Dot blots and Northern and Southern hybridizations
Dot blots and Northern and Southern hybridizations were performed as previously described[4].The plasmids used as probes for hybridization are listed in Table 1.To quantitatively assess mRNA in either the dot blots or Northern hybridizations,the films were scanned with a GS300 transmittance reflectance scanning densitometer(Hoefer Scientific Instruments)linked to a recording integrator(Waters M 730 data module).For quantitative comparisons,the dots on the filters were sometimes cut out and counted in 2,5-diphenyloxazole-1,4-bis-(5-phenyloxazolyl)benzene cocktail with a Beckman liquid scintillation counter.(https://www.daowen.com)