12.3.2 语法专项突破——般过去式
一、一般过去时态精讲
1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
(1)过去某个时间发生的动作。例如:
His mother made some sweet dumplings yesterday.他的妈妈昨天做了一些汤圆。
(2)过去某个时间存在的状态。例如:
Emma was happy when she heard the news.当艾玛听到这个消息的时候很高兴。
(3)过去经常或反复发生的动作。例如:
He often went camping when he was a child.当他是个孩子的时候他经常去露营。
2.be动词在一般过去时中的变化。
(1)am和is在一般过去时中变为was(was not=wasn’t)。
(2)are在一般过去时中变为were(were not=weren’t)。
(3)带有was 或were 的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和 is,am,are 一样,即否定句在was 或were后加not,一般疑问句把was 或were 放到句首。
陈述句:He was in the classroom yesterday.他昨天在教室里。
否定句:He was not in the classroom yesterday.他昨天不在教室里。
一般疑问句:Was he in the classroom yesterday? Yes,he was./No,he wasn’t.他昨天在教室里吗? 是的,他在。/没有,他不在。
特殊疑问句:Where was he yesterday? 他昨天在哪?
3.句中没有be 动词的一般过去时的句子。
陈述句:David went to the hospital yesterday.大卫昨天去医院了。
否定句:didn’t +动词原形,David didn’t go to the hospital yesterday.大卫昨天没去医院。
一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。
Did David go to the hospital yesterday? 大卫昨天去医院了吗?
特殊疑问句:疑问词+did+主语+动词原形? What did David do yesterday? 大卫昨天干什么去了?
疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式? Who went to the hospital yesterday? 谁昨天去了医院?
4.动词过去式变化规则。
(1)一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:want→wanted;pull→pulled;cook→cooked。
(2)结尾是e加d,如:taste→tasted;live→lived。
(3)末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加- ed,如:stop→stopped。
(4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study→studied。
(5)不规则动词过去式:
am, is→was are→were do→did see→saw say→said
give→gave get→got go→went come→came have→had,
eat→ate take→took run→ran sing→sang put→put,
make→made drink→drank write→wrote draw→drew read→read
fly→flew ride→rode speak→spoke sweep→swept buy→bought
swim→swam sit→sat bring→brought can→could cut→cut
become→became begin→began draw→drew feel→felt find→found
forget→forgot hear→heard keep→kept know→knew leave→left
learn→learnt/learned meet→met let→let lose→lost read→read
sleep→slept speak→spoke teach→taught take→took tell→told
write→wrote wake→woke think→thought(https://www.daowen.com)
二、一般过去时的特殊疑问句
1.特殊疑问词
提问人用who/whom; 提问物用what;提问地点用where;提问时间用when/what time;提问原因用why;提问情况、感受等用how。
2.结构
(1)be 动词:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+其他?
Where were you last week? 上周你在哪儿?
How was your last summer vacation? 你去年暑假过得怎么样?
(2)行为动词:特殊疑问词+助动词did+主语+动词原形+其他?
What did Paul do yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午保罗做了什么?
When did Nancy start to play the guitar? 南希什么时候开始弹吉他的?
3.巧记不规则动词的过去式
(1)动词过去式与原形一样。
put→put let→let read→read cut→cut hurt→hurt
(2)动词过去式以-ought 结尾。
think→thought buy→bought bring→brought fight→fought
(3)动词过去式以-aught 结尾。
teach→taught catch→caught
(4)动词原形末尾的-ow/-aw,大多变为-ew。
know→knew grow→grew throw→threw draw→drew
(5)将动词原形中的ee 变为e,词尾加-t。
keep→kept feel→felt sleep→slept sweep→swept
(6)将动词原形末尾的-d 变为-t。
build→built lend→lent send→sent spend→spent
(7)将动词原形中的i 改为a或o。
ring→rang sit→sat drink→drank sing→sang
swim→swam drive→drove begin→began write→wrote
give→gave ride→rode
4.一般过去时的判断
(1)当句中用到表示过去的时间状语时,用一般过去时。这样的状语有:
① yesterday: yesterday morning, at five o’clock yesterday。
② last: last week, last year, last Sunday afternoon。
③ ago,用“一段时间+ago”表示“……(多久)以前”,如 ten years ago。
④表示过去的时间短语。如 in the 1990s,on May 1st 1892,in the old days 等。
(2)根据句意确知某一动作发生在过去,用一般过去时。例如:
Edison invented many useful things.爱迪生发明了许多有用的东西。
(3)有时间、让步或结果状语从句的,一般主句用过去时,从句也用过去时。例如:
Neil drank some water after he got up in the morning.尼尔在早上起床后喝了一些水。
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