项应与原文在含义和逻辑方面都保持通畅。

5根据文章能够推断出第一段第一行中“protection”的意思是________。

A.提高经济效益　B.结束自由贸易的做法

C.降低道德标准　D.提高贸易关税

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：protection

•锁定目标原文：“The word‘protection’is no longer taboo（禁忌语）”.…Why？For decades，western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good.

Step 2：分析目标原文

•字面意思：protection字面意思为“保护”，在经济领域里大家可以试想一下“保护”或“保护主义”的含义。

•上下文推测：The word“protection”is no longer taboo.protection这个字不再是禁语。

For decades，western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good.很久以来，西方领导人相信降低贸易壁垒和关税是一件很自然的好事。

分析：不知大家是否已经看出原文中包含了对比的逻辑结构——no longer表示“不再……”，指出了当前的情况（即protection）与过去不同；且下文提到过去的情况是“西方领导人相信降低贸易壁垒和关税是好事”，那么现在情形应与之相反。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：根据字面意思，在经济领域中的“保护”或“保护主义”往往是通过增加关税做到的；根据上下文对比的逻辑关系（no longer）可得到protection与下文提到的lowing trade barriers and tariffs相反，所以D为正确选项。

比较以往和现在的情况是报刊文章开篇常用的方式。有时直接通过时间加转折词，如in the last few years，…now，however，…；有时通过no longer，used to体现过去与如今的情况不同。

五、打通经脉

1）测试5让我们体会了如何通过对比的方式推测出单词的含义，需要注意的是文章通过no longer表示“不再……”，说明了当前的情况与以往不同，如果我们已知过去的情况，那么就可以推断现在的情形。在阅读时，我们要通过训练来逐渐提高对时间的敏感性，作者回顾过去往往是为了与当前的情况做比较。比如，不少文章都以used to（过去常常）开篇，表明了现在的情形不同于以往。利用这种结构，出题者常考查我们由此推彼的能力。

2）我们前面分析过，猜词题并非主要考查我们是否背诵过某个单词，因为文章很可能用到这个词引申的含义，或在具体语境中的含义，所以我们不可轻易根据字面意思做出选择性的判断。此外，完全根据字面意思设计的选项常为干扰项，如例题三中的针对upselling设计的sell up选项为干扰项。

逻辑关系题

一、备考攻略综述

1.逻辑关系题

阅读大纲要求我们有理解上下文逻辑关系的能力，以逻辑关系为主要考查对象的题常被称为逻辑题，它们主要包括原因题和事例题，同时也包括少量目的题和结果题。

事实上，文章的上下文、句与句之间都存在逻辑关系，正是这些逻辑结构使得文章的各部分信息有机地结合在一起。常见的上下文逻辑关系包括承接、转折、比较、因果、目的、解释和例证等。

此外，实践证明，我们在解答任意一道阅读题时，都需要或多或少地分析上下文的各种逻辑关系，所以熟练掌握常见逻辑题的技巧有助于我们分析其题型。

2.逻辑关系题出现频率

3.历年逻辑关系题

（原因）

1)Why have Americans become more obese?(2005:54)

2)The boy's parents thought their son should be excused mainly because________.(2007:59)

3)Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.(2008:42)

4)The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because________.(2008:51)

5)The Western leaders preach free trade because________.(2008:57)

6)The Western economists used to like the idea of“creative destruction”because it________.(2008:59)

7)The author attributes the phenomenon of“golden skirts”to________.(2009:44)

8)Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because________.(2009:49)

9)In the first paragraph，Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory”because________.(2010:21)

10)From the text we know that some of consumer's habits are developed due to________.(2010:34)

11)Even in the 1960s，women were seldom on the jury list in some states because________.(2010:38)

12)According to Paragraph 1，Ms.Simmons was criticized for________.(2011:21)

13)Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because________.(2011:27)

14)Compared with their American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they________.(2011:28)

15)The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers________.(2011:37)

特点：why，because，attribute…to，due to

（事例）

16)Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families?(2005:36)

17)In the second paragraph the author mentions the tollbooth collector to________.(2006:42)

18)The case of name changing from Cal State，Hayward，to Cal State East Bay indicates that the university________.(2006:54)

19)Computer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it________.(2007:44)

20)The author mentions Colleen's example to show________.(2008:54)

21)The author uses“IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that________.(2008:60)

22)The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to________.(2009:41)

23)Bottled water，chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to________.(2010:32)

特点：事例，demonstrate，indicate，show，illustrate

（目的）

24)According to the passage，the purpose of being weightless was to________.(2006:59)

25)According to the author，students commit plagiarism mainly for________.(2007:56)

特点：purpose，to，for

（结果）

26)The EU is faced with so many problems that________.(2011:36)

特点：so…that…

4.逻辑关系与逻辑关系词

我们知道一些词（尤其是连词）和短语可以明确地表达出不同的上下文逻辑关系，比如and，besides，but，because，reason，attribute to，than，so，for example，it means，in order to等，这些词或短语实际上就是我们锁定逻辑关系题的目标原文的路标，但是，如果上下文没有这样的关系词，我们就需要借助于上下文的含义来判断出其逻辑关系。

1）没有关系词的情况：He made several mistakes.He lost the game.（因果）

Making several mistakes，he lost the game.（因果）

2）有连词但关系不明显：He made several mistakes and lost the game.（因果）

He made several mistakes，which made him lose the game.（因果）

5.原因题和目的题解题攻略

第一步：根据题干信息锁定“题干对应的原文”。

第二步：锁定目标原文。

1）借助逻辑关系词锁定目标原文；

2）根据上下句含义锁定在含义和逻辑关系上符合题干要求的原文。

第三步：选项对应目标原文。

利用正确、错误选项的评判标准（参考第一章）来分析选项与目标原文的关系。

1）构成逻辑关系的上下句的典型结构

2）搜索逻辑关系词

在对应原文的上下句或本句中寻找可以表达因果关系的词，注意这样的词可以是连词、名词、介词、动词或短语，如why，because，reason，so，cause，justify，now that，result in，result from，for，in this way，in order to，on account of（鉴于），be responsible for（形成……的原因）。

3）根据上下文含义体会其逻辑关系

如若没有关键词，则仔细阅读上一句和下一句，通过其含义来判读两句话间的逻辑关系。此外，历年真题常常证明考点位于题干所对应原文的下一句。

4）总结

6.事例题解题攻略

1）两种典型的包含事例的题

文章开篇的事例：

事例＋文章主题

文章中间的事例：

观点＋事例＋总结

2）文章开始的事例

文章开始的事例其主要目的是引出主题，所以其证明的观点应该位于其后，与文章主旨或相同，或相反。

3）事例前观点与事例后总结

文章中的事例多数情况下是为了证明其前面的观点，特点是for example，少数情况下事例后面有总结，特点是thus，so，therefore等。

4）特殊情况

①有时事例前无观点后无总结，这时我们要总结事例的主要情节，归纳出事例想要表达的目的，再联系文章的主题来分析该事例在文中所起的作用。

②有时事例前可能有转折性词语，这是为了与前面的观点和事例做比较。

5）事例的范畴

事例包括具体事例、作者个人经历、社会现象描述、数据等。

6）总结

7.逻辑关系题难点

大家可以回到阅读理解总则部分翻看一下错误选项的第三个特点。

逻辑关系题的错误选项很多时候符合原文，甚至其主要信息都出自于目标原文。例如原因题中问到某事件的原因，错误选项可能是概括了这个事件或提到了这个事件的影响；再如事例题中问到某个事例证明了哪个选项，错误选项可能是总结了这个事例，或是用到了事例描述中的词语。

在这样的情况下，我们单纯判断某个选项是否符合原文是不够的，我们要根据逻辑关系词或根据上下文的含义找到“目标原文”，即原因或观点所在的原文，然后再与四个选项分别比较，在“信息出处、含义和逻辑关系方面”都符合目标原文的选项才是正确选项。

二、例题精解

例题一

【题型】原因

【题源】2008：51

【材料】

According to a recent survey on money and relationships，36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner.While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship，in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.

With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce，men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy，regardless of whether they are in a relationship.

The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult，even more so when children are involved.The lack of permanency in relationships，jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner；in other words，an“escape fund”.

【题目】51.The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because________.

A.escape fund helps one through rainy days

B.days are getting harder and harder

C.women are money sensitive

D.financial conflicts often occur

精解

51.越来越多的人持有秘密账户是因为________。

A.私房钱可以帮助一个人渡过艰难的日子

B.日子变得越来越艰难

C.女士对钱更加敏感

D.财务矛盾经常发生

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：trend，keep a secret bank account，growing

•锁定原文：…of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account…

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：…be the cause of…

•锁定目标原文：The lack of permanency in relationships，jobs and family life…

____Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，原文最后一句所解释到“in other words，an‘escape fund’”，所以选项中的escape fund其实对应了题干或原文中的a secret bank account，而rainy days（雨天，这里引申为困难的日子）其实是对目标原文jobs and family life的总结，因为一个人不管是人际关系（relationships）、工作（jobs）还是家庭生活（family life）出了问题，他都会陷入困难的日子（rainy days），所以A为正确选项。

B选项，是迷惑性较强的选项，因为hard（days）与rainy days同义，也是总结了目标原文，但是这里more and more的结构表达出的“日子越来越难了”的含义与目标原文还是有所区别。如果将B选项改成they want to get through hard days就与目标原文一致了，所以B被排除。

C，D两个选项给了我们很多想象的空间，但我们一定要把选项回归到原文，与原文相比较，不可以凭借自己的想象，这里C，D都在原文里都无法找到对应，所以排除。

例题二

【题型】原因

【题源】2008：42

【材料】

Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip.Starting a year ago，MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff，including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat.Having announced his aim（the house）in advance，MacDonaldlikely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power.“My whole motto（座右铭）was‘Start small，think big，and have fun’，”says MacDonald，26，“I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”

【题目】42.Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.

A.were impressed by his creativity　B.were eager to identify with his motto

C.liked his goal announced in advance D.hoped to prove the power of the Internet

精解

42.很多人有意帮助Kyle可能是因为他们________。

A.被他的创造性所感动　B.非常想与他的座右铭产生共鸣

C.喜欢他提前宣布的目标　D.希望证明网络的影响力

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：Many people，helped Kyle

•锁定原文：…MacDonald likely got a boost from techies…

该题在定位题干所对应的原文这一环节也增加了难度，题干中最明显的关键词是人名Kyle，这时他的姓MacDonald（文中给出）也变成了关键词。help对应了它的同义词boost（帮助），many people对应了这一段里唯一有“人们”含义的techies，一是因为techies为复数，二是因为其后有who引导的定语从句。

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：eager to

•锁定目标原文：…eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power.

eager to作为逻辑关系词可能会让我们觉得意外，上面我们提到动词也可以表达出逻辑关系，比如justify（为……找理由）表现出了因果关系，这里的eager to相当于want to，表现出“目的”的逻辑关系。需要说明的是“目的”与“原因”的逻辑关系在一些情况下有着非常密切的关系，比如：I study very hard.I want to pass the exam.这时我们可以体会到“我想通过考试”既可以看作是“我努力学习”的“目的”，也可以看作是“我努力学习”的“原因”。所以这里的目标原文可以锁定为eager to后面的see the Internet…

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：经过比较，只有D与目标原文的含义相同，所以D为正确选项。

例题三

【题型】事例

【题源】2008：54

【材料】

…

Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad.Take Colleen for example ，whohad been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner.“I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own.I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”

“When John found out about my secret savings，he was a little suspicious of my motives.I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future.It's sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”

【题目】54.The author mentions Colleen's example to show________.

A.any couple can avoid marriage conflicts

B.privacy within marriage should be respected

C.everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriage

D.financial disclosure is not necessarily bad

精解

54.作者提到了Colleen的例子是为了显示________。

A.任何一对夫妻都能够避免婚姻的矛盾

B.夫妻双方的隐私应当被尊重

C.每个人都可以用幸福的婚姻保存财富

D.财务的公开并非是坏事

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：Colleen's

•锁定原文：Take Colleen for example，who…

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：take…for example

•锁定目标原文：Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad.

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：A，B，C三个选项在文章中都没有所对应的原文。

选项D中financial disclosure（财务公开）对应目标原文中coming clean to your partner（向你的伴侣坦白），is not necessarily bad（未必不好）对应原文may not be all that bad（并非那么不好），所以D为正确选项。

这是典型的事例题，大家要熟知“观点＋事例（＋评论）”的典型的事例结构。

例题四

【题型】目的

【题源】2006：59

【材料】

Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless，a new team conducted its experiment.First it was the Dutch who wanted to discover how it is that cats always land on their feet.Then the German team who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station.The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.

【题目】59.According to the passage，the purpose of being weightless was to________.

A.see what conditions are like in space

B.prepare the young scientists for future work in space

C.show the judges of the competition what they could do

D.make the teams try out their ideas

精解

59.根据原文，达到失重状态的目的是________。

A.观察处于太空中的状态会如何

B.使年轻的科学家为将来在太空工作做准备

C.向裁判们展示他们所能够做到的

D.让各小组实验他们的想法

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：weightless

•锁定原文：Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless，a new team conducted its experiment.

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：无。

•锁定目标原文：…，a new team conducted its experiment.

在没有逻辑关系词的情况下，目标原文的选择主要考虑紧挨着题干所对应原文的上句或下句，这里只有下句，且只有这一句话与题干对应原文有逻辑关系。仔细阅读会发现：从结构上来说，这两句话是由each time（每一次）来引导，后面的动作随着前面动作的发生而发生；从含义上来说，每一次我们达到失重状态（Each time…we became weightless），一个新的小组做他们的实验（a new team conducted its experiment），我们知道做不同的实验是需要不同的条件的，这里的“失重状态”应该就是为了做后面的实验所要达到的状态，以此在逻辑上可看出后者是前者的“目的”，所以a new team conducted its experiment是我们要找的目标原文。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：A，B，C三个选项不对应目标原文，实际上它们也无法与原文相对应，所以排除。

D选项，a new对应teams，try out（试验）对应conduct experiment（做实验），所以D为正确选项。

三、技巧点拨

1.逻辑关系题的难点与策略

逻辑关系的难点常体现在锁定目标原文这一环节上，出题者很可能设计一些障碍使我们不能够轻易锁定目标原文。

1）在设计题干时，出题人常采取替换关键词的方式让我们较难锁定题干所对应的原文。如第二个例题中，出题者在编写题干的时候替换了三个主要的关键词。

2）许多逻辑关系题所对应的原文只包含了很弱化的逻辑关系词或不包含逻辑关系词，这时我们需要先锁定题干对应的原文，再耐心地从含义的角度去体会与之构成“题干所要求的逻辑关系”的上文或下文，从而锁定目标原文。

2.题干与原文的关系

我们在第一章总结的正确选项的特点是正确选项与原文相比所呈现的特点，其实题干在经过出题者加工后也可以呈现一样的特点：

替换——用意思相近的词或短语替换原文中的词或短语；

总结——总结性、概括性、深刻性；

双重否定——正话反说或反话正说。

3.容易忽略的表达因果关系的逻辑词和短语

react，response，blame，justify（为……辩护），protest，contribute to，relate/correlate to，be responsible for，out of（出于……的原因）

四、实战测试

1.

【题型】原因

【题源】2007：59

【材料】

The head of the English department agreed with my findings.And the meeting with the dean had the boy's parents present.After an hour of discussion，touching on eight of the boy's previous essays and his grade-point average，which indicated he was already on academic probation（留校察看），the dean agreed that the student had plagiarized.His parents protested，“He's only a child”and we instructors are wiser and should be compassionate.College people are not really children and most times would resent being labeled as such…except in this uncomfortable circumstance.

【题目】The boy's parents thought their son should be excused mainly because________.

A.teachers should be compassionate

B.he was only a child

C.instructors were wiser

D.he was threatened

2.

【题型】逻辑关系（原因）

【题源】2008：57

【材料】

For decades，Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good.Doing so，they reasoned，would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity，which in turn would improve human welfare.Championing free trade thus became a moral，not just an economic，cause.

These leaders，of course，weren't acting out of unselfishness.They knew their economies were the most competitive，so they'd profit most from liberalization.And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity.Today，however，the tables have turned—though few acknowledge it.The West continues to preach free trade，but practices it less and less.Asian，meanwhile，continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.

【题目】The Western leaders preach free trade because________.

A.it is beneficial to their economies

B.it is supported by developing countries

C.it makes them keep faith in their principles

D.it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith

3.

【题型】原因

【题源】2008：59

【材料】

That's why Sarkozy's words were so important:he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates.The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade，though few leaders admit it.Some economists are more honest.Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning.In the short run，there will be winners and losers under free trade.This，of course，is what capitalism is all about.But more and more of these losers will be in the West.Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter，who said that“creative destruction”was an essential part of capitalist growth.But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there.When Western workers began losing jobs，suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles.Things have yet to reverse completely.But there's clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.

【题目】The Western economies used to like the idea of“creative destruction”because it________.

A.set a long-term rather than short-turn goal

B.was an essential part of capitalist development

C.contained a positive rather than negative mentality

D.was meant to be the destruction of developing economies

4.

【题型】事例

【题源】2005：36

【材料】

（此段为文章首段）Working at nonstandard times—evenings，nights，or weekends—is taking its toll on American families.One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts，and one-third work weekends，according to Harriet B.Presser，sociology professor at the University of Maryland.The result is stress on familial relationships，which is likely to continue in coming decades.

【题目】36.Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families？

A.Stress on familial relationships.　B.Rotating shifts.

C.Evenings，nights，or weekends.　D.Its consequences.

5.

【题型】事例

【题源】2006：42

【材料】

But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line.Many will shift to growing positions within their own companies.When new technologies shook up the telecomm business，telephone operator Judy Dougherty pursued retraining.She is now a communications technician，earning about＄64，000 per year.Of course，if you've been a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years，and you find yourself replaced by an E-Zpass machine，it may be of little consolation（安慰）to know that the telecomm field is booming.

【题目】In the second paragraph the author mentions the tollbooth collector to________.

A.mean he will get benefits from the telecomm field

B.show he is too old to shift to a new position.

C.console him on having been replaced by a machine

D.blame the PC for his unemployment

6.

【题型】事例

【题源】2006：54

【材料】

Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived.In altering its name from Cal State，Hayward，to Cal State，East Bay，the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban counties east of San Francisco.

【题目】The case of name changing from Cal State，Hayward，to Cal State，East Bay indicates that the university________.

A.is perceived by the society　B.hope to expand its influence

C.prefers to reform its teaching programsD.expects to enlarge its campus

7.

【题型】事例

【题源】2007：44

【材料】

Ironically，the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them.For example，some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues.Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.

【题 目】Computer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it________.

A.makes learning a global language unnecessary

B.facilitates the learning and using of those languages

C.raises public awareness of saving those languages

D.makes it easier for linguists to study those languages

8.

【题型】事例

【题源】2008：60

【材料】

A little hypocrisy（虚伪）is not in itself a serious problem.The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization.Look at what's happening at the IMF（International Monetary Fund）.The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director.But all too often，Western officials put their own interests above everyone else's when they dominate these global institutions.

【题目】The author uses“IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that________.

A.European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocritical

B.there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practice

C.global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocates

D.European countries'interests are being ignored by economic leaders

9.

【题型】目的

【题源】2007：56

【材料】

“I promise，”“I swear to you it'll never happen again.”“I give you my word”“Honesty.Believe me.”Sure，I trust.Why not？I teach English composition at a private college.With a certain excitement and intensity，I read my students'essays，hoping to find the person behind the pen.As each semester progresses，plagiarism（剽窃）appears.Not only is my intelligence insulted as one assumes I won't detect a polished piece of prose from an otherwise-average writer，but I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer.Writers have styles like fingerprints and after several assignments.I can match a student's word with his or her name even if it's missing from the upper left-hand corner.

Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA）？When we're threatened or sick，we make conditional promises.“If you let me pass math I will…”“Lord，if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I'll…”Once the situation is behind us，so are the promises.Human nature？Perhaps，but we do use that cliché（陈词滥调）to get us out of uncomfortable bargains.Divine interference during distress is asked；gratitude is unpaid.After all，few fulfill the contract，so why should anyone be the exception.Why not？

【题目】According to the author，students commit plagiarism mainly for________.

A.money　B.degree　C.higher GPA　D.reputation

答案与详解

1男孩的父母认为他们儿子应当得到谅解，主要是因为________。

A.老师应当有同情心　B.他仅仅是一个孩子

C.教师是明智的　D.他被威胁了

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：parents，son should be excused

•锁定原文：His parents protested.

parents对应文中两个句子，但后一句中的protest（抗议，申辩）含义与be excused含义对应。后面提到他们的儿子还是个孩子，言外之意应当被原谅，所以此句为题干对应原文。

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：protest

•锁定目标原文：“He's only a child”and we instructors are wiser and should be compassionate.

protest是“申辩”的意思，申辩就是提供理由来证明对方的观点是错误的，自己观点是正确的或自己是清白的。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：经过比较，A，B，C都与目标原文一致，都列为备选项。再读一遍题干我们会注意到单词mainly（主要的），所以我们需要筛选出主要的原因。从结构上来看，B选项对应的原文带有引号，是男孩父母说的话，A，C选项对应的原文排列在“He's only a child”的后面；从含义上分析，后两个原因是建立在前者的基础上，因为教师（instructors）就算再明智（wiser），再有同情心也不会去原谅任何犯错误的人，而在男孩的父母看来“明智的和有同情心的老师们应当原谅一个犯错误的孩子”。所以在结构与含义上B选项都是主要的原因，因此B为正确选项。

2西方领导人宣言自由贸易是因为________。

A.自由贸易有益于他们的经济

B.自由贸易为发展中国家所支持

C.自由贸易使他们对自己的原则保持信心

D.自由贸易为Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith所提倡

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：western leaders preach free trade

•锁定原文：Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good.Doing so，they reasoned，would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity，which in turn would improve human welfare.Championing free trade thus became a moral，not just an economic，cause.

前面分析过，逻辑题中出题者可能在锁定题干对应原文这一环节增加难度。这里题干其实是对原文进行了总结，champion（捍卫，声援）了题干中的preach。

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：out of（出于……理由）

•锁定目标原文：They knew their economies were the most competitive，so they'd profit most from liberalization.

逻辑关系词所处的句子提到“These leaders，of course，weren't acting out of unselfishness（这些领导人不是出于无私）”，那么他们出于什么目的呢？应该紧接着给出他们这么做的原因，据此我们锁定了目标原文。举一个例子：如果一个人说“我这么做不是为了你”，我们会立即期待他紧接着就会给出“我”这么做的真正原因，如“我这么做不是为了你，我是为了大家”。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：经过比较，只有A选项中is beneficial to（对……有益）与目标原文文中profit from（从……当中获益）对应，所以A为正确选项。

3西方经济学家过去喜欢“创造性破坏”的观点是因为它________。

A.设定一个长期而非短期的目标　B.是资本发展的必要部分

C.包含了积极而非消极的思想方法D.注定使发展中经济体遭受破坏

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：western economies used to like，“creative destruction”

•锁定原文：Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter，who said that“creative destruction”was an essential part of capitalist growth.

like对应love，used to与creative destruction都与原文相同，我们可以看出题干对原文进行了大幅度的精简但含义不变。

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：无。

•锁定目标原文：But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there.

在没有表达原因的逻辑关系词的情况下，我们要考虑与题干对应原文最近且构成关系的上下文。这里有上下两句，前一句“But more and more of these losers will be in the West（越来越多的失败者将出现在西方）”可以排除，一是因为其动作发生在将来与后一句不符，二是含义上失败人多不可能是为喜欢……的原因。而后一句表达的动作发生在过去与used to对应，含义上指他们过去认为破坏将发生在那里（over there指远处，这里指developing countries），对方发生损失自然可以成为他们喜欢这种模式的原因，所以这一句为目标原文。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：经过比较，只有D与目标原文的含义相同，其中developing economies对应over there，所以D为正确选项。

4下面哪一项证明了非正常时间工作对美国家庭造成伤害？

A.家庭关系的紧张。　B.轮班工作。

C.傍晚、夜间或周末。　D.它的后果。

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：working at nonstandard times，taking its toll on American families

•锁定原文：Working at nonstandard times—evenings，nights，or weekends—is taking its toll on American families.

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：无。

•锁定目标原文：The result is stress on familial relationships，which is likely to continue in coming decades.

无逻辑关键词，我们要考查上下句。题干对应原文为文章首句，很明显目标原文应在这一句的下方。下方共有两句话，第一句“One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts，and one-third work weekends”，其实是用数据重复了题干所对应原文的主语“working at nonstandard times”，而下一句“the result”指的就是非正常时间工作的结果，即“the result of working at nonstandard times is”，这里的result对应了题干的demonstrate。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：B，C选项虽然对应题干所对应的原文，但不符合目标原文，所以为干扰项。此题中D选项的设计略显随意，但严格地来说原文中result是单数，且consequences显得过于笼统，应排除。因此A为正确选项。

5作者在第二段提到了收费站的收费员是为了________。

A.表示他将从电信领域受益

B.显示他年纪太大以至于不能换到新的岗位上

C.因他的工作被机器取代而安慰他

D.谴责使他失业的计算机

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：second paragraph，tollbooth collector

•锁定原文：Of course，if you've been a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years，and you find yourself replaced by an E-Z pass machine.

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：无。

•锁定目标原文：it may be of little consolation（安慰）to know that the telecomm field is booming.

该题属于文中事例题，我们要尝试寻找前面的观点与后面的总结。通过阅读发现，该事例前面是关于Judy Dougherty的另一个事例，其目的是证明段首的观点，该事例后有总结性的句子，所以可以锁定为目标原文。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：经过比较，只有B选项与目标原文的含义相同，其中“too old to shift to a new position（太老了以至于不能转到新的职位上）”对应原文中一个从事没有技术含量的工作（tollbooth）达30年之久的人，他的工作如果被新科技（E-Z pass machine）所取代，很难学习新的科技知识，所以电信业蓬勃发展对于他来说没有太大的意义，所以B为正确选项。

原文的结构可能给大家带来一些困扰，即第一个事例证明了段首的观点，紧接着的第二个事例却证明了与此相反的观点，且两个事例间没有类似but一样的词语来连接。其实，两个事例间有一个提示前后意思相反的短语，即of course。Of course，certainly在书面语中常为了达到让步与客观的目的引出与前文观点相反的句子。如：Learning English would be very help.Of course，it would take lots of efforts.再如：I enjoy traveling all by myself.Certainly，I feel lonely sometimes.

6将名字由Cal State，Hayward改成Cal State，East Bay的例子表明这所大学________。

A.被社会所注意　B.希望拓展它的影响

C.更愿意改革它的教学方案　D.期待扩大它的校园

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：name changing from Cal State，Hayward，to Cal State，East Bay

•锁定原文：In altering its name from Cal State，Hayward，to Cal State，East Bay，the university hoped to…

alter（改变）对应change。

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：无。

•锁定目标原文：1.Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived.

2.the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban counties east of San Francisco.

该事例既有前面的观点，也有后面的目的，所以此处有两句目标原文。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：选项A，迷惑性较强，对应的原文是“how a college wants to be perceived（一个学院想要如何被关注）”。但与选项A相比，原文强调的是如何（how）被关注，而选项A的含义是被社会关注（is perceived by the society），会暗示出以前该大学没有被注意到，想通过改名字让社会知道有该大学的存在，这明显与原文不符。

选项B，project its expanding role（投射出它的扩大的影响）对应第二句目标原文hope to expand its influence（希望扩大它的影响）。因此B为正确选项。

7计算机科技有助于保护少数人使用的语言在于________。

A.使学习通用语言变得没有必要

B.帮助学习和使用那些语言

C.提高公众挽救这些语言的意识

D.使得语言学家更加容易地研究那些语言

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：Computer technology，helpful，preserving minority languages

•锁定原文：Ironically，the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them.

选项中computer technology对应原文中technological innovation（科技创新对应），is helpful与help对应，preserving minority languages与save them（即minority languages）对应。

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：for example

•锁定目标原文：some experts…threatened languages.

该事例既有前面的观点，也有后面的目的，所以此处有两句目标原文。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

（续）

分析：选项B，原文“computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues”与选项中“using of those languages”对应。较为难以理解的部分是the learning of those languages（对于这些语言的学习）和文中Linguists…teach…（语言学家教授这些语言）对应。虽然选项中没有直接说出学习动作的发出者，一般而言可理解成人们学习，那么人们学习和语言学家教授正好对应。而D选项中“语言学家学习语言”与原文中“语言学家教授语言”明显是不一样的。所以B为正确选项。

错误选项的排除往往比确定正确选项要容易，所以我们应尽可能首先排除掉障碍的选项，缩小范围，再进行第三步。此外，在对比剩下的选项时要多注意同义替换的现象，和单个选项包含的几个信息点可能体现在不同的句中。

8作者用国际货币基金组织这个例子是为了证明________观点。

A.欧洲的领导人不愿意承认他们是虚伪的

B.西方的理论和实践是矛盾的

C.全球性机构并非由全球化的拥护者所领导

D.欧洲国家的利益被经济领导人忽略了

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：IMF

•锁定原文：Look at what's happening at the IMF（International Monetary Fund）.

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：look at….

•锁定目标原文：The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization.

这里look at…的作用相当于for example…，目标原文与事例构成典型的“观点＋事例”的结构。

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，虽然用到了原文中的hypocrisy，但原文里并没有提到they are reluctant to admit（他们不愿承认），故排除。

B选项，是强干扰项，常识来说理论与实际不一致就会出问题，但目标原文和该段落都没有提到西方的理论，所以排除。

C选项，选项中global institutions对应IMF（International Monetary Fund），being led对应control，not true globalization advocates对应的是while drifting away from global liberalization（但是渐渐远离了全球化的自由贸易），因此C为正确选项。

D选项，典型的断章取义，虽然用到interests，但含义与原文明显不同，排除。

题的设计者在编写正确答案时常使用结构改写、正话反说等方式来影响我们的判断。

9根据作者的观点，学生们剽窃他人主要是为了________。

A.钱　B.学位　C.更高的平均成绩　D.名誉

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定题干对应原文

•题干关键词：students commit plagiarism

•锁定原文：…plagiarism appears.Not only…upper left-hand corner.

Not only…upper left-hand corner几句话以记叙的方式说明作者是如何发现剽窃的，这几句话在含义上其实就是重复了“plagiarism appears”。

Step 2：锁定目标原文

•锁定逻辑关系词：无。

•锁定目标原文：Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA）？

题干对应原文与上句“With a…the pen.”在含义上无法构成因果或目的的逻辑关系。下文的Why is learning less…的句中不含有plagiarism，表面上来看与上文无关，但是，如果我们继续往下找就脱离题干所对应的原文，在这种情况下，我们需要重复去读刚刚分析过的上下文，看看是否错过了什么。原文提到“为什么学习不如高平均分重要呢？”根据文章我们可以想到不学习拿高分就是通过剽窃，所以此句修改为Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA）through committing plagiarism？或Why is plagiarism（to get a higher grade-point average）more important than learning？

Step 3：选项对应目标原文

分析：A，B，D三个选项不但没有对应我们在第二步所分析出的目标原文，而且也不对应其他原文部分，故排除。所以C为正确选项。

句子之间是有逻辑关系的，下文一定会以某种方式体现或暗含上文的信息，有时用到代词，有时用到连词，有时用到it means，in this way，that is to say的特定说法，有时用到同位语、分词短语等与前文衔接，也有时可能没有任何语言标志，但根据上下文的含义我们可以推断出来，正如Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA）？表面上没有体现出plagiarism，但不学习得高分其实就是体现了文章剽窃这一主题。上下文或直接，或间接，或含蓄的衔接都有可能成为考点。

五、打通经脉

1）实战测试1一中出现了一款“主要原因题”（…mainly because…），该题干暗示文章当中可能会有多个原因，需要我们找出最主要的。我们可以首先尝试找寻文章中是否有对应的mainly，most等词语或比较与最高级结构，再者我们可以从结构与含义的两个角度分析，如实战测试1中的讲解。

另外，与汉语文章相比，一般情况下英语文章多把重点信息放在前面，排在后面的句子常常解释、补充和例证前面的句子，它们之间一般含有表示承接关系的结构，如…and…and…。如果后面的句子是重点，我们会常看到有so，therefore等明显的词语将其引出。

2）逻辑关系题与段落信息题有明显的差异。段落信息题所对应的目标原文常常是多个，且分布在不同句中或段落中，我们要做的是多（四个选项）对多（多个目标原文）的对应；而逻辑关系题中我们做的是多（四个选项）对一（一个目标原文）的对应，这样判断起来就容易得多了。

3）在没有看懂原文的时候大家可以使用一个简易的方法，因为一句话与另外两句话同时构成某种逻辑关系的概率较小，所以如果你找到与题干所对应的原文关系最近的一句话就基本找到了目标原文，与选项做简单比较就可以找到答案。

4）对于事例题，我们首先要确定题干中所提到的事例是位于文章的开始还是文章的中间段落。文首的事例是要引出文章的主题和观点，所以我们要阅读事例后面的总结、概括；而文中的事例常常是要证明前面的观点，所以我们要多注意事例前面的观点，如段首或上一段末尾。

推理判断题

一、备考攻略综述

1.什么是推断题

推断题考查的对象是文章中不易一下读懂的“表达含蓄”或“有特殊含义”的词（如指示代词）、短语、句子，甚至是文章的走向，需要我们经过简单的逻辑推理或根据上下文的判断得出作者真正想要表达的含义或意图。值得我们注意的是，英语二的推理题考查较多的是对句子的理解。

2.推断题出现频率

3.历年推断题

1)It is implied that the consequences of nonstandard work schedules are________.(2005:39)

2)Aldous Huxley's remark(Paragraph 3)implies that________.(2005:43)

3)By saying“…compumation could drive an even deeper wedge between the rich and poor”(Line 5，Para.4)the author means________.(2006:43)

4)Judging from the content，this passage is probably written for________.(2006:50)

5)It is implied that one of the most significant changes in higher education in the past decade is________.(2006:52)

6)According the Paragraph 2，that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is________.(2007:42)

7)It is implied in the passage that________.(2007:49)

8)It may be inferred that a European-style service________.(2007:51)

9)The sentence“once the situation is behind us，so are the promises”implies that________.(2007:57)

10)It is implied that Internet advertisements can help________.(2008:44)

11)Which inference can we make about Margaret?(2008:53)

12)From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that________.(2009:50)

13)By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Para.3)，the author suggests that________.(2010:22)

14)It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors________.(2011:24)

15)By saying“Newspapers like…their own doom”(Lines 3-4，Para.1)，the author indicates that newspaper________.(2011:26)

16)What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?(2011:29)

17)Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?(2011:32)

18)The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that________.(2011:39)

特点：infer，imply

推断上下文

19)What might the previous paragraphs deal with________?(2005:51)

20)The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with________.(2009:60)

21)What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs?(2005:49)

22)In the following part immediately after this text，the author will most probably focus on________.(2010:30)

4.推断题特点

历年真题表明，英语二“推断题的实质”常常是直接或间接地考查我们对于某个（或几个）短语或句子的理解，这些短语或句子常常需要我们加以分析和推敲才能理解其含义，它们的特点或是话中有话（如例题一），或是包含了复杂的句子结构（如例题二），或是含有对比（如例题三）等逻辑关系结构，或是包含固定的表达法或比喻等常见修辞方法。

5.锁定目标原文

推断题的目标原文比较容易锁定，常见的情况是：

1）题干直接对某段、某行的短语或句子的含义进行提问；

2）题干给足关键词帮助我们锁定所要理解的短语或句子。

6.推断上下文

由于篇幅限制，英语阅读理解的文章多为报刊文章的节选部分，所以出题者为了考查我们推理判断的能力设计出了推断上下文的题目，如：

•What might the previous paragraphs deal with________?

•What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs?

这类题较容易处理，只要我们较好地理解承上启下的首段（尤其是首句）和尾端（尤其是尾句），然后与四个选项比较，含义和逻辑关系最接近的就是正确选项。

7.推断题的发展趋势

近几年的推断题多呈现与段落信息题相结合的方式，典型的结构为：What can be inferred from Para.…about…？如：

•What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

•It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors________.

这一类段落推断题的目标原文常常分散在某一段（或几段），这时我们需要根据四个选项分别锁定各自对应的原文，然后再加以推理判断。

8.推断题的一般解题步骤

二、例题精解

例题一

【题源】2005：39

【材料】

（此段为文章首段）Working at nonstandard times—evenings，nights，or weekends—is taking its toll on American families.One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts，and one-third work weekends，according to Harriet B.Presser，sociology professor at the University of Maryland.The result is stress on familial relationships，which is likely to continue in coming decades.

…

Unfortunately，says Presser，the issue is virtually absent from public discourse.She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours，the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends，and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours.“Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention，”she says.

39.It is implied that the consequences of nonstandard work schedules are________.

A.emphasized　B.absent　C.neglected　D.prevalent

精解

39.文中暗示了非标准时间的工作的后果是________。

A.被强调了的B.不存在的　C.被忽视的　D.普遍的

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：consequences of nonstandard work schedules are.

•题干对应原文：the issue is…costs and benefits of working odd hours.

•锁定目标原文：Unfortunately…the issue is virtually absent from public discourse.（不幸的是，这个问题实际上没有被大众所关注。）

根据文章首段，我们可以了解文章主题为the consequences of working nonstandard hours，所以the issue对应的就是题干的the consequences…hours，且此段以第一句为主题句，其他句子对其进行展开。第二句中costs and benefits of working odd hours（非正常工作的代价与收获）与the consequences…of hours同义。

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：目标原文中，absent from是“远离”的意思，discourse是“谈话”的意思，公众谈话没有谈到这个问题，那说明这个问题是被emphasized（被强调了）、absent（不在场的）、neglected（被忽略了的），还是prevalent（流行的）的呢？答案不言而喻。虽然A，B，D都是原文中的词，但并非与题干搭配，合在一起属张冠李戴，所以C为正确选项。

在此，出题者设置的障碍就是考查我们对目标原文“the issue is virtually absent from public discourse”的理解。实际上，推断题常考“作者间接表达某一个含义”的句子，而正确选项往往或直接或概括地重复这一含义，在实例和练习中我们要多总结。

例题二

【题源】2005：43

【材料】

There is a better way.As philosopher Aldous Huxley said，“It isn't who is right，but what is right，that counts.”

43.Aldous Huxley's remark(Paragraph 3)implies that________.

A.there is a subtle difference between right and wrong

B.we cannot tell who is right and what is wrong

C.what is right is more important than who is right

D.what is right accounts for the question who is right

精解

43.第三段Aldous Huxley的评论暗示了________。

A.对与错之间细微的差别

B.我们无法去问谁是对的什么是错的

C.什么是对的要比谁是对的更重要

D.什么是对的解释了谁是对的这个问题

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：Aldous Huxley's remark（Paragraph 3）

•题干对应原文：As philosopher Aldous Huxley said…

•锁定目标原文：“It isn't who is right，but what is right，that counts.”（“谁对不重要，重要的是什么是对的。”）

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：强调结构It is that/who…本身没有什么实际的意义，只起到加强语气的作用，且不在原句中作任何成分，所以在理解句子含义时我们只要把它的“外壳”（即It is…that/who…）直接去掉就可以了。

去掉强调结构后，我们得到：Not who is right but what is right counts.（其中not…but…“不是……而是……”，count是动词“重要”相当于matter），这句话字面意思为：“不是谁对而是什么是对的是重要的。”修饰一下符合汉语表达为：谁对不重要，重要的是什么是对的。选项中只有C选项符合原文的意思，所以C为正确选项。

另外，A中的subtle difference，B中的tell，D中的account for the question都是虚构的信息，与what is right和who is right组合在一起后含义与原文不符，故排除。

本题的考查重点是对复杂结构“强调句型＋两个表语从句＋not…but”的理解（即It is not表语从句，but表语从句that…）。推断题往往不需要过度的推理和联想，只需要我们理解了原文，选一个与原文表达含义一致的选项就可以了。

例题三

【题源】2006：52

【材料】

“All I hear in higher education is，brand，brand，brand.”said Tim Westerbeck，who specializes in branding and is managing director of Lipman Hearne，a marketing firm based in Chicago that works with universities and other nonprofit organizations.“There has been a sea change over the last 10 years.Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education.”Not all efforts at name changes are successful，of course.In 1997，the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect its growth into a collection of eight colleges，offering a list of majors that includes psychology，music，urban studies and management.But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School.

52.It is implied that one of the most significant changes in higher education in the past decade is________.

A.the brand　B.the college names

C.the concept of marketing　D.list of majors

精解

52.文章暗示过去十年里高等教育领域最大的一个变化是________。

A.品牌　B.学院的名称　C.营销概念　D.一系列专业

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：most significant changes，in the past decade

•题干对应原文：There has been a sea change over the last 10 years.

•锁定目标原文：Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education.

（在高等教育领域里，营销以前几乎就是一个肮脏的词。）

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：对于目标原文“Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education.”理解的难点在于，作者只说了一半的话，出题人让我们猜测下一半，即“Marketing now is not a dirty word in higher education.”这样才能与前文（sea change over the last 10 years）或题干（changes…in the past decade）的“过去十年里发生很大的变化”对应上。那么，作者想表达意思是：过去十年和现在人们对于marketing的看法发生了改变，对应的是B选项，因此B为正确选项。

其他选项虽然用了原文的词，但都是目标原文以外的词，故排除。

文中的对比结构常被出题者作为推断题的考查对象，因为这里有一个简单的逻辑推理过程：文章先告诉我们A与B相反，再告诉我们A的情况，那么我们当然可以推断出B的情况。此例题中，我们知道过去十年的情况（A）与现在的情况（B）不同，再告诉我们过去十年（A）营销对高等教育来说是肮脏的词，那么我们自然可以推断出营销对于当今的高等教育来说不再是肮脏的词，说明人们对营销的观念发生了变化。

例题四

【题源】2005：51逻辑关系（上文）

【材料】

Convenience food helps companies by creating growth，but what is its effect on people？For people who think cooking was the foundation of civilization，the microwave is the last enemy.The communion of eating together is easily broken by a device that liberates households citizens from waiting for mealtimes.The first great revolution in the history of food is in danger of being undone.The companionship of the campfire，cooking pot and common table，which have helped to bond humans in collaborative living for at least 150，000 years could be destroyed.（说明：此段为文章的第一段）

51.What might the previous paragraphs deal with?

A.The relationship between meals and convenience food.

B.The importance of convenience food in people's life.

C.The rise of convenience food.

D.The history of food industry.

精解

51.本文的上一段有可能论述什么？

A.三餐与方便食品的关系。　B.方便食品在人们生活中的重要性。

C.方便食品的崛起。　D.方便食品的历史。

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：previous paragraphs deal with

•题干对应原文：Convenience food helps companies by creating growth…

Step 2：选项对照原文

分析：A选项，第一句没有涉及meals，故排除。

B选项，对应的是第一句话的后半句，其作用是“启下”，故排除。

C选项，rise对应creating growth，与原文一致，故C为正确选项。

D选项，history在原文中没有对应，故排除。

段首的句子起到承上启下的作用，所以我们需要用四个选项与第一句的前半句比较，在原文中都找到对应的选项为正确选项。

三、技巧点拨

1.推断题错误选项特点

1）推理过度的选项。

2）根据常识联想，但脱离原文的选项。

3）根据原文表面意思设计的选项。

4）使用文中的词，但不与目标原文对应的选项。

2.推断题正确选项的特点

总结概括、反话正说（正话反说）、同义替换（同义不同词或结构）。

四、实战测试

1.

【题源】2007：42

【材料】

It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead.Many powerful forces appear to work against it:population growth，which pushes migrant populations into the world's last isolated locations；mass tourism；global telecommunications and mass media；and the spread of gigantic global corporations.All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising，popular culture，and consumer products become similar.Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication.For many of the world's peoples，learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education，economic opportunity，and a better way of life.

【题目】42.According the Paragraph 2，that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is________.

A.uncertain　B.unrealistic　C.foreseeable　D.definite

2.

【题源】2007：47

【材料】

But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America.Soaring medical bills are squeezing wages，swelling the ranks of the uninsured and pushing huge firms and perhaps even the government towards bankruptcy.Ford's announcement this week that it would cut up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of its“legacy”health-care costs as of the ills of the car industry.Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomers will crush the government's finances，George Bush is to unveil a reform，plan in next week's state-of-the-union address.

【题目】47.Ford's announcement of cutting up to 30，000 jobs by 2012 indicates that Ford________.　

A.has the biggest health problem of the car industry

B.has made profits from its health-care legacy

C.has accumulated too heavy a health-care burden

D.owes a great deal of debt to its employees

3.

【题型】段落推理判断

【题源】2007：49

【材料】

But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America.Soaring medical bills are squeezing wages，swelling the ranks of the uninsured and pushing huge firms and perhaps even the government towards bankruptcy.Ford's announcement this week that it would cut up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of its“legacy”health-care costs as of the ills of the car industry.Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomers will crush the government's finances，George Bush is to unveil a reform，plan in next week's state-of-the-union address.

America's health system is unlike any other.The Unite States spends 16%of its GDP on health，around twice the rich-country average，equivalent to＄6,280 for every American each year，Yet it is the only rich country that does not guarantee universal health coverage.Thanks to an accident of history，most Americans receive health insurance through their employer，with the government picking up the bill for the poor and the elderly.

This curious hybrid（混合物）certainly has its strengths.Americans have more choice than anybody else，and their health-care system is much more innovative.European's bills could be much higher if America medicine were not doing much of their Research and Development（R＆D）for them.But there are also huge weaknesses.The one most often cited—especially by foreigners—is the army of uninsured.Some 46 million Americans do not have cover.In many cases that is out of choice and，if they fall seriously ill，hospitals have to treat them.But it is still deeply unequal.And there are also shocking inefficiencies：by some measures，30% of American health spending is wasted.

【题目】49.It is implied in the passage that________.

A.America's health system has its strengths and weaknesses

B.the US government pays medical bills for the poor and the elderly

C.some 46 million Americans do not have medical insurance

D.Europeans benefit a lot from America's medical research

4.

【题源】2007：51

【材料】

When Thomas Keller，one of America's foremost chefs，announced that on Sept.1 he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se，his luxury restaurant in New York City，and replace it with European-style service charge，I knew three groups would be opposed:customers，servers and restaurant owners.These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites.To oppose tipping，it seems，is to be anti-capitalist，and maybe even a little French.

【题目】51.It may be inferred that a European-style service________.

A.is tipping-free　B.charges little tip

C.is the author's initiative　D.is offered at Per-se

5.

【题源】2008：44

【材料】

Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity.For example，advertising is“hugely bartered”because many media，particularly on the Web，can supply new ad space at little cost.Moreover，Internet ads don't register in industry-growth statistics，because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.

【题目】44.It is implied that Internet advertisements can help________.

A.companies make more profit　B.companies do formal exchanges

C.media register in statistics　D.media grade barter sites

6.

【题型】段落推理判断

【题源】2008：53

【材料】

Margaret's story is far from unique.She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.

Every month on pay day，she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband.She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible＄100,000 on top of her pension.

Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he'd hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn't sure of the marriage.“He'd think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong.I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is，but you can never be sure.”

Like many of her fellow secret savers，Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.

【题目】53.Which inference can we make about Margaret？

A.She is a unique woman.　B.She was once divorced.

C.She is going to retire.　D.She has many children.

7.

【题源】2006：43

【材料】

For those with just a high school diploma（毕业证书），it's going to get tougher to find a well-paying job.Since fewer factory and clerical jobs will be available，what's left will be the jobs that compumation can't kill：Computers can't clean offices，or care for Alzheimer's patients（老年痴呆病人）.But，since most people have the skills to fill those positions，the wages stay painfully low，meaning compumation could drive an even deeper wedge（楔子）between the rich and poor.The best advice now：Never stop learning，and keep up with new technology.

【题目】43.By saying“…compumation could drive an even deeper wedge between the rich and poor”（Line 5，Para.4）the author means________.

A.people are getting richer and richer

B.there will be a small gap between rich and poor

C.the gap between rich and poor is getting larger and larger

D.it's time to close up the gap between the rich the poor

8.

【题源】2007：57

【材料】

Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA）？When we're threatened or sick，we make conditional promises“If you let me pass math I will…”“Lord，if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I'll…”Once the situation is behind us，so are the promises.Human nature？Perhaps，but we do use that cliché（陈词滥调）to get us out of uncomfortable bargains.Divine interference during distress is asked；gratitude is unpaid.After all，few fulfill the contract，so why should anyone be the exception，why not？

【题目】57.The sentence“once the situation is behind us，so are the promises”implies that________.

A.students usually keep their promises

B.some students tend to break their promises

C.the promises are always behind the situation

D.we can not judge the situation in advance，as we do to the promises

9.

【题源】2008：58

【材料】These leaders，of course，weren't acting out of unselfishness.They knew their economies were the most competitive，so they'd profit most from liberalization.And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity.Today，however，the tables have turned—though few acknowledge it.The West continues to preach free trade，but practices it less and less.Asian，meanwhile，continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.

【题目】58.By“the tables have turned”（Lines 3-4，Para.2）the author implies that________.

A.the Western leaders have turned self-centered

B.the Asian leaders have become advocates of free trade

C.the developed economies have turned less competitive

D.the developing economies have become more independent

10.

【题源】2005：49

【材料】

The world is being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and，in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities.Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.

The most visionary executives go further.That philosophy is:rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television?

【题目】49.What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs？

A.The philosophy of visionary executives.

B.The process of television taking over sport.

C.Television coverage expansion.

D.An example to show how sport has taken over television.

11.

【题源】2009：60

【材料】

Halting climate change will be far harder.One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year.And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism（实用主义）with ambition，the U.S.can，without major damage to the economy，help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations.Money will do some of the work，but what's needed most is will.“I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming，”says Fred Krupp.“But this is America，and America has risen to these challenges before.”

【题目】60.The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with________.

A.the new book written by Fred Krupp

B.how America can fight against global warming

C.the harmful effects of global warming

D.how America can tide over economic crisis

答案与详解

1根据第二段，将来世界能否维持它的语言特征是________。

A.不确定的　B.不现实的　C.可以预见的　D.明确的

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：Paragraph 2，the world，maintain its linguistic diversity

•题干对应原文：…world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead.

•锁定目标原文：It remains to be seen whether…[（将来世界能否维持它的语言特征）还有待证实。]

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：目标原文中含有固定结构It remains to be seen…，字面意思是“……留待以后看”，字典上对这个结构的解释是“it will only be known later”（将来才会被知晓，有待证实），如：It remains to be seen whether you are right.你说得对不对还有待证实。所以，即使大家没有掌握这个结构，根据字面意思我们也可以确定只有A选项uncertain的含义与之相符，所以A为正确选项。

通过上面的题大家可以发现，锁定原文不是推断题的考查重点，重点是对目标原文的准确理解。

2福特宣布到2012年削减多达三万个岗位表明了福特________。

A.有汽车工业最大的健康问题　B.已从它卫生保健的遗产中获益

C.已经积累了太过沉重的医疗负担D.欠它的员工巨额债务

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：Ford's announcement，cutting up to 30，000 jobs by 2012

•题干对应原文：Ford's announcement this week that it would cut up to 30，000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of…

•锁定目标原文：…its“legacy”health-care costs…

文章a sign of（……的一个迹象/征兆）恰好对应题干的indicates。

Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：本题出题者主要想考查目标原文中“legacy”一词的引号所起到的“反语”的作用。汉语中我们有时也会说：他糟糕的表现真是令人“刮目相看”。福特公司的医疗花费肯定不是正常意义上的遗产，且此“遗产”让公司削减了很多职位，说明这里的遗产指的是以前遗留下来的医疗费用的负担。

A选项，原文中用了as much as的结构，体现了福特公司的问题与整个汽车工业的问题一致，并没有与biggest相对应的原文，属于推理过度，排除。

B选项，典型的根据字面意思设计的选项，但这里的legacy并非指一般意义上可以获益的遗产，故排除。

C选项，burden一词体现了作者真正想要表达的意义，accumulate是“积累”的意思，合在一起翻译成“日积月累的负担”，恰好对应目标原文中的“legacy”（遗留问题），所以C为正确选项。

D选项，属于推理过度，原文中没有提到，故排除。

D选项是出题者为那些喜欢过分联想考友所设计的，也是典型的推断题的错误选项。我们要切记，推断题并不需要我们过度地去推理，一切都要依据于原文，回归到原文，原文如果没有提到就是错误的。

3文中暗示________。

A.美国的医疗制度有其优点和缺点B.美国政府为穷人和老人负担医疗账单

C.四千六百万人没有医疗保险　D.欧洲人从美国的医疗研究中获益颇多

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•选项关键词：America's health system，US government，some 46 million Americans，Europeans…America's medical research

•锁定目标原文：

1)But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America.

This curious hybrid（混合物）certainly has its strengths.

2)the government picking up the bill for the poor and the elderly

3)Some 46 million Americans do not have cover.

4)European's bills could be much higher if America medicine were not doing much of their Research.

5)But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America.

该题属于段落推断题，题干并没有可锁定原文的关键词，所以我们要依据选项锁定原文。

____Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：应该说此题稍有点特殊，出题者强调了implied（暗含）这个字眼，虽然A，B，C三个选项的意思与原文一致，但都是原文直接给出的，并不是通过间接的方式暗示其含义。所以考查的重点其实应为“European's bills could be much higher if America medicine were not doing much of their Research and Development（R＆D）for them.”这一句目标原文，该句中含有“虚拟语气”，翻译成：如果美国医学没有做那么多的研究，欧洲的（医疗）账单将高得多。言外之意，欧洲从美国的医疗研究中获益，恰好对应D选项，所以D为正确选项。

在这道段落推断题中，作者并没有设置四个难句让我们理解，归根结底考查的是对一个带有特殊语法结构（即虚拟语气）句子的理解，这与其他的推断题实质上是一样的，只是题出得更加巧妙了，但也可以说万变不离其宗。

4从文中可以推断欧式服务________。

A.免小费　B.收取非常少的小费

C.是作者的首创　D.由Per-se餐厅提供

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：European-style service

•题干对应原文：…European-style service charge

•锁定目标原文：…he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se，…and replace it with European-style service charge.（他将在Per Se餐馆废除小费的做法，并用欧式服务收费（的方法）来取代它。）

____Step 2：选项初步对照原文

分析：此题的目标原文包含了一个“对比”的逻辑关系，在前面的例题中我们分析过：“当A，B相反，且A情况已知，我们可推断B的情况。”

原文告诉我们，Per Se餐馆（代表美国餐馆）是收小费的，然后告诉我们要将其废除并换成欧式收取服务费的方式，说明欧式与其相反，所以欧洲收取服务费的方式是不收小费的，所以A是正确选项。

B选项，收取很少的小费还是与不收小费含义不同，故排除。

C选项，我们没有理由相信欧式的收取服务费的方法为作者首创，故排除。

D选项，时态不符，Per Se餐馆将要实行欧式的方法，并非现在实行，排除。

服务费并非一定就是小费。欧洲餐厅常见做法是直接加收餐费的12%左右作为服务费，而美国的顾客常常直接将小费作为服务费给侍者们，差别在于前者餐馆可以将所有服务费统筹处理，而后者侍者们自己尽可能地为自己赚取小费。

5文章暗示网络广告能够帮助________。

A.公司盈利更多　B.公司做正式的交易

C.媒体在统计数据上登记　D.媒体给易物网站评级

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：internet advertisements，help

•题干对应原文：Barter also helps….advertising is“hugely bartered”…Internet ads…

•锁定目标原文：Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity.For example，advertising is“hugely bartered…”（物物交换还帮助公司使用闲散资源。例如，广告被大量地交换……）

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：目标原文里包含一个“观点＋例证”的逻辑关系，我们先看另一个简单的例子：

“运动可以帮助人们减肥。例如，很多人选择跑步作为主要运动，因为跑步可以随时随地进行。另外，在跑步的过程中，几乎全身部位都参与了运动。”

结论：跑步可以使人们变瘦。

文中提到barter可以帮助公司使用idle capacity（闲散资源），又提到广告is hugely bartered，而这样的广告可以帮助公司使用idle capacity，使用以前没有被利用的资源，当然可以赢得比之前更多的利润，对应A选项make more profit，所以A为正确选项。

B选项，原文提到网络广告不处于正式交易之外，与B选项含义相反，排除。

C选项，属于错误搭配，文章并没提到media事事都要登记在统计数据之内，排除。

D选项，原文没有提到，属于虚构选项。

6关于Margaret，我们可以做出下列哪个推断？

A.她是一个独一无二的女人。　B.她曾经离过婚。

C.她将要退休。　D.她有很多孩子。

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

♦题干和选项关键词：Margaret，unique，divorced，retire，children

•锁定目标原文：1）Margaret's story is far from unique.

2)Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.

3)…built a nest egg worth an…＄100,000 on top of her pension.

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，原文unique修饰的是story，非Margaret本人，属于错误搭配，排除。另外，far from是“远非，一点都不”的意思。

B选项，目标原文属于话中有话的句子。Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.（她在以前的关系中受过伤害，并从此十分注意保护自己的钱。）关系破裂受到伤害不一定就离过婚，但在金钱方面受到损失足以说明她经历过离婚，因此B为正确选项。

C选项，属于推理过度。目标原文提到了pension（退休金），这个词虽然与retire（退休）有联系，但不足以说明Margaret将要退休，如果有类似“She is going to live on her pension.”这样的句子理由才够充分。我们在年轻的时候当然可以为pension做规划，C选项属于过度推理。

D选项，原文没有提到，排除。

7通过第四段第五行“…compumation could drive an even deeper wedge between the rich and poor”，作者表达的意思是________。

A.人们变得越来越富有　B.将会有很小的贫富差距

C.贫富差距会越来越大　D.是缩短贫富差距的时候了

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：compumation，deeper wedge，rich and poor

•目标原文：compumation could drive an even deeper wedge between the rich and poor

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：本题主要考查对目标原文句的理解。目标原文里包含了比喻的修辞方法，用compumation wedge（楔子）越来越深来比喻贫富差距变得越来越大，恰好与C选项的含义吻合，所以C为正确选项。

8“Once the situation is behind us，so are the promises”这句话暗示了________。

A.学生经常遵守他们的承诺　B.一些学生倾向于打破他们的承诺

C.承诺跟不上情形的变化　D.我们不能够像做承诺一样提前判断情形

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

♦题干关键词：once the situation is behind us，so are the promises

♦目标原文：Once the situation is behind us，so are the promises.

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：目标原文设计的难度在于其包含了so引导的省略、倒装句，补全后应为“the promises are behind us”（实指students），指学生一旦过了危险的情形就忘记了之前的承诺，含义与B选项相同，所以B为正确选项。

9通过第二段第三、第四行的“the tables have turned”，作者想暗示________。

A.西方领导者变得以自己为中心

B.亚洲领导人变成了自由贸易的倡导者

C.发达经济体的竞争力变得不如以前

D.发展中经济体变得更加独立

【答案】C

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：the tables have turned

•目标原文：They knew their economies were the most competitive，so they'd profit most from liberalization.And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity.Today，however，the tables have turned—though few acknowledge it.

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：本题考查的难点在于“the tables have turned”包含了比喻修饰手法，表达出“情形变得正好相反”，所以正确选项的含义应与上文的含义恰好相反。上文提到their（developed）economies were the most competitive，C选项the developed economies have turned less competitive正好与其相反，体现了“the tables have turned”的含义，为正确选项。

10接下来的段落将会讨论什么？

A.有远见的管理者的理念。　B.电视取代运动的过程。

C.电视报道覆盖范围的扩展。　D.显示运动如何已经取代电视的一个例子。

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：to be discussed in the following paragraphs

•目标原文：…rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television？

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，选项的中心落到了有远见的管理者的理念，而文章是通过最（选项中没有体现most）有远见的管理者的观点引出与文章主题（电视和体育的关系）相关的“why not have sports taken over television？”（让体育取代电视有何不可？）。故排除。

B选项，与原文rather than see television take over sport（而不是看到电视代替体育）意思相反，故排除。

C选项，在原文中找不到对应，故排除。

D选项，与原文含义一致，所以D为正确选项。

11文章接下来的段落有可能会论述________。

A.Fred Krupp所写的新书　B.美国如何能够对抗全球变暖

C.全球变暖的恶劣影响　D.美国是如何渡过经济危机的

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：锁定原文

•题干关键词：the paragraphs immediately following this passage

•目标原文：But this is America，and America has risen to these challenges before.

Step 2：选项对应目标原文

分析：A选项，最后一句原文中不包含对Fred Krupp新书的论述，故排除。

B选项，原文强调美国应对过这样的挑战，根据段首我们可以了解到该篇文章的主题与气候变化有关，B选项（美国如何能够对抗全球变暖）与原文的含义相符，所以B为正确选项。

C选项，harmful effects在原文中找不到对应信息，故排除。

D选项，文章的中心并非指向经济危机，所以排除。

五、打通经脉

1）正如前面所提到的，英语二推断题常常直接或间接地考查我们对于某个（或几个）短语或句子的理解，这些句子或是话中有话，或是包含了复杂的句子结构，或是含有对比等逻辑关系结构，或是包含固定的表达法或比喻等常见修辞方法。

2）对于推断上下文的逻辑关系题，我们主要考虑的是第一段的首句或最后一段的尾句。

态度题

一、备考攻略综述

1.什么是态度题

态度题是考查我们对作者的感情倾向和态度的把握。作者的态度可以针对文章的主要评述对象，也可以针对文中所涉及的对象。

此外，英语二的近十年真题中也出现过三道观点题，观点题看以看作是态度题的一种变化（请参照下面的历年观点题），解题思路与态度题相似。考虑到观点题出现率较低，本章还是以态度题为主。

2.态度题出现频率

3.历年态度题

1)What is the author's attitude towards working irregular hours?(2005:40)

2)What is the author's attitude towards computers?(2006:44)

3)From the passage we can draw the conclusion that the author's attitude towards flunking is________.(2006:49)

4)What is the author's attitude towards America's policies on global warming?(2009:59)

5)The author's attitude towards the influence of advertisement on people's habits is________.(2010:35)

6)The author's attitude towards the role of outside directors is________.(2011:25)

7)Regarding the future of the EU，the author seems to feel________.(2011:40)

标志：attitude

4.历年观点题

1)Which of the following might the author most likely agree with?(2005:55)

2)In the author's view，many endangered languages are________.(2007:45)

3)In the author's opinion，America's health system is________.(2007:48)

标志：agree，view，opinion

5.选项多为形容词

1）积极

positive，supportive，hopeful，approving（赞成的），optimistic…

2）消极

negative，critical，pessimistic，desperate，doubtful，skeptical，suspicious…

3）客观

objective

4）中立

neutral，compromising（中立的）

5）干扰

indifferent（漠不关心的），uninterested，biased（偏见的），prejudiced（偏见的），subjective（主观的），angry，indignant（愤怒的）

在作者态度题中，客观选项objective往往被证明是正确的选项。原因在于如果它是错误选项，则说明文章是写得主观的，这样的文章一般不会被出题者所采纳。同时，如果全文大部分或全段都是作者在引用别人的观点，我们也可以把作者的态度放在客观的角度上。

在作者态度题中，干扰项是指可以直接排除的选项。如果作者对文章的话题是漠不关心的（indifferent），作者就不会写出关于此话题的文章；如果作者对某一话题是有偏见的（biased，prejudiced）、是主观的（subjective），或带有较强的感情色彩，出题人为了避免争议是不会选择这样文章的。

需要说明的是，如果题目问的是“文章中某人对某事物的态度”，以上两条就不再具有适用性了，但这样的题出现的频率较小。

6.态度题解题攻略

1）分析选项

根据上述的分类将选项分成积极、消极、客观、中立和干扰项。

2）根据文章或段落主旨判断

文章和段落的主旨往往体现了作者对某一现象、事物等总的态度，是我们判读的出发点。

3）依据文章中的事例判断

作者列举事例是为了证明其观点，观点往往是抽象的、隐含的因而难以把握的，相对而言，事例往往是具体的、直观的，方便我们判断出作者的态度。

4）寻找带有感情色彩的词

寻找含有感情色彩的实词good，hopefully，victory，unfortunately，too…，wrong等。

5）特殊情况

①有时题目可能考查作者对于文章当中某几句或一句话中所提到的事物或现象的态度，这时要依据这几句话的观点、上下文和用词来判断。

②有时题目考查文章人物对某事物或现象的态度，我们也要依据局部的观点、事例、上下文和用词来判断。

7.总结

二、例题精解

例题

【题源】2006：44

【材料】

Office jobs are among the positions hardest hit by compumation（计算机自动化）.Word processors and typists will lose about 93，000 jobs over the next few years，while 57，000 secretarial jobs will vanish.Blame the PC：Today，many executives type their own memos and carry their“secretaries”in the palms of their hands.Time is also hard for stock clerks，whose ranks are expected to decrease by 68，000.And employees in manufacturing firms and wholesalers are being replaced with computerized systems.（Para.1）

But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line.Many will shift to growing positions within their own companies.When new technologies shook up the telecomm business，telephone operator Judy Dougherty pursued retraining.She is now a communications technician，earning about＄64，000 per year.Of course，if you've been a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years，and you find yourself replaced by an E-Zpass machine，it may be of little consolation（安慰）to know that the telecomm field is booming.（Para.2）

And that's just it：The service economy is fading；welcome to the expertise（专门知识）economy.To_succeed in the_new_job market，you_must be able_to_handle complex_problems.Indeed，all but one of the 50 highest—paying occupations—air-traffic controller—demand at least a bachelors degree.（Para.3）

For those with just a high school diploma（毕业证书），it's going to get tougher to find a well-paying job.Since fewer factory and clerical jobs will be available，what's left will be the jobs that compumation can't kill：Computers can't clean offices，or care for Alzheimer's patients（老年痴呆病人）.But，since most people have the skills to fill those positions，the wages stay painfully low，meaning computation could drive an even deeper wedge（楔子）between the rich and poor.The best advice now：Never stop learning，and keep up with new technology.（Para.4）

For busy adults，of course，that can be tough.The good news is that the very technology that's reducing so many jobs is also making it easier to go back to school—without having to sit in a c1assroom.So-called Internet distance learning is hot，with more than three million students currently enrolled，and it's gaining credibility with employers.(Para.5)

Are you at risk of losing your job to a computer?Check the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics'Occupational Outlook Handbook，which is available online at bls.gov.(Para.6)

【题目】44.What is the author's attitude towards computers？

A.Positive.　B.Negative.　C.Neutral.　D.Prejudiced.

精解

44.作者对于计算机的态度如何？

A.积极的。　B.消极的。　C.中立的。　D.偏见的。

Step 1：分析选项

Step 2：对应原文

•文章或段落主旨

But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line.(Para 2)

To succeed in the new job market，you must be able to handle complex problems.(Para 3)

The best advice now:Never stop learning，and keep up with new technology.(Para 4)

The good news is that the very technology that's reducing so many jobs is also making it easier to go back to school—without having to sit in a classroom.(Para 5)

分析：总结各段主题——计算机（新科技）提供新的工作机会，人们需要学习专业知识跟上科技的发展，计算机使得人们更加容易参加远程学习。而“提供工作”和“使得学习更加容易”都表现出计算机积极的一面。

•文章事例

为了证明第二段的主题句，作者举了Judy Dougherty的事例，她通过再培训后获得新的工作并赚得了更多的薪水。

分析：同上，这个事例证明新科技（计算机）提供新的工作机会。需要注意的是作者提到电信领域的蓬勃发展不会惠及工作30年之久的过路收费员是属于个别情况，也是为了引出下文，并不服务于本段的主题句。

•感情用“词”

good news，making it easier to go back to school

分析：第五段提到计算机使得学习变得容易，且用到了good和easier这两个带有褒义感情色彩的词。

综合主旨、事例和用词，我们可以判断出作者对于计算机的态度是积极的，因此A为正确选项。

三、技巧点拨

1.选项规律

经过对历年态度题选项的分析（如表格），我们可以总结出选项的一般构成：

积极＋消极＋干扰＋干扰（/中立/客观）

依据此规则大家可以试着对2010年和2011年的三道态度题的选项加以定位分析：

2.技巧总结

通过例题的第二步的分析我们可以看到这三种判断方法是彼此联系、相辅相成的。主旨更加抽象一些，事例和用词会比较直接。但还是建议大家同时使用这几种原则，这样会使得作者态度的指向更加明确。

四、实战测试

1.

【题源】2006：49

【材料】

Our son was a high-school senior when he had her for English.“He sits in the back of the room talking to his friends，”she told me.“why don't you move him to the front row？”I urged，believing the embarrassment would get him to settle down.Mrs.Stifter said，“I don't move seniors.I flunk（使……及格）them，”Our son's academic life flashed before my eyes.No teacher had ever threatened him.By the time I got home I was feeling pretty good about this.It was a radical approach for these times，but，well，why not？“She's going to flunk you.”I told my son.I did not discuss it any further.Suddenly English became a priority（头等要事）in his life.He finished out the semester with an A.

【题目】49.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that the author's attitude toward flunking is________.

A.negative　B.positive　C.biased　D.indifferent

2.

【题源】2009：59

【材料】

Now there is a similar challenge：global warming.The steady deterioration（恶化）of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order，and by any measure，the U.S.is losing.Indeed，if American is fighting at all，it's fighting on the wrong side.The U.S.produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it.Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels，the U.S.walked away from them.There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen.But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values，the U.S.is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all.It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms，the health of its people and stability of its economy.

【题目】59.What is the author's attitude towards America's policies on global warming？

A.Critical.　B.Indifferent.　C.Supportive.　D.Compromising.

3.

【题源】2005：40

【材料】

Unfortunately，says Presser，the issue is virtually absent from public discourse.She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours，the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends，and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours.“Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention，”she says.

【题目】40.What is the author's attitude towards working irregular hours？

A.Positive.　B.Negative.　C.Indifferent.　D.Objective.

答案与详解

1.根据文章我们可以总结出作者对不让学生及格的态度是________。

A.消极的　B.积极的　C.偏见的　D.冷漠的

【答案】B

【精解】

Step 1：分析选项

Step 2：对应原文

•文章或段落主旨

全段为记叙，所以需要我们把主要内容加以总结。

Mrs.Stifter threatened to flunk the author's son who finished out the semester with an A.（Mrs.Stifter威胁作者的儿子要给他不及格，结果作者的儿子以一个A的成绩结束了该学期。）

分析：儿子期末拿到了A的成绩，对于作者来说这是一个令人满意的结果。

•文章事例

因为全段就是一个事例，所以与上面的分析是重叠的。

•感情用“词”

…feel pretty good about this(flunking)，…with an A

分析：很明显，good是褒义词，名词A这里指代满分成绩，说明flunk有非常好的作用。

综上，我们可以判断出作者对“flunk”的态度是积极的，因此B为正确选项。

2.作者对美国关于全球变暖的应对政策的态度如何？

A.批判性的。　B.冷漠的。　C.支持的。　D.折中的。

【答案】A

【精解】

Step 1：分析选项

Step 2：对应原文

•文章或段落主旨

Now there is a similar challenge：global warming.The steady deterioration（恶化）of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order，and by any measure，the U.S.is losing.

分析：我们知道一般情况下，段落的主题分布在首尾，本段的大部分内容都是在为前两句话提供论据。前两句可以概括成：Facing the challenge of global warming，the U.S.is losing.（面对全球变暖的挑战，美国人正处于失败的境地。）从这样的结局来看，我们不大可能认为作者对于美国采取的政策的基本态度是积极的，主旨大意给我们奠定了一个基调。

•文章事例

文章事例讲述了美国虽然制造了接近全球1/4的温室气体却拒绝签署《京都议定书》。

分析：这种不负责任的做法很难得到作者的赞同，并评论说“以爱国为核心价值的美国人却退出了最爱国的斗争”。

•感情用“词”

lose，stubbornly（顽固的）

分析：这两个词都含有消极的感情色彩。

综上，我们可以判断出作者对于美国采取的应对全球变暖的政策的态度是消极的，因此A为正确选项。

3.作者对于非正常时间的工作的态度如何？

A.积极的。　B.消极的。　C.冷漠的。　D.客观的。

【答案】D

【精解】

Step 1：分析选项

分析：选项中objective（客观的）这个选项要引起我们注意，如果不能证明作者态度是主观的，那么D就应该是正确选项。

Step 2：对应原文

作者整段都是在引用Presser的观点，依据此我们判断作者态度应为客观的，所以D为正确选项。

五、打通经脉

1）态度题选项中我们可能会遇见我们不认识的单词，根据历年真题看来，它们往往是感情色彩较强的干扰项，如indignant（愤怒的）。

2）如果根据文章很难判断出作者的态度，大家可以考虑一下客观情况。比如说对计算机的态度，作者对其持否定态度的可能性较低；对于经济前景，我们都会期许一些乐观的态度。

3）前面提到可以通过作者所举事例来追寻作者态度的蛛丝马迹，需要说明的是，我们不可以完全依据文章开始的例子做出最终判定，因为文章开始的事例常为引出话题，随后给出的观点很有可能与事例相反。例如：判断作者对计算机态度的例题中，文章开始提到很多人因为计算机而失业，这一事例很容易误导我们相信作者对计算机的态度是消极的，但该事例引出文章的主题却是让人们keep up with new technologies（computer），如果作者对计算机的态度是消极的，认为计算机和新科技应当被大家否定，那么作者就不会建议大家去学习它，跟上新科技的步伐，所以消极的态度明显与主题不符。这说明我们要更多地考查文章中间的例子，找出与主题含义相符的例子。

4）英语二的阅读文章中，表示客观的objective选项常为正确选项，出题人一般不会使用写得很主观的文章，所以这个选项在近年的态度题中很少出现。