8.3.4 The Proposal for the Sustainable Development...
In view of the fact that several families still live in Chen Mian’s residence, the most important thing at present is to cultivate residents’ awareness of heritage protection and regulate their daily behavior to reduce the possible damage of the residence.Supervising the daily use of this residence is essential.Meanwhile, guiding the residents to develop the usage related to Chen Mian’s culture for obtaining economic benefits can further arouse the residents’ enthusiasm for the protection of this residence.
Figure 8-14.Environmental Restoration
8.3.4.1 Developing Usage Attentions, establishing a reward and punishment policy
At present, the property right of No.9 residence belongs to private enterprises, while No.11 belongs to provincial affiliations.A different basis from the official memorial museum, a private owned historic residence may not be fully supervised by the Heritage Management Department.The owner has greater autonomy, which can easily destroy the authenticity and integrity of the residential heritage and its environment.Therefore, in addition to the natural disaster prevention policy, it is very important to formulate the owner’s usage attentions and their protection responsibilities, forming reward and punishment rules, thereby ensuring this residential heritage sites not be arbitrarily changed.
8.3.4.2 Harmonizing the Surrounding within an Overall View of Ancient Area
Because Chen Mian’s residence is located in the ancient urban area of Jinan, it requires a high level of cultural and eco-environmental protection, and should be in harmony with other historic buildings surroundings and neighborhoods, preventing unrelated factors in the environment.At the same time, the ecological environment has a great impact on the cultural environment.Therefore, a benign ecological circle around the Chen Mian’s residence should be maintained.
8.3.4.3 Developing the Local Economy
A private owned residence of historic person is often used for commercial, residential, or rental purposes without paying attention to historical and cultural value.In order to effectively protect this kind of residence, the development of usage that combines the characteristics of historic personality’s culture, and integrates the unique spirit into current daily life and economic development is essential.Because Chen Mian’s residence was a symbol of winning the championship in the exam, many children facing the examination were sent to live and study here, in order to receive a good omen to pass the examination successfully.According to such needs, this residence can be positioned as a site for training, education and related functions.Developing a charity organization for helping people in need is also a good use of the residence, which can continue in Chen Mian’s footsteps of Philanthropy.
8.3.4.4 Creating a Cultural Area of Sinology Research
The rapid development of modern education has gradually led to the long history of sinology to fade from contemporary people’s memory.However, this quintessence represents typical Chinese traditional culture.The revival of Sinology in the ancient town will greatly improve the overall cultural atmosphere of Jinan, meanwhile stimulate the development of an education and tourism economy.Chen Mian’s culture is representative of the national sinology culture.In addition to the proper use of the residence, the external environment could be designed according to the Sinology theme.Combined with the buildings and public space nearby, a unique cultural area of sinology research and education system could be formed, which will at the same time become a tourist attraction for the groups interested in sinology culture.
8.3.4.5 Public Supervision
Unlike memorial museums, the historic personalities’ residences with private property rights may remain unopened to public, which is not convenient for the stimulation of public participation.The protection activities operated by private forces are minimal.Faced with this situation, it is vital to consider flexible management concepts to provide multi-channel to encourage the public participation.Technical assistance, donations, and voluntary services will contribute to the sustainable development of this kind of residence effectively.In addition, public participation is also a process of supervision to prevent the destruction of historic heritage sites by owners.
In summary, Lao She’s and Chen Mian’s residences are famous heritage sites which have been listed as the provincial level cultural heritage of Shandong.Their heritage values are self-evident.However, Lao She’s residence is pretty different from Chen Mian’s residence in terms of policy direction, usage methods, developing perspectives and the other aspects because of their different cultural connotation, property rights and preservation conditions.However, regardless of the various forms and functions of these two residences, the protection of their tangible heritage, the promotion of their culture and spirit are common goals.Therefore, considering the protection, utilization and inheritance of these residential heritage with respect to sustainable development strategy to formulate the specific policy measures, environmental protection measures, economic development measures and cultural promotion measures are crucial.
Appendixes Figure -1: Historic Wall
A ppendixes The Relevant Terms in the Key International Policies
Different countries and cultures have different terms to describe the attribute of architectural heritage.For example, Cultural Property is often used in Japanese legislations.Cultural Relics is the term specially to describe physical cultural heritage including architectural heritage in China.Additionally, monuments, historic sites and historic landscape have often appeared in different periods of international heritage policy documentation.What does each of these appellations represent and what is the relationship between these terms? In the issued heritage documents, the terms were defined clearly from the name, content to relevant activities.From the terms definitions in these international policies of different periods, we can understand the development trend of international architectural heritage protection.
● Tradition
When it comes to heritage, we first have to explain its related term ‘tradition’.This word comes from the Latin ‘traditio’, the noun of the verb ‘tradere’, which means to transmit, deliver, hand over or give for safekeeping.Tradition was originally used in Roman law, which refer to legal transfers and inheritance.[17]The modern meaning of tradition, according to the Oxford dictionary, often refer to “a long-established custom or belief that has been passed on from one generation to another”.[18]In the heritage conservation field, tradition is defined as the forms of artistic heritage of a particular culture.[19]
● Heritage
The word “Heritage” originates from Old French ‘heriter’ and ‘inherit’[20], which means that an inheritance was created by past, preserved and passed down from one generation to another.It can include different levels from individual, family, to community, country and globally.But is everything heritage? Actually, in term of preservation finance, “we should limit the concept of heritage to a few really special things”[21]according to the evaluation principle.In 1982, the ICOMOS Deschambault Declaration defined heritage as “the combined creations and products of nature and of man, in their entirety, that make up the environment in which we live in space and time.”[22]In this charter, the committee believed that heritage “is a very comprehensive term that includes three major entities: material culture (cultural properties) and the geographic and human environments.”[23]Therefore, Heritage is a very complicated term with broad category which includes “any natural or cultural, tangible or intangible asset that be recognized for its value as a witness to history and memory”.[24]
● Cultural Heritage
Compared to heritage, cultural heritage is heritage with a special cultural significance.In 1999, Burra Charter highlighted that “Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations.Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects.”[25]No doubt, cultural heritage links to the culture of humanity.It is generally regarded as a remnant of humankind that is valuable in history, art, literature, philosophy and science.Therefore, it is an irreplaceable resource for mankind to study past history and to develop the future.The definition of cultural heritage in the Dictionary of Chinese Cultural Heritage is “a legacy of important historic value in both material and spiritual wealth created by human social practices in prehistoric and civilized times.”[26]This definition implied that cultural heritage possesses tangible and intangible attributes.
● Tangible cultural heritage
In fact, in the initial stages, people’s understanding of cultural heritage referred only to the physical level.In 1972, Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage pointed out that cultural heritage includes monuments, groups of buildings and sites, which indicated the categories of the tangible heritage: “Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; Groups of buildings; groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.”[27]From these categories, we can see that cultural heritage is clearly defined as material property with tangible attribute.
● Intangible Cultural Heritage
With the development of advanced societies, intangible cultural heritage was highly valued and considered in international policy.In 1982, ICOMOS Deschambault Declaration first mentioned the spiritual attributes of the cultural heritage: “the people in their environment, who have their own customs and traditions, whose memory is furnished with a particular folklore, and whose way of living is adapted to this specific setting, are a human and social treasure that also requires protection.”[28]This formulation lays the foundation for the concept of intangible cultural heritage.In 1997, the UNESCO Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage pointed out the importance of intangible heritage for cultural identity: “Folklore (or traditional and popular culture) is the totality of traditionbased creations of a cultural community, expressed by a group or individuals and recognized as reflecting the expectations of a community in so far as they reflect its cultural and social identity.”[29]In 2003, UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage further emphasized that “the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills - as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith - that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage.”[30]This convention highlighted the principle of intangible cultural heritage included the feature of continuous recreation.Its protection will contribute to a national cultural identity and international cultural diversity.
● Cultural Property
The ICOMOS Deschambault Declaration in 1982 mentioned that cultural properties are material culture, which implied its physical attribute: “material culture (cultural properties) … in addition to formal and popular architecture, these properties include all other forms of material evidence, such as archaeological and ethnographical objects and, in sum, the whole of the material environment in which we live.”[31]In fact, as early as 1954, the UNESCO Hague Convention pointed out the contents of cultural property.It should cover movable and immovable property which of great importance to the cultural heritage.Immovable property mainly referred “the groups of buildings of historical or artistic interest” and the movable property includes “works of art; manuscripts, books and other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological interest; as well as scientific collections and important collections of books or archives or of reproductions of the property defined above”.[32]In 1964, in the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, the cultural property’s coverage was further enlarged with ethnological documents, type specimens of flora and fauna, and musical archives.It’s noteworthy that the ‘reproductions of property’ was deleted, which implied that the authority attribute of cultural property.In 1968, the UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private Works highlighted that the cultural property includes “not only the established and scheduled architectural, archaeological and historic sites and structure, but also the unscheduled or unclassified vestiges of the past as well as artistically or historically important recent sites and structures.”[33]In 1976, UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the International Exchange of Cultural Property in Nairobi further pointed out that the zoological, botanical and geological specimens, archaeological objects, objects and documentation of ethnological interests all belong to cultural property.[34]
● Monument
One of the meanings of the word ‘Monument’ in the Oxford Dictionary is “a building, structure, or site that is of historical importance or interest.”[35]This implies that historical significance is the basic attribute of monument.In 1964, Venice Charter pointed out that “The concept of an historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a significant development or an historic event.”[36]Therefore, ‘monument’ refers not only great single works and settings but also more modest works with historical cultural significance.In 1972, the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage declared monument categories as “architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science.”[37]In 1982, The Florence Charter on Historic Gardens further declared that “An historic garden is an architectural and horticultural composition of interest to the public from the historical or artistic point of view.As such, it is to be considered as a MONUMENT.”[38]Therefore, besides historic important architectural works, a monument includes less important building groups, sites, garden and environment, which possess historic, art and scientific value.
● Memorial
Compare with a monument, memorial is not often mentioned in international heritage documents.In the Oxford English Dictionary, a memorial is defined as “A statue or structure established to remind people of a person or event.”[39]The memorial is intended to commemorate someone or something, which can be a gravestone with less architectural aesthetic significant.However, a monument, according to the international heritage documents, carries more architectural values than a memorial.
● Historic Areas
In 1976, Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas pointed out that historic and architectural areas should be taken to mean “any groups of buildings, structures and open spaces including archaeological and paleontological sites, constituting human settlements in an urban or rural environment, the cohesion and value of which, from the archaeological, architectural, prehistoric, historic, aesthetic or sociocultural point of view are recognized.”[40]Historic areas particularly include prehistoric sites, historic towns, old urban quarters, historic villages and monumental groups, etc.These areas, especially monumental groups, should be carefully preserved and kept unchanged.
● Cultural Route
In 1994, during the Cultural Routes Heritage conference held in Madrid, the concept of “Cultural Routes” was put forward for the first time.In 2008, the 16th Congress of ICOMOS passed the Charter on Cultural Route.Since then, the definition of a cultural route is formally incorporated into the World Heritage List as a new type of large-scale heritage.According to this Charter, a cultural route was defined as any water route, land route or other type of route with dynamic and historic functionality to serve a specific and well determined purpose.The cultural route must “arise from and reflect interactive movements of people as well as multidimensional, continuous, and reciprocal exchanges of goods, ideas, knowledge and values between peoples, countries, regions or continents over significant periods of time.”[41]Cultural route is a historical cultural dynamic system which should promote “a cross-fertilization of the affected cultures in space and time”[42]in both tangible and intangible heritage aspects.
● Historical Urban Landscape
Historical urban landscape is a new term which has been proposed in recent years and was later confirmed in importance by UNESCO in 2011.Its relevant terms such as landscape, cultural landscape, historic landscape have been mentioned since the 1970s in a series of international heritage policy documents.In 1972, UNESCO defined the cultural landscape as “combined works of nature and of man”.[43]In 1982, ICOMOS defined historic landscape as “a specific landscape which, for example, is associated with a memorable happening, a major historical event, a well-known myth or an epic combat, or is the subject of a famous picture.”[44]In 1995, the Council of Europe pointed out that the landscape has a threefold cultural dimension “- it is defined and characterized by the way in which a given territory is perceived by an individual or community; - it testifies to the past and present relationships between individuals and their environment; - it helps to mould local cultures, sensitivities, practices, beliefs and traditions.”[45]In 2004, ICOMOS UK Cultural Qualities in Cultural Landscape highlighted that the cultural landscape associates with “myth, folklore, historical events or traditions”, “individual or group memory or remembrance”, “other sites of value - for instance the setting of a monument or site.”[46]
With the development of urbanization and globalization, urban heritage is facing unprecedented threats.After a series of discussion that have taken place since the 2005 Vienna Memorandum, the UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape was confirmed in 2011.The term of historic urban landscape and provided a series of related policies.Different to the terms of historic area or cultural landscape, the definition of historic urban landscape is very broad and comprehensive.It is “the result of a historic layering of cultural and natural values and attributes, extending beyond the notion of ‘historic centre’ or ‘ensemble’ to include the broader urban context and its geographical setting”.[47]A historic urban landscape contains a wider scope which includes “the site’s topography, geomorphology, hydrology and natural features, its built environment, both historic and contemporary, its infrastructures above and below ground, its open spaces and gardens, its land use patterns and spatial organization, perceptions and visual relationships, as well as all other elements of the urban structure.It also includes social and cultural practices and values, economic processes and the intangible dimensions of heritage as related to diversity and identity.”[48]Therefore, a comprehensive and integrated approach is considered for “the identification, assessment, conservation and management of historic urban landscapes within an overall sustainable development framework”.[49]The aim of the Historic urban landscape approach is “preserving the quality of the human environment, enhancing the productive and sustainable use of urban spaces”.[50]It therefore seeks to integrate urban heritage conservation with social and economic development.Its final goal is to promote “the cultural diversity and creativity, and provides tools to manage physical and social transformations and to ensure that contemporary interventions are harmoniously integrated with heritage in a historic setting and take into account regional contexts.”[51]It can therefore be seen, historic urban landscape is an unprecedented term with a wide denotation and profound connotation.
Appendixes Figure -2: The Relationship of Relevant Terms
From the Spontaneous collection behavior of antiquities due to their religion, memorial and usage function, to the restoration and conservation cultural heritage for their historic, scientific and artificial value, until now the era of rehabilitation, revival concepts in currently international heritage policy, the changes of these behavioral terms reflect different thoughts on the practice of cultural heritage protection in different periods.However, due to vague recognition, these active words are often misused.Therefore, it’s necessary to clarify what the meaning of these active terms in international heritage documents is.
● Protect ＆ Safeguard
Safeguard, according to the Oxford Dictionary, means to “protect from harm or damage with an appropriate measure.”[52]In heritage policy documents, safeguard is a complex word which include all kinds of activities necessary for sustaining cultural heritage.Compare with safeguard, protect means to “Keep safe from harm or injury.Aim to preserve (a threatened species or area) by legislating against collecting, hunting, or development.”[53]There is no obvious difference between these two words.In fact, based on legislation and planning norms, they are often used interchangeably.
In 1954, during the UNESCO Hague, the words Protection and Safeguard were mentioned as the “protection of cultural property shall comprise the safeguarding of and respect for such property.”[54]In 1962, in the Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding of Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites, safeguard was defined as “the preservation and, where possible, the restoration of the aspect of natural, rural and urban landscapes and sites”.[55]In 1976, Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas defined safeguard shall be taken to mean “the identification, protection, conservation, restoration, renovation, maintenance and revitalization of historic or traditional areas and their environment”.[56]In 1978, the Recommendation Concerning the Protection of Movable Cultural Property pointed out that protection means “the prevention and coverage of risks”.[57]This include all the measures required to mitigate risk, such as deterioration, alteration or loss, and included risks incurred as a result of armed conflict, riots or other public disorders.In 2003, the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural emphasized that safeguarding means “measures aimed at ensuring the viability of the intangible cultural heritage, including the identification, documentation, research, preservation, protection, promotion, enhancement, transmission, particularly through formal and non-formal education, as well as the revitalization of the various aspects of such heritage”.[58]In 2005, UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions pointed out that protection means the adoption of measures aimed at the preservation, safeguarding and enhancement of the diversity of cultural expressions.From the international heritage policy documents mentioned above, we can see that safeguard and protection are defined as the behaviors to avoid harmful treatment and provide all proper actions to maintain the heritage in good condition, which includes restoration, preservation, conservation, rehabilitation and revitalization.
● Restoration
Restoration in the Oxford Dictionary is defined as “the action of returning something to a former owner, place, or condition.”[59]In 1964, the Venice Charter has a clear explanation about restoration that “the process of restoration is a highly specialized operation.Its aim is to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and authentic documents.”[60]And at the same time, the Charter highlighted that restoration “must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and in this case moreover any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp.”[61]In 1981, the ICOMOS Burra Charter pointed out that “Restoration means returning the EXISTING fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material.”[62]Therefore, it is clear that the restoration is an action to restore heritage back to a particular period by removal of the additions and alterations of late works, and reconstruct any missing features with respect to historic evidences.
It worth noting that inappropriate actions made during restoration will harm heritage sites, often through the modification of the appearance of heritages, and cause the loss of their historic value.Compared with restoration, the term “repair” is the procedure intended to return cultural property to a known or assumed state, often through the addition of non-original material.
● Preservation
Preservation in the Oxford Dictionary is defined as the maintenance of something in its original or existing stage.[63]As early as 1904, the 6th International Congress of Architects in Madrid indicated the different meanings of preservation and restoration.The congress pointed out the different ways to treat two kinds of monuments.“Dead monuments should be preserved only by such strengthening as is indispensable in order to prevent their falling into ruin; for the importance of such a monument consists in its historical and technical value, which disappears with the monument itself … Living monuments ought to be restored so that they may continue to be of use, for in architecture utility is one of the bases of beauty.”[64]From here we can see, preservation aims to retard chemical and physical deteriorations, preventing the loss of its physical and informational value, but restoration aims to recover heritage to a good condition for its usage in contemporary society.In 1981, the ICOMOS Burra Charter pointed out that “Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration.”[65]
However, in 1982, the Charter on the Historic Gardens indicated that preservation include more activities “If historic gardens are to be preserved, they must be identified and inventoried.They demand care of various different kinds, namely, maintenance, conservation and restoration.In certain cases, actual reconstruction may be recommended.”[66]In the same year, the Deschambault Charter also declared that preservation involves “proper maintenance, consolidation, repair, safeguarding and restoration, to prevent the deterioration and, at worst, the destruction of the national heritage.”[67]
● Conservation
The verb Conserve in the Oxford Dictionary means “protect (something, especially something of environmental or cultural importance) from harm or destruction.”[68]In 1964, the Venice Charter declared that the conservation of a monument implies “no new construction, demolition or modification which would alter the relations of mass and colour must be allowed”.[69]This charter specifies that conservation must serve some socially useful purpose, but this should not cause changes to the layout or decoration of the building.In 1981, the Burra Charter defined conservation as “all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance.It includes maintenance and may according to circumstance include preservation, restoration, reconstruction and adaptation and will be commonly a combination of more than one of those.”[70]In 1987, the ICOMOS Washington Charter highlighted that “the participation and the involvement of the residents are essential to the success of the conservation programme and should be encouraged.”[71]This clearly indicated that conservation should meet the needs of contemporary life.In 1994, the Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention defined conservation as “All efforts designed to understand cultural heritage, know its history and meaning, ensure its material safeguard and, as required, its presentation, restoration and enhancement.”[72]Here, conservation means all measures in heritage protection process necessary to retain cultural significance while adapting to contemporary needs.
● Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation in the Oxford Dictionary means “The action of restoring something that has been damaged to its former condition”.[73]In cultural heritage field, rehabilitation is usually “carried out in order to extend a building’s life and/or its economic viability.It may involve more adaptation than conservation, but will still preserve most of the building’s original features.It may involve upgrading, some modification, remodeling, rebuilding or retrofitting, and some repairs.”[74]Compared with restoration, rehabilitation intend to renew cultural heritage to adapt the new situation.Rehabilitation is “often used interchangeably with renovation to describe the modification of an existing building.This process extends the structure’s useful life through alterations and repairs while preserving its important architectural, historical and cultural attributes.”[75]Therefore, rehabilitation is a process of modifying heritage to extend its useful life, meanwhile preserving its important historical features.
● Revitalization
In Oxford English Dictionary, revitalization means “the action of imbuing something with new life and vitality.”[76]In the cultural heritage field, revitalization is described as “the process of economic, social, and cultural redevelopment of an area or street.Often the buildings in these areas are of heritage merit despite their state of neglect prior to revitalization.”[77]Therefore, heritage revitalization is to achieve economic, social and cultural objectives by all proper protection and development measures that are carried out on heritage sites.
The Relationship Between the Architectural Heritage and the Related Terms
From the development of the terms and their definitions, the denotation and connotation of cultural heritage was changed.“The term of cultural heritage gradually incorporated almost every trace of the past (first objects and monuments, then cities, landscapes, species and even human communities).”[78]In the earlier stages of the policy documents, objects and monuments were the aims of cultural heritage protection, then the scope was enlarged to the group and area, the cities, until finally historic urban landscape, which are a complex synthesis that include historical heritage, species and human environment.The scope of architectural heritage is also enlarged from the single building to its environment, to a group of buildings, to historical sites, surroundings and greater areas of significance.At the same time, architectural heritage embraces not only the outstanding structures and buildings, but also the less important buildings and surrounding area.
Additionally, architectural heritage belongs within a broader subject of tangible cultural heritage because of its physical attribute.It is obviously the monuments and cultural properties of every country.However, the techniques, wisdom, aesthetics, lifestyle, creation story and cultural connotation behind the architectural heritage are all related to an intangible heritage which forms an essential elements, constitute the whole cultural atmosphere of these historic buildings and surroundings.Therefore, the content among these terms are overlapped and interpenetration, their relationship is an interactive and dynamic process, which together promotes the diversity of cultural heritage.
Figure in Bibliography: Trees in the Snow
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Figure in Illustrations Citation: Fallen leaves
I llustrations Citation
Figure 1-1: Konggu Youlan, https://699pic.com/tupian-500596875.html (accessed 20.12.2020).
Figure 1-2: Sdcamper, https://699pic.com/tupian-500413998.html (accessed 20.12.2020).
Figure 1-3: Sdcamper, https://699pic.com/tupian- 500413997.html (accessed 20.12.2020).
Figure 1-4: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 1-5: Drawn by Xuan Jin.
Figure 1-6: Photographed by Xuan Jin;
Figure 2-1: DAD, https://699pic.com/tupian-500409910.html (accessed 20.12.2020).
Figure 2-2: Drawn by Xuan Jin.
Figure 2-3: Drawn by Xuan Jin.
Figure 2-4: Gengchi Xiao, https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/104054786.
Figure 2-5: Archives in Jinan Lao She Museum.
Figure 2-6: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 3-1: Will, https://699pic.com/tupian-500631557.html (accessed 20.12.2020).
Figure 3-2: Galerie Bilderwelt / Getty Images, “Story of cities #28: how postwar Warsaw was rebuilt using 18th century paintings”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/a pr/22/story-cities-warsaw-rebuilt-18thcentury-paintings (accessed 29.12.2020).
Figure 3-3: Photographed by Daryl Mersom, “Story of cities #28: how postwar Warsaw was rebuilt using 18th century paintings”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/a pr/22/story-cities-warsaw-rebuilt-18thcentury-paintings (accessed 29.12.2020).
Figure 3-4: Li Chen, Chinese Construction Society in Lizhuang, ArchiCreation, 2006.02, p157.
Figure3-5,3-6: “Exploring the Secret of Foguang Temple”, June 19, 2011, Shenyang Daily, http://roll.sohu.com/20110619/n310662316.shtml (accessed 29.12.2020).
Figure 3-7: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 4-1: INGimage, https://699pic.com/tupian-300685352.html (accessed 20.12.2020).
Figure 4-2: English-Heritage.org.UK.Telegraph.co.UK.
Figure 4-3: Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
Figure 4-4: Shakespeare Birthplace, https://www.uniqueway.com/countries_pois/zARXE0O5.html (accessed 29.12.2020).
Figure 4-5,4-6: Fondation Claude Monet.
Figure 4-7,4-8: The Albrecht-Dürer-Haus-Stiftung.
Figure 4-9,4-10: MountVernon.org.
Figure 4-11: “the most expensive man in Japan”, https://www.diyitui.com/content-1536631364.74819028.html (accessed 20.06.2019).
Figure 4-12,4-13: Photographed by Zhao Gang.
Figure 4-14,4-15: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4b9b 2c950102vyag.html (accessed 1.06.2019).
Figure 4-16,4-17: Lu Xun Museum, www.sxlxmuseum.com
Figure 5-1: Xue Yao, “Taste of old Jinan: 30 years of classic images of Jinan”, Travel photography, 2015, Z1, p122-181.
Figure 5-2,5-3: Qin Yixin, Suxia, Sun Zhuxi, “The History of Jinan Old Street”, Yellow River Publishing House, 2007.
Figure 5-4: Jinan Institute of Archaeology.
Figure 5-5: Jinan Culture and Tourism Bureau, “Spring of Jinan is the Hometown of Time”, http://www.sohu.com/a/201622922_566038 (accessed 16.07.2019).
Figure 5-6: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 5-7: Tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning and Design Institute, “Study on the Application for World Cultural Heritage of Cold Spring Utilization system in the Ancient Town of Jinan”, 2006.
Figure 5-8: Xue Yao, “Taste of old Jinan: 30 years of classic images of Jinan”, Travel photography, 2015, Z1, p122-181.
Figure 5-9: Sina Leju, 2016, https://m.leju.com/newssd-6178473621871450259.html (accessed 18.07.2019).
Figure 5-10: Gao Runwu, Xue Li, Liu Yingxi, “A pictorial history of Jinan Old Buildings”, Vol.Residence, Jinan Press, 2016, p72.
Figure 5-11: Gao Runwu, Xue Li, Liu Yingxi, “A pictorial history of Jinan Old Buildings”, Vol.Residence, Jinan Press, 2016, p12.
Figure 5-12: Gao Runwu, Xue Li, Liu Yingxi , “A pictorial history of Jinan Old Buildings”, Vol.Residence, Jinan Press, 2016, p7.
Figure 5-13: Gao Runwu, Xue Li, Liu Yingxi , “A pictorial history of Jinan Old Buildings”, Vol.Residence, Jinan Press, 2016, p66.
Figure 5-14: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 5-15: Photographed by Liu Chang.
Figure 5-16: Yuan Dingyi, “The strongest haze is really strong! Shandong issued fog, haze double red warning in the middle of the night!”, Shandong Business Daily, 2016, http://news.ifeng.com/a/20161220/5044420 9_0.shtml (accessed 30.08.2019).
Figure 5-17: Unforgettable July 18th Heavy Rainstorm in Jinan, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49c901e101 000atm.html (accessed 20.07.2019).
Figure 5-18: Photographed by Li Ming.
Figure 5-19: “A Century-old building in Jinan has been dug into an isolated islands”, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2013-11-28/052028831198.shtml (accessed 11.08.2019).
Figure 5-19,20,21,22,23,24: Photographed by Xuan Jin;
Figure 5-25: Wang Feng, “Commercial Function of Jin’s Former Residence: A Barbecue Restaurant Opening in Architectural Heritage”, http://www.dzwww.com/shandong/sdnews/201607/t20160727_14688028.htm (accessed 2.06.2019).
Figure 5-26,27: Photographed by Zhao Jin.
Figure 6-1: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 7-1: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 7-2: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 8-1: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 8-2: Legal Mirror, Illustrative Description of the Life of Lao She, http://news.163.com/14/1121/15/ABJ79AIF 00014Q4P.html (accessed 19.07.2019).
Figure 8-3,8-4: Li Jialin, “Lao She's former residence in Jinan was purchased by the government”, China Culture Daily, http://roll.sohu.com/20130321/n369747459.shtml (accessed 20.06.2019).
Figure 8-5,6,7,8: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 8-9: Yong Jian, Guo Xuejun, The Unsolved Mysteries in the History of Jinan Top Scholar，Life Daily, http://www.dzwww.com/wenshi/diyuwenhu a/luzhong/201304/t20130410_8214585.htm l (accessed 20.06.2019).
Figure 8-10,8-11：Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 8-12: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure 8-13,8-14: Chen Mian’s Resisence in Bianzhi Alley nr.9, http://www.czqz.jnhouse.com (accessed 25.05.2019).
Appendixes Figure -1: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Appendixes Figure-2: Drawn by Xuan Jin.
Figure in Bibliography: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
Figure in Illustrations Citation: Photographed by Xuan Jin.
【注释】
[1]Beijing Lao She Museum, http://www.bjlsjng.com/html/content/laoshejianjie.html
[2]Jinan Lao She Museum.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Lao She, Jinan’s Autumn, (originally published by Qida Monthly, 1931), https://kknews.cc/essay/mb9znmz.html.
[5]Lao She, Jinan’s Winter, (originally published by Qida Monthly, 1931), China Beijing Joint Publishing Company, 2015, p46.
[6]Jinan Institute of Archaeology, Lao She’s Former Residence in Jinan, 2019.
[7]Final imperial examination presided over by the emperor.
[8]Number One Scholar is a title conferred on the one who won the first place in the highest imperial examination.
[9]An academic and administrative institution founded in the 18th century Tang Dynasty.Membership in this institution was an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for Imperial court.
[10]Chen Li, Chen Jianhui, Chen Jianbang, Three Generations of Personalities in Jinan in the late Qing Dynasty: Chen Xianyi, Chen Enshou and Chen Mian, Chun Qiu, 1998(6), p37-39.
[11]Li Weixin, The First Policy of the World: A Review of the Champions’ Strategies in Palace Examination of Past Dynasties, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Press, 1998.
[12]Chen Li, Chen Jianhui, Chen Jianbang, Three Generations of Personalities in Jinan in the late Qing Dynasty: Chen Xianyi, Chen Enshou and Chen Mian, Chun Qiu, 1998(6), p37-39.
[13]Ibid.
[14]Zhao Gang, Three generations of philanthropists: the “Heredity” in Chen Mian’s Family, Jinan Times, 11thJune 2014, http://jnsb.e23.cn/shtml/jnsb/20140611/1298501.shtml
[15]Li Ming, Qian Huanqing, Search the Old buildings of Jinan, Jinan Press, 2007, p240-245.
[16]Sun Zhuxi, The Old Streets in Jinan, Shandong People’s Publishing House, 2005, p34-40.
[17]Yves Congar, Tradition and the life of the Church, 1964, p14.
[18]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tradition.
[19]Lilburn, Douglas, A Search for Tradition.Wellington: Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust, assisted by the New Zealand Composers Foundation,1984.
[20]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/heritage.
[21]François LeBlanc, Is Everything Heritage? ICOMOS Canada Bulletin, Vol.2, No.2, 1993.
[22]ICOMOS, Charter for the Preservation of Quebec’s Heritage, 1982.
[23]ICOMOS, Charter for the Preservation of Quebec’s Heritage, 1982.
[24]Heritage policy: Ville de Montréal, 2005.
[25]Australia ICOMOS, The Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 1999.
[26]Qiu fuke, the Dictionary of Chinese Cultural Heritage, 2009, p1.
[27]UNESCO, 1972.
[28]ICOMOS, Charter for the Preservation of Quebec's Heritage, 1982.
[29]UNESCO, 1997.
[30]UNESCO, 2003.
[31]ICOMOS, The Charter for the Preservation of Quebec’s Heritage, 1982.
[32]UNESCO, The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954.
[33]UNESCO, 1968.
[34]UNESCO, 1976.
[35]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/monument.
[36]ICOMOS, International Charter for The Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, 1964.
[37]UNESCO, 1972.
[38]ICOMOS, 1982.
[39]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/memorial.
[40]UNESCO, 1976.
[41]ICOMOS, 2008.
[42]Ibid.
[43]UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 1972.
[44]ICOMOS, The Florence Charter, 1982.
[45]Council of Europe, Recommendation on the Integrated Conservation of Cultural Landscape Areas as Part of Landscape Policies, 1995.
[46]ICOMOS UK, 2004.
[47]UNESCO, 2011.
[48]UNESCO, Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, 2011.
[49]Ibid.
[50]Ibid.
[51]Ibid.
[52]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/safeguard
[53]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/protect
[54]UNESCO, Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954.
[55]UNESCO, 1962.
[56]UNESCO, 1976.
[57]UNESCO, 1978.
[58]UNESCO, 2003.
[59]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/restoration.
[60]ICOMOS, Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, 1964.
[61]Ibid.
[62]Australia ICOMOS, 1981.
[63]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/preservation.
[64]the 6th International Congress of Architects, 1904.
[65]Australia ICOMOS, 1981.
[66]ICOMOS, 1982.
[67]ICOMOS, Charter for the preservation of Quebec’s Heritage, 1982.
[68]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/conservation.
[69]ICOMOS, 1964.
[70]Australia ICOMOS, 1981.
[71]ICOMOS, Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas, 1987.
[72]ICOMOS, The Nara Document on Authenticity, 1994.
[73]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rehabilitation.
[74]National Research Council of Canada, 1982.
[75]Heritage Canada Foundation, 1983.
[76]Oxford living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/revitalization.
[77]Heritage Canada Foundation, Preservation Strategy No.3, 1983.
[78]Gabor Sonkoly, The meanings of Historic Urban Landscape, RFIEA, 2012, p20-21.
