2.翻译技巧
•无灵主语→有灵主语
为达到结构严谨或言简意赅，英语书面语时常用不能发出动作的事物、抽象概念、时间、地点、原因或工具来作主语，即无灵主语，而汉语的主语常使用人或人类的组织形式，即能直接或间接发出动作的词语来作主语，因此翻译时常需要在无灵主语的英语句中另行寻找动作的发出者来作主语，并将原来的主语做出相应的变化，也可找出一些套路：如将名词化的动词译成动词，名词化的形容词译成形容词，时间、地点、原因或工具主语译成状语。
1)American education owes a great deal to Thomas Jefferson.
托马斯·杰弗逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大的贡献。
2)His tiredness determined him to leave his job.
他疲惫不堪，因此放弃了他的工作。
3)The Second World War brought him rapid battle promotion.
他在第二次世界大战中屡建战功，晋升很快。
4)His determination for survival made it impossible for him to give up.
他决心活下去，绝不会放弃。
5)Monday morning found Tom miserable.
星期一早晨，汤姆显得很难过。
6)English is taught at the school.
那所学校教英语。
7)His criminal record disqualified him from being hired.
他有犯罪记录，所以没有被录用。
若主语难以找出，可使用无主句
8)The realization of the plan will enhance the welfare of people.
实现这个计划，人们会享有更好的福利。
9)The sight of the picture reminds me of my childhood.
看到那张照片，我想起了我的童年。
10)Urgent business prevented me from calling on you.
因为我有急事，未能拜访您。
11)Lower temperature is associated with lower growth rates.
由于温度降低，所以生长速度就慢了下来。
12)The computer has solved this difficult problem.
用电脑解决了这道难题。
汉语相对于英语还有一个特点是也倾向于用话题（topic）来作主语，这时可以是有灵也可以是非灵主语，如：You can't run a car without the wheel.车没有轮子就开不走。
•静态→动态
英语的一个分句有且只能有一个动词，句中其他的动作含义要用非谓语动词、动词的同源名词、介词、形容词、副词来实现，而汉语一个句子可以有多个动词连动，因此在翻译时要把有动作含义的非谓语动词、名词化了的动词或具有动作含义的其他词译成汉语的动词，并将原文其他相关词译成该动作的主语、宾语等成分，也可采用增词或减词加以配合。
1)I realized your misunderstanding of me.
我意识到，你误解我了。
2)That would be the confirmation that it was in general use.
那将证实它的应用是非常普遍的。
3)This is jealousy.
你这是吃醋了。
4)We are very thankful for your help.
我们非常感谢您的帮助。
5)I connect my friends on telephones.
我打电话跟我的朋友们联系。
6)He asked me out.
他约我出去。
•词义的选择
一个英文单词在字典里常有很多意思，而在翻译时究竟要选择字典里或字典外的哪一个含义呢？这需要根据该词的基本含义、上下词的搭配和上下文的含义来确定。
1）make a dress做衣服；make trouble惹麻烦；make a living谋生；make money赚钱2）The explosion claimed 20 lives.
爆炸使20人丧生。
3)The matter claims out attention.
这事需要我们注意。
4)His spoken English isn't good because of lack of exposure.
他的英语口语不好，因为缺乏英语环境。
•增词
根据汉语的表达习惯，增加表达时态、复数的词，增加原文语义上有而形式上无的成分，增加原文省略而译文不应省略的东西，或为表达清楚而增词。
1)The high-attitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
那种高空飞机过去是，现在仍然是一种很好的飞机。
2)I can learn what I didn't know.
我可以学我以前不会的东西。
3)That job requires skills.
那份工作要求有多种技能。
4)In spite of difficulties，he succeeded in finishing the jobs.
尽管困难重重，他成功地完成了任务。
5)A bit of knowledge kept me from making a big mistake.
因为多少有点儿知识，所以我没犯大错。
6)See Jiuzhaigou and die.
看了九寨沟的美景，就是死了也甘心。
7)He left a letter of welcome for me，sunny as his smiling face.
他写了封信，对我表示欢迎。那封信写得热情洋溢，犹如他灿烂的笑容。
8)Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it.
核辐射这种现象多少有点儿神秘。
9)So music gives me variety.
音乐使我生活丰富多彩。
10)Some motions appear to be very simple；others very complicated.
有些运动看起来很简单，有些运动看起来很复杂。
11)We won't retreat；we never have and never will.
我们不后退，我们从来没后退过，将来也不会。
•减词
有增则有减，为了避免重复、啰唆可采用减词技巧。
•后置定语、状语
原则上后置的定语（定语从句）或状语在翻译时要考虑提前，但如果定、状语较长可不提前，或非常短的定、状语提前翻译后不符合汉语的表达则不要提前，此外，后置的状语从句在翻译时大多要提到主句的前面。
•定语从句
1）前置：较短的定语从句可前置
①A great rebuilding project will give many jobs to people who need them.
一个宏伟的重建计划会给很多需要工作的人提供就业机会。
②Now，cities have become areas where there is a concentration of problems.
现在，城市已经变成了问题成堆的地方。
2）后置：较长的定语从句可后置，非限制性定语从句可后置，从句是主句的连续动作也可后置，后置后常添加“这……”或“这些……”，跟主句构成并列分句。
③I focus on another step，which will make the smokers increasingly self-conscious of their habits.
我把注意力放在另一项措施上，这项措施让吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯。
④Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.
物质是由分子组成的，而分子又是由原子组成的。
3）译成状语从句：与主语有强烈关系的可译成状语从句，若定语从句在主句动作前可前置，否则后置，并可添加连词。
⑤Many college graduates choose small cities，where living expenses are low.
很多大学生选择小城市，因为那里生活成本低。
⑥My classmate，who studied very hard，was admitted to Tsinghua University.
•名词性从句翻译
1）主语从句：语序一般不变，若用it作形式主语，也要先译主语从句；若较长，可与主句断开。
①Whatever said here must be kept a secret.
在这儿说的每一句话都一定要保密。
②It is good news that our team won the championship.
我们队得了冠军是好消息。
③It is common sense that liquid has no definite shape but definite volume.
液体没有固定形状却有固定体积，这是常识。
④特殊情况：It is said that…据说……/人们说……；It is reported…据报道……
2）宾语从句和表语从句：语序一般不变。
⑤This shows that something unexpected might have turned up.
这表明可能出现了意外情况。
⑥This is what we should do.
这是我们的本分。
3）同位语从句：若较短可提前，若较长或比主句长可置于后，可添加“这” “即”或冒号。
⑦Obviously，there is little possibility that they could win.
显然，他们获胜的可能性很小。
⑧We expressed our hope that they would come over to visit China again.
我们表示希望他们再来中国访问。
⑨I've gained a piece of experience that translation is the best approach to studying English.
我获得了一条新经验：翻译是学习英语的最好方法。
⑩例外：I am skeptical about the research's conclusion that people are happier than they were 50 years ago.
有研究得出结论说人们比50年前更幸福了，对此我持怀疑态度。
该句例外的理由是主句状语需要提前，而状语内部宾语过长需要拆分。
2010—2012翻译精点
2010
“Sustainability”has become a popular word[these days]，//but to Ted Ning，the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured(a painful)period(of unsustainability)(in his own life)//made it clear to him//that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed[through everyday action and choice].
[最近]，“承受力”成了一个流行词，但对Ted Ning来说，<他对其>含义有自己的<亲身>体会。<在>经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活<后>，他清楚地<认识>到，以承受力为导向的价值观必须[通过每日的行为和抉择表达<出来>]。
1）sustainability：可持续性→承受力（搭配困难时的含义）。
2）has become：已经变成（啰唆）→成了。
3）concept：概念（适用于说明文）→含义。
4）personal meaning：自己的意思（晦涩）→自己的亲身体会。
根据下文所讲述的Ning的经历，此处补充“亲身”使含义完整。
5）endure：忍受（含义与unsustainability重复）→经历。
6）a painful period of unsustainability in his own life：（修饰语较多的宾语）
一段痛苦的、在他自己生活中难以承受的时期（无法通畅搭配）
→一段无法承受的痛苦生活（重新排序并省略重复信息）。
7）made it clear to him that…：使得……对于他来说清楚（句子过长）
→他清楚地认识到……（断句）。
8）express：表达→表达出来。
Ning recalls spending a confusing year[in the late 1990s]selling insurance.He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst//and，<desperate for a job>，//signed on with a Boulder agency.
Ning回忆起20世纪90年代后期做销售保险那令他困惑的一年。<在>经历了网络经济的兴衰<后>，<他>急需<找到>一份工作，<因此>就与Boulder公司签了约。
1）recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance：（结构复杂的宾语）
回忆了在20世纪90年代后期他花令人困惑的一年卖保险（无法通畅搭配）
→回忆起20世纪90年代后期做销售保险那令他困惑的一年（重新排序）。
2）dot-com boom and burst：.com蓬勃与破裂（晦涩）→网络经济的兴衰。
It didn't go well.“It was a really bad move because that's not my passion.”says Ning，whose dilemma about the job translated，[predictably]，into a lack of sales.“I was miserable.//I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night//and stare at the ceiling.I had no money//and needed the job.Everyone said，‘Just wait，you'll turn the corner，//give it some time.’”
但情况进展并不顺利。 “这的确是糟糕的一步，因为这不是我的热情<所在>。”Ning说。[不出所料]，工作上的进退两难造成<他的>销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，//非常焦虑，//常常在半夜惊醒，//望着天花板<发愣>。我身无分文，//需要这份工作。大家都说，‘等等看，过一段时间情况就会好转的。’”
1）it：与Boulder公司签约→情况。
2）move：移动→一步。
3）predictably：能够预测地→不出所料（作整句的状语）。
4）translated into：转化成为→造成。
5）a lack of sales：销售的缺乏→销售业绩不佳。
6）you'll turn the corner：在街角转弯→情况就会好转。
7）give it some time：给它一点时间→过段时间。
2011
Who would have thought//that，[globally]，the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases//as the world's airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
谁会想到信息技术行业产生的温室气体总量会与航空业不相上下，约占全球二氧化碳排放量的2%？
1）IT＝information technology IT industry：信息技术行业。
2）airlines：航线→航空公司→航空业（与信息技术行业呼应）。
3)globally，produce the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions
分析：
①globally，world，all的信息含义重复（全球或全世界），修饰的都是温室气体或二氧化碳，因此可省略重复部分。
②在同级比较中produce与do的信息含义相同，且搭配的都是温室气体，因此可省略重复部分。
4）same相同→不相上下。
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll[on the environment].A Google search//can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2//depending on//how many attempts are needed to get the“right”answer.
<信息技术行业的>许多日常工作[对环境]造成了意想不到的危害。<每用>谷歌搜索一次就会释放出0.2～7.0克的二氧化碳，<释放量的多少>取决于<使用者>需要尝试多少次才能得到“正确”答案。
1）补充“信息技术行业的”来避免因为限定不明而导致的歧义。
2）surprising：令人惊讶的→意想不到的。
3）take toll on：对……造成伤害→对……造成危害。
4）search：体现动作，改译为动词，前面增加“每用”以避免歧义，表明是人们的动作，而不是谷歌公司的动作。
5）between 0.2 and 7.0 grams：在0.2～7.0克的（啰唆，疙疙瘩瘩）→0.2～7.0克的。
6）depending on：体现动作，进行断句，在译文中补充“释放量的多少”作为主语，如译成“这”会产生歧义，将无法分清指代的是a Google search can leak还是between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2。
7）how many attempts are needed：被动语态，改译成主动语态，并增加逻辑主语“使用者”。
8）to get：这里不定式to不表达将来的概念，表示一般的情况，所以“去得到”→“才能得到”。
To deliver results to its users[quickly]，then，//Google has to maintain vast data centres[around the world]，//packed with powerful computers.
为了把<搜索>结果[迅速]传输给用户，谷歌不得不[在全世界]<范围内>维护大型数据中心，并配备大功率计算机。
1）deliver：运送→传输。
2）results：结果→搜索结果，补充上文体现的“搜索”信息，以避免产生歧义。
3）then：此处说明的并非是一次性的动作，而是常态的、按流程发展的情况，因此省略then的翻译不会影响到整体译文。
4）vast：巨大的→大型的。
While producing large quantities of CO2，//these computers emit a great deal of heat，//so the centres need to be well air-conditioned，//which uses even more energy.
除了排放大量二氧化碳，这些计算机还释放许多热量，因此<数据>中心还需要良好的空调环境，而这又会消耗更多的能量。
1）a great deal of：大量→许多，避免与前面的“大量”和“能量”重复。
2）need to be well air-conditioned：需要被很好地控制空气条件→需要良好的空调环境。
3）use：使用→消耗。
However，Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency[closely]//and make improvements.Monitoring is the first step[on the road(to reduction)]，but there is much(to be done)，//and not just by big companies.
不过，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已在[密切]监控其数据中心的<工作>效率并做出改进。监控只是减排的第一步，需要做的还有很多，而且这不单单是大公司的事情。
1）monitor：监视→已在，体现动作已在进行，但不宜译成现在进行时态。
2）reduction：减少→减排（符合语境）。
3）the first step on the road to reduction：减排之路的第一步（啰唆）→减排的第一步。
4）there is much to be done：要被做的事情还有很多（拗口）→要做的事情还有很多。
5）and not just by big companies：包括省略结构和被动结构，实则应为and not be done just by big companies，改译成主动语态，不仅仅由大公司来做→不仅仅是大公司的事情。
2012
When people(in developing countries)worry[about migration]，//they are usually concerned[at the prospect][of their best and brightest//departing to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities(in the developed world.)]
当发展中国家的人们为移民<问题>担心时，他们往往关心的是最优秀、最有前途的人才可能会流入硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学。
1）at the prospect of：对于……的可能性。
prospect“可能性”，此处为抽象名词，后面较长的、复杂的定语起到解释抽象名词含义的作用，所以采用重新调整词性和语序的手段。
举例：I am worried about the probablity of my losing the job.
译成：我担心我可能会丢掉工作。
2）departing to：去到→流到。
主语为人才，全文的中心为人才流失，所以此处有必要改译。
These are the kind of workers//that countries like Britain，Canada and Australia try to attract//by using immigration rules//that privilege college graduates.
英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国采用（特别优待于大学毕业生的）移民政策，目的就是为了尽量吸引这样的人才。
1）workers：工人→人才。
2）try：努力→尽量。
3）use：使用→采用。
4）There are the kind of workers that…：句式中定语从句过长，there are the kind of本身起强调的作用，整体可译成“……就是这样的……”。
举例：These are the kind of books I am looking for.
译成：我要找的就是这样的书。
5）by：“通过……”→“……目的就是”。
by可以表示因果关系，其后表示原因，汉语常把原因提前，因此将by反过来译成“……目的就是”。
Lots of studies have found//that well educated people(from developing countries)are[particularly]likely to emigrate.
诸多研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人才尤为可能移民。
1）have found：已经发现→表明。have done为现在完成时，可译成现在时，found的主语为研究，因此要改译成“表明”。
2）people：人们→人才。
A big survey(of Indian households)[in 2004]found//that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high school education，//compared with//around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25.
2004年<对>印度家庭的一项大规模调查表明，近40%移居外国的人都受过高中以上教育，<而>相比之下，所有25岁以上的印度人中<只有>约3.3%<的人曾受过高中以上教育>。
big：大→大规模。
This“brain drain”has[long]bothered policymakers in poor countries.
长期以来，“人才流失”<问题>让发展中国家的决策者们很苦恼。
They fear//that it hurts their economies，//depriving them of much needed skilled workers//who could have taught at their universities，/worked in their hospitals/and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
他们担心人才流失损害到了本国的经济，令他们失去了紧缺的技能型人才，而这些人才本可以为国内的大学教书，为医院工作，或为工厂开发精巧的新型产品。
1）depriving them of：剥夺他们→令他们失去。
2）skilled workers：技术工人→技能型人才。
3）come up with clever new products for factories to make：想出聪明的新产品为让工厂生产→为工厂开发精巧的新型产品。
2013—2018句式拆分
2013
我同样记得，百老汇在同一天首演音乐剧《发》——这两件事在我脑海里突然出现的方式没什么两样。
2014
理由十分简单：你在超市里待的时间越长，你看到的东西就会越多；而你看到的东西越多，会购买的也就越多。
And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.The average supermarket，[插入语according to the Food Marketing Institute]，carries some 44，000 different items，and many carry tens of thousands more.
超市里商品种类众多。据美国食品营销研究所统计，一家普通的超市大概有44 000种不同种类的商品，有很多超市还要多上几万种。
在购物大约40分钟之后，大多数人就不再试图去理性地选择商品，取而代之的就是情绪购物——而就在这时，购物车中已装了一半我们从来不曾打算购买的商品了。
2017
我（my有灵主语）一直梦想着将来（to增词）能找到一份与时尚业和出版业都有些关联（somewhere in an area between选词）的工作。
在离中学/高中毕业还有两年的时候，我上了（增词）一门缝纫与设计课，想着自己可能继而再上（增词）一门时尚设计课。
然而，在上缝纫与设计课时，我发现自己在该领域不够优秀，将来不足以与那些（other改译）时尚界（增词）的创新人才们去竞争。所以，我当时认定我（me有灵主语）不适合走时尚设计（增词）这条路。
男孩相信，只要他读的书够多，他就可以探索各种自己喜欢的职业道路。
And so he reads—[插入语everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels.]
于是他真的读了很多书，从百科全书到科幻小说，各种书读了个遍。
He reads[so]passionately [that]
结果状语从句
his parents have to institute a“no reading policy”at the dinner table.
他对读书是如此有激情（痴迷），以至于他的父母不得不制定“吃饭时不许读书”的规矩。
That boy was Bill Gates，and he hasn't stopped reading yet—[插入语not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet].
那个男孩就是比尔·盖茨，时至今日，他依然没有停下读书的脚步，甚至在他已经成为这个地球上最成功的人士之一后，也依然如此。
盖茨之所以选择非小说类作品，是因为这些书诠释了这个世界是如何运作的（的运作方式）。
盖茨说：“每本书都为我推开了一扇新知的大门。”
2007—2009年英语二（前MBA联考英语）真题翻译
2007
Powering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining feature of economic life.Creativity has come to be valued，because new technologies，new industries and new wealth flow from it.And as a result，our lives and society have begun to echo with creative ideas.It is our commitment to creativity in its varied dimensions that forms the underlying spirit of our age.
Creativity is essential to the way we live and work today，and in many senses always has been.The big advances in standard of living—not to mention the big competitive advantages in the marketplace—always have come from“better recipes，not just more cooking.”One might argue that's not strictly true.One might point out，for instance，that during the long period from the early days on the Industrial Revolution to modern times，much of the growth in productivity and material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam engine，but from the widespread application of“cooking in quantity”business methods like massive division of labor，concentration of assets，vertical integration and economies of scale.But those methods themselves were creative developments.
推动当今社会巨大变化的动力是人类创造力的崛起。作为经济生活的一个显著特征，创造力已开始受到重视，因为各种新技术、新产业和新财富都源源不断地随之而生。其结果是我们的生活和社会中充满了创造性思想。正是我们在各个领域里各种各样的发明创造构成了当今社会的精神基础。
创造力对我们当今的生活和工作方式至关重要，而且从各种意义上来说，一向如此。生活水平的显著提高——更不用说市场经济的强大竞争优势，总是源于“更好的烹饪法，而不是更多的烹制品”。也许有人会认为这种说法不一定严谨。比如他会指出，从最初的工业革命到现代社会这一漫长的时期内，工业化国家生产力的提高和物质财富的积累，很多都不是来自诸如蒸汽机之类的发明创造，而是来自“大量烹制”式的企业管理方法的广泛运用，如大规模的劳动力分工、资产的集中、纵向整合以及规模经济等。但是其实这些方法本身就是创新。
2008
The term“business model”first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet（空白表格程序）.Before the spreadsheet，business planning usually meant producing a single forecast.At best，you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection.The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart，its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested.You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended—for example，what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought？—and with a few keystrokes，you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole.In other words，you could model the behavior of a business.Before the computer changed the nature of business planning，most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design.By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics，spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.
“商业模式”这一术语最先是随着计算机和空白表格程序的问世而广泛传播的。在空白表格程序出现之前，商业计划往往意味着就某种情况提出一种单一的预测。你充其量只能对项目做出一些敏感性分析。而空白表格程序为计划引入了更全面的分析方法，因为表格的每个主要列项可以拆开，因而可以分析和测试其成分和细节。你可以对商业所依赖的关键假设做出推测，比如，顾客对价格的敏感度要是超过了我们的想象，我们该怎么办？你只需敲几下键盘就可以看到整体中各个组成部分所起的任何变化。换言之，你可以制定商业行为的模式。计算机改变了商业计划的本质，在此之前，绝大多数成功商业模式的形成是出于偶然，而非事先精心设计。空白表格程序能使企业把对市场的洞察与随之而来的经济活动更紧密地联系起来，因而能够事先制定出商业模式。
2009
With the nation's financial system teetering（蹒跚）on a cliff，the compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.
Bankers'excessive risk-taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has contributed to others in the past.In this case，it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.
Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back，dividing the loans and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain，which took advantage of the same high-tech securitization（证券化）to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.
Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down this road，in hopes of averting the next crisis，which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets.But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term profits and revenue's，and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible levels of risk.
由于国家金融体制濒临崩溃，大银行和其他金融机构高管们的薪酬方案/计划再次受到严格审查。
银行家的过度冒险（行为）是这次金融危机的主要原因，这也是造成历史上的多次危机的罪魁祸首。此次金融危机中，低利率对于银行家的冒险行为可谓是火上浇油，而债务充斥的泡沫经济给人造成了安全错觉，使得这种冒险不断继续。
抵押贷款人很乐意把巨额资金借给那些无力偿还的人，并把贷款拆分卖给金融链条中的下一个金融机构。这样做，都是在利用高科技证券化来承担更多抵押资产的风险。
金融监管应该走在那些导致银行走下坡路的不负责行为前面，（以期）避免下一次的危机，（下一次的危机）中可能会涉及不同的金融技术和不同类型的资产。但是，值得（我们）审视的是（高管）薪酬方案中存在的根本问题——（高管的）薪酬与短期利润和收入挂钩，（这样就）助长了银行家们不负责任的冒险行为。
技巧训练
1)Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed，sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's I Will Survive so loud you neighbors call the police.
2)It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work，spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television(something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing，and is hardly jollier for it).
3）Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomer（生育高峰期出生的人）will crush the government's finances，George Bush is expected to unveil a reform plan in next week's state-of-the-union address.
4)In a world where average is officially over，there are many things we need to do to support employment，but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
5)Michael Lynn，an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration，has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concluded that consumers'assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.
6)The phrase“less is more”was actually first popularized by a German，the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school of design，emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.
7)Proportionately，the American state already spends as much on health as the OECD(Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)average，and that share is set to grow as the baby-boomers run up their Medicare bills and ever more employers avoid providing health-care coverage.
8)Rather，customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words，customers tip more when they like the server，not when the service is good.
9)It was not until the mid-1980s，when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy，that pink fully came into its own，when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls，part of what defined them as female，at least for the first few critical years.
10)When Thomas Keller，one of America's foremost chefs，announced that on Sept.1 he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se，his luxury restaurant in New York City，and replace it with a European-style service charge，I knew three groups would be opposed:customers，servers and restaurant owners.
11)In his Case Study House，Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
12)In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands.
13)Mr.Nye，a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council，is best known for promoting the idea of“soft power”，based on persuasion and influence，as a counterpoint to“hard power”，based on coercion and force.
14)But the article is actually quite optimistic，as it outlines a potential solution to this problem，suggesting that this approach(which involves a one-hour，next-to-no-cost program)can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students.
15)In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth，the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the US，lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive，and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.
16)This has created“a paradox”in that recruiting first-generation students，but then watching many of them fail，means that higher education has“continued to reproduce and widen，rather than close”an achievement gap based on social class，according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.
17）Beaver College turned itself into Arcadia University in 2001 for several reasons：to break the connection with its past as a women's college，to promote its growth into a full-fledged（完全成熟的）university and officials acknowledged，to eliminate some jokes about the college's old name on late-night television and morning zoo radio shows.
18)It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic，flat screen occupying the whole of one wall，with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present；they could watch from the trainer's stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game.
19)The research of Till Von Wachter，the economist in Columbia University，suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times；it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
20)Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution，which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
21)We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what they call the“above average effect”，or“illusory superiority”，and shown that，for example，70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership，93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
参考答案
1）她的抗癌窍门中包括通过邮件群发让朋友们随时知道她的近况；自己缝制或者买些时髦的病号服，这样就不用一天到晚穿着医院里通用的那种规规矩矩的蓝色或者灰色的病号服了；大声播放Gloria Gaynor的单曲《浴火重生》，直到你的邻居报警投诉你扰民。
2）有几件事情似乎会让多数人过得更好一些，包括缩短上下班的通勤时间，增加与朋友和家人相处的时间，少看一些电视（要知道普通的美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，但看电视却没有让他们更加快乐多少）。
3）民意调查表明，医疗问题是其国内主要问题之一。预测表明在生育高峰期出生并已退休的人将会拖垮政府财政，因此，在下周的联邦演讲中，George Bush将要宣布一项改革计划。
4）生活在普通人才已正式过时的世界中，我们有很多的事情需要做来扶持就业，但其中最重要的是为21世纪通过某种“教育促就业法案”，以确保每个美国人都有机会接受“后高中”教育。
5）康奈尔大学酒店管理学院的消费者行为与营销学副教授Michael Lynn研究了许多付小费的情况后得出结论：消费者对服务质量的评价跟他们支付的小费数额关系不大。
6）实际上，德国建筑师Ludwig Mies van der Rohe是第一个让“更少就是更多”的说法流行起来的人。他和其他建筑大师一样来自德国包豪斯设计学院。他们在第二次世界大战前移民到美国，并在美国各建筑学院任教就职。
7）非常合理地，美国政府在医疗上的花费相当于经合组织所花的平均数，而这一份额是用于支付生育高峰期出生的人们的医疗费和越来越多的雇主避免给自己员工买医疗保险。
8）相对于频频斟满他们的水杯的侍者而言，顾客更愿意多付小费给那些跟他们有接触或是向餐桌俯身跟他们聊上几句的侍者。换句话说，顾客是因为喜欢这个侍者而不是他的服务到位而多给小费。
9）直到20世纪80年代中期，加大年龄和性别的差异成了幼儿用品的主导营销策略。这时粉色变得流行起来，其对女孩们的吸引好似与生俱来。粉色成为女孩定义的一部分，至少在起初的关键几年是这样的。
10）当Thomas Keller，美国首席厨师之一，宣布从9月1日起在纽约城豪华饭店中取消小费制度，而换之以欧洲的服务收费方式时，我就知道有三种人会反对：顾客、服务员和饭店老板。
11）在个案中研究，Ralph Rapson可能错误地预测了机械革命对日常生活将产生的影响——虽然大多数家庭有衣服烘干机，但极少的美国家庭拥有直升机。但他认定自给自足是可取的、不可回避的，这一观念还是得到了人们的广泛认可。
12）我在自己的研究中发现，女性对丈夫的抱怨不是集中于实实在在不公平的事情上，比如：她们为了陪伴丈夫而放弃了自己的事业机会；她们承担了过多家务活，诸如打扫卫生、做饭、社交安排或其他各种差事。
13）奈伊先生是哈佛大学肯尼迪学院前院长，并曾一度担任美国国家情报委员会主席。他因提出“软实力”的概念而声名远播。“软实力”是一种怀柔招安、近悦远服的能力，是相对于强权武力、高压政治的“硬实力”而言的。
14）但是，实际上这篇文章还是非常乐观的，因为它勾勒出了一个可能解决该问题的方法。文中表明该方法（需要一个小时，几乎是免费的项目）能够缩小接近63%存在于一代大学生和他人间的成就差距（这些根据成绩等因素进行测量）。
15）经济历史学家Benjamin Friedman在《经济增长的道德结果》一书中论述道：不管在美国的内部还是外部，长期经济停滞或下跌已使得社会人民更加气量狭小，缺少包容心，经常使得人权和自由停滞不前或者倒退。
16）一篇即将发表在学术期刊《心理科学》上的论文的开篇提到了令人沮丧的观点：这种做法已导致了一个悖论——录取了第一代的大学生之后眼看着他们以失败收场，意味着高等教育不但没有弥合社会等级所造就的成就鸿沟，反而增加并拉大了这种鸿沟。
17）2001年，由于以下几个原因，Beaver College更名为Arcadia University：与以前是一所女子大学的历史断绝关联，促使自己成为一所完全成熟的、得到官方认可的大学，消除以前在午夜电视、《清晨动物园》广播剧播出的有关其校名的一些笑话。
18）该杂志解释说：消费者将可以通过一个巨大的平面荧屏选择自己喜爱的比赛，这个荧屏占据了一整面墙，其画面的清晰度是现在无法预见的；在棒球比赛中，他们可以从击球手后面的教练的位置观看比赛，或者从美式足球比赛中明星选手的头盔那个角度观看比赛。
19）哥伦比亚大学经济学家Till Von Wachter的研究表明，不是所有萧条时期毕业生的人生机会都渺茫：从精英大学毕业的人会快速获得他们本该在好的经济时期所能取得的成就，被落在后面的是那些众多的非名牌大学的毕业生们。
20）最近出现了很多（a number of）类似戴维森所写的这样的文章，它们都表明了这样一种看法（make a point）：之所以失业人数（unemployment）居高难下（stubbornly high）和中产阶级（middle-class）收入（income）持续下降，原因是全球化与信息技术革命已经取得了诸多进步，它们使得机器和移民在取代（replace…with）本国劳动力（labor）方面比以往任何时候都要迅速。
21）我们自我感觉良好的需求是根深蒂固的，我们天生就会用一些自我优化的方法来分析他们所称的“优于平均效应”或“正性错觉”。研究发现，我们中有70%的人认为自己的领导能力高于平均水平，93%的人认为自己的驾驶技术要好于一般水平，85%的人则认为自己与他人的相处之道要好于平均水平——显然，所有的这些统计数据都是不现实的。
模拟测试
练习1
What，then，is friendship and what is its significance?To summarize，it's a vital human quality that can bind people together for life.And unlike family，it involves freedom of choice.A friend is someone you choose and who chooses you.My friends are quite different from each other.Some are mutual friends.Conversely，others don't even like each other!That is the odd thing about friendship.Just because I like two people does not guarantee that they will like each other.However，I owe them all a debt of gratitude.Whatever the continent or country，people have extended the hand of friendship and welcomed me into their lives.By opening the doors of friendship to me，they occupy a special place in my heart.They have profoundly enriched my life experience，because wherever I am，when I'm with friends，I feel at home.The miracle of friendship is the same.It just takes time to understand the many different ways that friendship is expressed around the world.
参考译文
那么，什么是友谊？友谊的意义何在？概括而言，友谊是人类的一个重要品质，它能使人们一生紧密相连。而且，和家庭不同的是，友谊具有选择的自由。朋友就是你选择了他，他也选择了你。我的朋友们各不相同。他们中有些彼此也是朋友；另一些则相反，他们甚至互不喜欢！这就是友谊的奇怪之处。仅仅因为我喜欢两个人并不能保证这两个人也彼此喜欢。不过，我对他们都心怀感激。无论在哪个大陆、哪个国家，人们都伸出友谊之手，欢迎我走进他们的生活。通过向我打开友谊之门，他们在我的心中占据着一个特殊的位置。他们极大地丰富了我的生活经历，因为无论我在哪里，只要跟朋友们在一起，我就感到舒适自在。友谊的奇妙之处是一样的。只是人们需要时间去理解世界各地表达友谊的许多不同方式。
练习2
“Is anybody truly honest?”As numerous accounts of cheating，lying，and fraud crowd our newspaper pages and TV news，it seems that honesty is a rapidly vanishing value.And the reports indicate that，around the globe，corruption and dishonesty are so widespread that the health and well-being of society are at risk.These reports include stories such as the students who faced criminal charges for selling in advance copies of a university final exam，a student who was expelled when he turned in a term paper with the purchase receipt for it still inside the pages，and a clerk who ran his own Christmas cards through the office postage meter and was found out when he sent one of the cards to the company treasurer!We have all read or heard accounts such as these，not to mention the stories of dishonesty amongst all layers of society as exemplified by consumers who steal and politicians who demand bribes.
参考译文
“有真正诚实的人吗？”我们的报纸版面和电视新闻充斥着不计其数的有关欺骗、说谎和诈骗的报道，诚实似乎已经成为正在迅速消失的价值观。而且这些报道表明，全球范围内腐败和不诚实现象蔓延范围之广已经危及了社会的安康。这些报道中包括诸如此类的故事：学生因考试前贩卖大学期末考题而面临犯罪指控；一名学生因提交买来的、还夹着收据的学期论文而被勒令退学；一名职员用公司的邮资机来邮寄自己的圣诞贺卡，他在寄了一张贺卡给公司的财务主管后被发现！我们都读过或听过类似的事情，更别说社会各层面存在的种种不诚实行为，如偷窃东西的顾客和索取贿赂的政客。
练习3
It is generally thought around the world that the inhabitants of large cities are ruder than their fellow citizens from smaller towns or the countryside.Walk down streets of any major capital around the world and you will encounter taxi drivers who believe a“Walk”sign at a walkway is an automatic invitation to bump their cars against pedestrians'knees.Recently，an angry pedestrian reacted by kicking a cab，prompting the driver to get out and give chase.And hardly a day goes by without a reluctant office worker riding an elevator with someone talking loudly on the cell phone，despite the obvious disturbance to fellow passengers.“If you don't like it，get out and switch to another elevator，”one cell phone user recently told another passenger who objected to his loud voice.In New York and other cities，quiet walks are a thing of the past.Who is to blame?
参考译文
世界范围内，人们普遍认为大城市的居民比小城镇和农村的居民更为粗鲁。如果你走在世界上任何一座大都市的街上，你都会遇到那种出租车司机，他们把人行通道上的“行人通行”信号当作他们去撞行人膝盖的自动邀请。最近，一位愤怒的行人用踢出租车的方式回应了这样的粗鲁行为，结果却招致该出租车司机下车追赶他。还有，几乎每天都会发生这样的事：办公室职员不得不和一个用手机大声打电话的人同乘一部电梯，而这个人完全不顾自己已经明显干扰到了电梯里的其他乘客。最近，有个在电梯里打手机的人告诉电梯里反对他大声打电话的乘客说：“如果你不喜欢，出去换乘另一部电梯。”在纽约和其他城市里，安安静静地步行已成为过去的事了。这是谁的错？
练习4
As the cost of attending university has soared over the last two decades，a frank and vigorous debate is emerging over who should pay for the cost of higher education.While in some countries students have always been expected to absorb part or even all of their tuition costs through work or borrowing，in other countries the tremendous cost of attending university has been provided by the relevant education authority or by parents.I am proud to be in the small minority of students who“earn as they learn”and absorb the cost of their own university education in spite of the many obstacles.
As for the remaining majority，I ask myself，“Is it me，or are students these days just lazy?”Collectively，they claim that they have no capacity to pay for college.I think it's more a matter of them simply not wanting to pay or contribute.
参考译文
随着近20年上大学费用的急剧攀升，高等教育费用应该由谁支付的问题引发了坦诚而激烈的争论。在有些国家，人们总是希望学生通过打工或贷款来承担部分或全部的学费；而在另一些国家，上大学的大笔费用一直由有关教育部门或者父母提供。我是少数派学生中的一员，通过“勤工助学”、克服种种困难去承担自己的学费，我为此而感到自豪。
至于其他大多数人，我问自己：“是我情况特殊，还是现在的学生就是懒惰呢？”大家都说自己没有支付大学学费的能力。我认为倒不如说是他们不想自己出钱或不愿分担学费。
练习5
There are numerous and reliable ways by which one can measure the impact of employment on student achievement，and we used several in our research.We compared the grades of students who work a great deal with those who work in limited amounts or not at all.We also contrasted workers with non-workers，on different indicators of their commitment to education.Additionally，we followed students overtime as they increased or decreased their work hours，and we assessed how different patterns of employment altered school performance and engagement.
We have simplified and classified the data and the results are clear:The stakes are high.A heavy commitment to a part-time job during the academic year，say，working 20 hours per week or more，undermines and significantly interferes with school achievement and commitment.
参考译文
要衡量工作经历对学生成就的影响有许多可靠的方法。在我们的研究中，我们采用了几种方法。我们比较了打很多工的学生和打工时间有限或者根本不打工的学生的学习成绩。我们也对比了打工学生和不打工学生在学习投入程度方面的不同指征。另外，我们长期跟踪学生，了解他们在打工时间增加或减少时的表现。而且，我们还评估了不同的打工模式如何改变学习成绩和学习参与度。
我们把数据加以简化和归类，得出的结论很明确：学生打工付出的代价很大。在学年中花过多精力兼职打工，比如，一周打工20个小时或更长时间，会影响和严重干扰学习成绩和学习投入程度。
练习6
Mary was a talented but struggling artist in her mid-twenties when she flew to New York from her native Saint Louis，hoping to find work illustrating children's books—her life's goal.So she was disappointed when all the book publishers she visited turned her down.One even suggested her drawings might be better suited to greeting cards.
“I was crushed，”Mary admits.Greeting cards seemed a comedown from her high expectations，but the advice stayed with her，and she decided to give it a try.The results transformed her life forever.
Today Mary sells an astonishing 14 million greeting cards a year.Her popular designs appear on more than 2,000 products，including books and kitchen items.She runs a retail company with shops in nine cities，and her products are carried by 25，000 retailers.Annual retail sales are in the＄100 million range—all as a result of that fateful，disappointing trip to New York.
参考译文
二十五六岁时，玛丽是一个天分很高却在苦苦求索的画家。她从家乡圣路易斯飞到纽约，希望找一份为儿童书籍画插图的工作——这是她一生追求的目标。所以，当她去过的出版社都拒绝了她时，她非常失望。其中一家出版社甚至建议，她的画也许更适合贺卡。
“我被击垮了。”玛丽承认。与自己所期望的相比，贺卡似乎太低微了。可是那个建议她却记在心上，而且决定试一试。这一试永远改变了她的人生。
如今，玛丽每年卖出的贺卡达1 400万张，这是个惊人的数字。她那流行的设计出现在2 000多种产品上，其中包括书本和厨房用品中。她办了一家零售公司，在9个城市拥有分店，有25 000名零售商销售她的产品，年均零售额在1亿美元左右——所有这些都是那次令人失望而命中注定的纽约之旅的结果。
练习7
Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes，particularly females，frequently have iron deficiencies.Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.
“We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss，”says Roseanne M.Lyle，associate professor at Purdue.Her study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine＆Science in Sports＆Exercise.
“Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back，”she notes.“But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.”Iron deficiency is very common among women in general，affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45，respectively.
参考译文
运动医学专家经过多年的观察，发现耐力运动员，特别是女性，经常会缺铁。普渡大学研究人员进行的一项新的研究表明：即使是适度的锻炼，也可能会降低女性血液中的铁含量。
“我们发现，那些通常不运动的女性一旦开始适度的锻炼，就会出现铁含量下降的迹象。”普渡大学罗斯安妮·M.莱尔副教授说。她对62名妇女进行了研究，并将研究结果发表在《体育运动医学与科学》杂志上。这些妇女原先不怎么运动，后来开始了为期6个月、每周3次的锻炼。
莱尔指出：“那些增食肉类食品或服用铁质补剂的女性能够恢复到健康状态。但突然参加锻炼却仍沿用旧食谱的人则显示出铁含量降低。”缺铁在女性中是很常见的，每四个十几岁的少女中就有一人缺铁，每五个18～45岁的女性中就有一人缺铁。