6.4.2 Intangible Culture Sustainability
Traditions, oral or writing language, spirit, feeling and other forms of intangible heritage can make it possible to know the meaning, specificities and history of the cultural heritage being presented.[33]This demonstrates the authenticity and integrity of intangible culture and tangible culture heritage.Tangible elements of cultural heritage are the carrier of an intangible culture, and sustaining intangible culture, to some extent, can be considered as the final aim for preserving tangible artifacts.Unlike other architectural heritage, intangible cultural factors of historic personalities’ residences especially play a vital role in the cultural sustainability process.Ordinary even neglected residential buildings achieve important heritage value mostly because of their unique intangible cultural background.Through the methods including flexible management, multimedia technology, public participation can effectively present historic stories, broaden personalities’ spirit, develop their career and contributions, and integrate the intangible culture into contemporary society, thereby sustain the intangible cultural heritage of these notable residences in Jinan.
6.4.2.1 Historic Events Memorial
Most of the historic personalities’ residences in Jinan lack vivid display forms of the exhibition.They only use simple means such as printed text, figures, audios and videos to tell stories from history.It is not easy for visitors to form a perceptual understanding with such basic methods, which do not conductive to encourage positive engagement with the artefacts being viewed.However, commemorating historical events through popular art forms, multimedia interactive technologies, specialty app development for smart phones for example, will not only improve the display artistic effect, enhance the interest of the participating public, but also strengthen the historical and cultural atmosphere and deepen the public’s feeling of spirit and integration.
6.4.2.2 Cultural Activities Management
Public participation is vital not only for tangible elements preservation, but for intangible culture inheritance and development.Management office should utilize flexible management methods including planning public interactive forms, regularly organizing cultural activities, combining historic personalities’ culture and modern life to enrich the public’s involvement, thereby raising public awareness of these residential heritage sites bring to the wider cultural environment.
6.4.2.3 Historic Brand Creation and Broaden
In Jinan, many historic personalities’ former residences were used for other purposes, which did not completely consider the values of historical persons and their contributions.The purpose of re-use is to revitalize these residences in a new social environment, thereby promoting these historic personalities’ brands, improving their value, and continuing the life of their cultural identity, instead of degrading into a historical fault and interfering with the cultural sustainability of the site.Therefore, the functions of these types of former residences should be re-planned and fully integrated with their unique historical and cultural characteristics.After re-planning, these residences should be integrated with modern uses that promotes the historic personalities’ significant, establish their cultural brand, and spread their cultural spirit to impact all aspects of modern life.
6.4.2.4 Sense of Place
The sense of place is a comprehensive intangible cultural element which can be formed by integrating the natural spirit with local geography, climate, soil, and the humanistic spirit nurtured by nature, such as folklore and tradition.“Attributes such as spirit and feeling… are important indicators of character and sense of place.”[34]Historic personalities’ residences are not only an identifiable heritage, but also a vivid reminder of the historic living spaces for contemporary society.They “are in a dynamic state, and to some extent involve contact with people.These activities may be consistent with the Outstanding Universal Value of the area where they are ecologically sustainable.”[35]Historic personalities’ culture is an integral part of the sense of place, forming a special local spirit with comprehensive historical and cultural value, which will in turn be integrated into a better formation of community spirit, contributing to residents’ sense of pride and belonging.
It is worth emphasizing that, different from other historic buildings, these historic personalities’ residences are vital historic marks to memorial the famous personalities.If the architectural elements have changed or been destroyed, the remains still need to be preserved.This is because the significance behind these relics has not changed, which remains to form the sense of place.Even if the house was demolished and was replaced by another building, the original address should also be marked and protected.The intangible cultural sense of being that remains behind the marks or symbols still exists, and will remain as an important part of the sense of place.It therefore forms part of the fabric of community and society, and a direct link to the history of a site within the city.
In short, the cultural heritages sites we manage today do not belong to us.Instead, they belong to the worldwide and future generations.Therefore, preserving heritage sites in good condition for the future is our task.Any poorly conceived methods of preservation and development will damage these treasures, resulting in immeasurable loss.Sustainability strategy brings correct methods for the preservation and sustainability of these irreplaceable heritage sties, and provides a harmonious relationship between the historic architecture, surroundings, intangible culture and the contemporary society development.
As a witness of the development of history, art, technology, and the embodiment of the national spirit, historic personalities’ residences should be scientifically verified and strictly protected.At the same time, as part of contemporary life, these residences are inevitably reinterpreted and utilized by different people.This change is not an obstacle to their protection and inheritance of cultural value.On the contrary, only in harmony with the development of the society and civic life, can a residence heritage develop a new life and become an inseparable part of the contemporary urban development process.Through sustainable policy, society, environment, culture and economic development, historic personalities’ residences in Jinan will rejuvenate the vitality in contemporary society, and become a permanent cultural heritage resource for urban sustainable development.
【注释】
[1]Stivers, R., The Sustainable Society: Ethics and Economic Growth, 1976, p187.
[2]Brundtland Commission, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development.United Nations.1987.
[3]The General Assembly, United Nations Millennium Declaration, United Nations, 2000.
[4]United Nations Environmental Program, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers, 2011.
[5]Canadians for a Sustainable Society。
[6]UNESCO, Our Creative Diversity, 1995.
[7]United Cites and Local Governments, Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development, 2010.
[8]Liam Magee, et al., Reframing Social Sustainability Reporting: Towards an Engaged Approach, Environ Dev Sustain (University of Melbourne), 2013.
[9]UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, Art.3 - Cultural Diversity as A Factor in Development, 2001
[10]ICOMOS, 1982.
[11]ICOMOS, 2005.(https://www.daowen.com)
[12]ICOMOS: Managing Change: Sustainable Approaches to the Conservation of the Built Environment, 2001.
[13]The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE): “The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a call for action by all countries to promote prosperity while protecting the planet.They recognize that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth and address a range of social needs including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling climate change and environmental protection.”
[14]UNESCO, Policy on the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention, 2015
[15]WHC, Strategic Action Plan for the Implementation of the Convention, 2012-2022, 2011, Paris.
[16]Working Document Prepared by Giovanni Boccardi, World Heritage Centre, Expert Meeting on Heritage and Sustainability - from Principles to Practice, Toyama, Japan - 3-4 November 2012, p8.
[17]Ma, et al., Study of the Train-introduced Vibration Impact on a historical Bell Above Two Spatially overlapping Metro Lines, 2016, p58-74.
[18]Chen Lixu, A Review of the Preservation Process of Chinese Historical and Cultural Heritage, 2003(3), p72.
[19]The Chinese character is “东拓、西进、南控、北跨、中疏”
[20]UNESCO, World Heritage and Sustainable Development, https://whc.unesco.org/en/sustainabledevelopment/
[21]Ibid.
[22]Ibid.
[23]World Tourism Organization, Tourism and Environment, 1993.
[24]World Tourism Organization, Charter for Sustainable Tourism, 1995.
[25]Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria for Destinations (GSTC-D), 2013, https://www.gstcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chinese-GSTC-D.pdf.
[26]UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 2008.
[27]Cesare Brandi, Theory of Restoration, 2005.
[28]UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 2008.
[29]UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 2017.
[30]UNESCO, Policies Regarding CREDIBILITY of the World Heritage List, World Heritage Policy Compendium, 2019, http://whc.unesco.org/en/compendium/.
[31]UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 2017.
[32]UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 2015.
[33]UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 2008.
[34]UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention - WHC.08/01 January, 2008.
[35]UNESCO, Conditions of Integrity, https://whc.unesco.org.