Lesson Nine Public Budgeting[1]

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Budgeting is a public administrative activity of preeminent importance.Money is crucial to public administration.Consequently，budgeting is usually surrounded by controversy and calls for reform.Perceptions of waste，fraud，and abuse—real or imagined—have propelled efforts to reform budgets，their structure and procedures，in ways that have involved actions by all three branches of government.

In view of the competing perspectives on public administration，no single budgetary process can satisfy everyone.Citizens are concerned that their taxes are used in the wisest，most effective ways.Legislators want budgets responsive to society's needs.Executive branch officials are concerned with promoting managerial efficiency.And the courts have become increasingly involved in cases where lack of adequate funding threatens benefits provided to individuals by law.These budget“players”，and the competing values that they embrace and serve，make public budgeting and finance a complex and interesting subject.