ERP相关成分
头皮后部顶枕区域的P1和N1成分是注意的早期成分,P1在刺激呈现之后的80~100 ms出现,紧接着出现N1成分[59]。这些成分反映了对刺激的早期处理,注意刺激时波幅增加,然而对P1而言并不总是这样[60]。
中前部电极的N2成分,出现在刺激呈现后250~350 ms。冲突监控理论指出,前扣带回皮层(Anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)是N2的神经基础,反映了对冲突的检测。采用flanker任务发现不一致条件比一致条件在前中部电极产生更负的N2成分[61][62]。然而,预测反应模型指出ACC在N2的产生过程中可能反映了对结果的评估而非对冲突的察觉。
P3产生于中线电极,波峰出现在刺激呈现后250~350 ms。P3成分包括前额P3a成分,反映了新异刺激的探查,颞叶P3b反映了对刺激的评估[63],在flanker任务中,和一致刺激相比,不一致刺激P3潜伏期更长波幅更大。P3成分潜伏期延长表明判断目标刺激需要更多的时间,波幅增大可能反映了抑制加工。
[1]Hernandez-Peon R,Scherrer H,Jouvet M.Modification of electric activity in cochlear nucleus during attention in unanesthetized cats[J].Science,1956,1(956):123.
[2]Broadbent D E.Stimulus set and response set,two kinds of selective attention[J].Attention: Contemporary theory and analysis,1970.
[3]Sniffrin R M,Pisoni D B,Castaneda-Mendez K.Is attention shared between the ears?[J].Cognitive Psychology,1974,6(2): 190-215.
[4]Treisman A M,Gelade G.A feature-integration theory of attention[J].Cognitive psychology,1980,12(1): 97-136.
[5]Norman D A,Shallice T.Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior Technical Report No.8006[J].1980.
[6]Sohlberg M K M,Mateer C A.Introduction to cognitive rehabilitation: Theory and practice[M].Guilford Press,1989.
[7]Mirsky A F,Anthony B J,Duncan C C,et al.Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach[J].Neuropsychology review,1991,2(2): 109-145.
[8]Mirsky A F,Anthony B J,Duncan C C,et al.Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach[J].Neuropsychology review,1991,2(2): 109-145.
[9]Posner M I,Rothbart M K.Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science[J].Annu.Rev.Psychol.,2007,58: 1-23.
[10]Fan J,Mccandliss B D,Sommer T,et al.Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks.[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2002,14(3): 340-347.
[11]McDonald C R,Delis D C,Norman M A,et al.Response inhibition and set shifting in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy or temporal lobe epilepsy[J].Epilepsy &Behavior,2005,7(3): 438-446.
[12]Sturm W,Willmes K.On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic and phasic alertness[J].Neuroimage,2001,14(1): S76-S84.
[13]Sturm W,Willmes K.On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic and phasic alertness[J].Neuroimage,2001,14(1): S76-S84.
[14]Coull J T,Frith C D,Frackowiak R S J,et al.A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: a PET study of sustained attention and working memory[J].Neuropsychologia,1996,34(11): 1085-1095.
[15]Kinomura S,Larsson J,Gulyás B,et al.Activation by attention of the human reticular formation and thalamic intralaminar nuclei.[J].Science,1996,271(5248):512-515.
[16]Herrmann M J,Langer J B,Jacob C,et al.Reduced prefrontal oxygenation in Alzheimer disease during verbal fluency tasks.[J].American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry,2008,16(2): 125-135.
[17]Corbetta M,Kincade J M,Ollinger J M,et al.Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex[J].Nature neuroscience,2000,3(3): 292.
[18]Zhou S S,Fan J,Lee T M C,et al.Age-related differences in attentional networks of alerting and executive control in young,middle-aged,and older Chinese adults[J].Brain & Cognition,2011,75(2): 205-210.
[19]Williams R S,Biel A L,Wegier P,et al.Age differences in the Attention Network Test: Evidence from behavior and event-related potentials[J].Brain & Cognition,2016,102: 65-79.
[20]Howes D,Boller F.Simple reaction time: evidence for focal impairment from lesions of the right hemisphere[J].Brain A Journal of Neurology,1975,98(2): 317.
[21]Ladavas E..Is the hemispatial deficit produced by right parietal lobe damage associated with retinal or gravitational coordinates?[J].Brain,1987,110(1): 167-180.
[22]Posner M I,Inhoff A W,Friedrich F J,et al.Isolating attentional systems: A cognitive-anatomical analysis[J].Psychobiology,1987,15(2): 107-121.
[23]Posner M I.Asymmetries in hemispheric control of attention in schizophrenia[J].1987.
[24]Tartaglione A,Bino G,Manzino M,et al.Simple reaction-time changes in patients with unilateral brain damage[J].Neuropsychologia,1986,24(5): 649-658.
[25]Sturm W,De Simone A,Krause B J,et al.Functional anatomy of intrinsic alertness:evidencefor a fronto-parietal-thalamic-brainstem network in theright hemisphere[J].Neuropsychologia,1999,37(7): 797-805.
[26]Sturm W,Longoni F,Fimm B,et al.Network for auditory intrinsic alertness: a PET study[J].Neuropsychologia,2004,42(5): 563-568.
[27]Fan J,McCandliss B D,Fossella J,et al.The activation of attentional networks[J].Neuroimage,2005,26(2): 471-479.
[28]Sturm W,Willmes K.On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic and phasic alertness[J].Neuroimage,2001,14(1): S76-S84.
[29]Thiel C M,Fink G R.Visual and auditory alertness: modality-specific and supramodal neural mechanisms and their modulation by nicotine[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,2007,97(4): 2758-2768.
[30]Davidson M C,Marrocco R T.Local infusion of scopolamine into intraparietal cortex slows covert orienting in rhesus monkeys[J].Journal of neurophysiology,2000,83(3): 1536-1549.(https://www.daowen.com)
[31]Indovina I,Macaluso E.Dissociation of stimulus relevance and saliency factors during shifts of visuospatial attention.[J].Cerebral Cortex,2007,17(7): 1701-11.
[32]Posner M I.Orienting of attention[J].Quarterly journal of experimental psychology,1980,32(1): 3-25.
[33]Posner M I,Snyder C R,Davidson B J.Attention and the detection of signals[J].Journal of experimental psychology: General,1980,109(2): 160.
[34]Umarova R M,Saur D,Schnell S,et al.Structural Connectivity for Visuospatial Attention: Significance of Ventral Pathways[J].Cerebral Cortex,2010,20(1): 121-129.
[35]Voytko M L,Olton D S,Richardson R T,et al.Basal forebrain lesions in monkeys disrupt attention but not learning and memory [published erratum appears in J Neurosci 1995 Mar; 15 (3): following table of contents][J].Journal of Neuroscience,1994,14(1): 167-186.
[36]Parasuraman R,Greenwood P M,Haxby J V,et al.Visuospatial attention in dementia of the Alzheimer type.[J].Brain,1992,115(3): 711.
[37]Bush G,Luu P,Posner M I.Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex[J].Trends in cognitive sciences,2000,4(6): 215-222.
[38]Engle R W,Kane M J.Executive attention,working memory capacity,and a two-factor theory of cognitive control[J].Psychology of learning and motivation,2004,44: 145-200.
[39]Fan J,Mccandliss B D,Sommer T,et al.Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks.[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2002,14(3): 340-347.
[40]王长青,周珊珊,谢成娟等.小脑损伤患者28例注意网络功能受损的特点[J].中华神经科杂志,2008,41(1): 41-43.
[41]Tanji J,Hoshi E.Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in executive behavioral control[J].Physiological Reviews,2008,88(1): 37.
[42]Margulies D S,Kelly A M C,Uddin L Q,et al.Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex[J].Neuroimage,2007,37(2): 579-588.
[43]韩燕,徐君海,尹训涛等.前扣带回与背外侧额前皮质的功能连接影响执行控制[J].中华医学杂志,2013,93(13): 995-998.
[44]Fan J,Mccandliss B D,Sommer T,et al.Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks.[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2002,14(3): 340-347.
[45]Rueda M R,Posner M I,Rothbart M K.Attentional control and self-regulation.[J].2011.
[46]Berry D T R,Mcconnell J W,Phillips B A,et al.Isocapnic hypoxemia and neuropsychological functioning[J].Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology,1989,11(2): 241.
[47]Stivalet P,Leifflen D,Poquin D,et al.Positive expiratory pressure as a method for preventing the impairment of attentional processes by hypoxia.[J].Ergonomics,2000,43(4): 474-485.
[48]Bonnon M,Noël-Jorand M C,Therme P.Effects of different stay durations on attentional performance during two mountain expeditions[J].Aviation Space &Environmental Medicine,2000,71(7): 678.
[49]Chiu G,Chatterjee D,Johnson R W,et al.The impact of acute hypoxia on learning and memory[J].Brain Behavior and Immunity,2010 (24): S40.
[50]Hogan A M,Virues-Ortega J,Botti A B,et al.Development of aptitude at altitude[J].Developmental science,2010,13(3): 533-544.
[51]Richardson C,Hogan A M,Bucks R S,et al.Neurophysiological evidence for cognitive and brain functional adaptation in adolescents living at high altitude[J].Clinical Neurophysiology,2011,122(9): 1726-1734.
[52]Hayashi R,Matsuzawa Y,Kubo K,et al.Effects of simulated high altitude on event-related potential (P300) and auditory brain-stem responses.[J].Clinical Neurophysiology,2005,116(6): 1471-1476.
[53]Thakur L,Ray K,Anand J P,et al.Event related potential (ERP) P300 after 6 months residence at 4115 meter[J].Indian Journal of Medical Research,2011,134(1): 113-117.
[54]Wang Y,Ma H,Fu S,et al.Long-term exposure to high altitude affects voluntary spatial attention at early and late processing stages[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4: 4443.
[55]吴兴裕,李学义,王家同等.模拟高原低氧对人的认知能力影响的研究[J].中国应用生理学杂志,2002,18(1): 34-37.
[56]保宏翔,陈竺,王东勇.海拔3 700 m驻防3个月和15个月的男性新兵认知功能对比研究[J].第二军医大学学报,2015,36(4): 455-458.
[57]李军杰,贾建平.不同海拔居住人群急进高原认知水平与急性高原反应的调查[J].脑与神经疾病杂志,2011,19(06): 447-450.
[58]杨群,邓静,张宁等.触景伤心—— 高原环境对心理健康及认知功能的影响[J].医学争鸣,2013(5): 43-44.
[59]Anllo-Vento L,Luck S J,Hillyard S A.Spatio-temporal dynamics of attention to color: Evidence from human electrophysiology[J].Human Brain Mapping,2015,6(4): 216-238.
[60]Doallo S,Lorenzo-López L,Vizoso C,et al.The time course of the effects of central and peripheral cues on visual processing: an event-related potentials study[J].Clinical Neurophysiology,2004,115(1): 199-210.
[61]Grützmann R,Riesel A,Klawohn J,et al.Complementary modulation of N2 and CRN by conflict frequency[J].Psychophysiology,2014,51(8): 761-772.
[62]Purmann S,Badde S,Lunarodriguez A,et al.Adaptation to frequent conflict in the Eriksen Flanker Task: An ERP study.[J].Journal of Psychophysiology,2011,25(2):50-59.
[63]Nakata H,Sakamoto K,Kakigi R.Characteristics of No-go-P300 component during somatosensory Go/No-go paradigms.[J].Neuroscience Letters,2010,478(3): 124-127.