Supplementary Reading
Five-stage Framework for Crisis Management[3]
There are different types of crisis management frameworks.Some of the earlier ones looked at types of crises.Using a framework for classifying crisis events into families is a useful way to organize the phenomena we see.Frameworks have also been developed that account for the various stages of a crisis.Crisis researchers knew that analyzing the stages of a crisis helped account for a more holistic approach to understanding the crisis phenomenon.A crisis was more than just an event.It was a life cycle phenomenon that had a birth，an acute stage—the crisis—and an aftermath.Our five-stage framework provides an even more comprehensive approach to understanding the stages of a crisis.These stages include:
●Signal detection:The occurrence of a crisis always begins with some forms of warning.Signal detection is the stage that advances those warnings.Becoming adept at signal detection is a mindset，as well as a skill，that organizations need to embrace.
●Preparation/prevention:This stage involves the formation of crisis management teams and plans for attacking those crises that may occur.Crisis management is approached in a systematic and ongoing manner to the point where it is almost a science.The goal is to prevent as many crises as possible and effectively manage those that do occur.
●Containment/damage limitation:This stage is where the actual management of the crisis occurs.The intent is to contain the crisis to the greatest extent possible，and to mitigate the event so that organizational and stakeholder damage is kept to a minimum.
●Recovery:In this stage，attempts are made to resume activities to as close to normal as feasible.The recovery will often proceed in stages as well.Short-term recovery aims to get the system back on line so a minimal acceptable level of service is achieved.Long-term recovery follows as operational activities are restored to their pre-crisis level.In some cases，improvements are made in the recovery process that bring the level of operations up to a higher level than before the crisis.An example would be a company that experiences a fire in its production facilities.After the fire，the new facility that is built is usually better equipped with new machinery and technology than what existed in the old facility.(https://www.daowen.com)
●Learning:This stage involves activities of reflection where lessons are learned from the crisis.The emphasis is not on searching for scapegoats and displacing the blame onto other parties，a response often encouraged in a litigious society.Instead，maximum attention is focused on improving current operational problems and preventing future ones.
【注释】
[1]Source:Adapted from“Crisis Management—An International Overview，”http://www.eu.gov.hk/english/publication/pub_bp/files/crisis_management.pdf.
[2]The use of email，Facebook，MySpace，YouTube，Wikipedia，LinkedIn，Twitter，and other social networking tools(often collectively called Web 2.0)to facilitate discussion，debate，and the exchange of ideas on a worldwide scale is a reality which public managers or public administrators must take into account in crisis management.
[3]Source:Pearson，C.，and Mitroff，I.，“From Crisis Prone to Crisis Prepared:A Framework for Crisis Management，”Academy of Management Executive，Vol.7，No.1，1993，pp.48-59.